Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal is a form of carbon

processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area
available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of activated carbon has a
surface area in excess of 500 m2, as determined by adsorption isotherms of carbon
dioxide gas at room or 0.0 C temperature. An activation level sufficient for useful
application may be attained solely from high surface area; however, further chemical
treatment often enhances adsorption properties.

Production
Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials such as
nutshells, coconut husk, peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch. It can be
produced by one of the following processes:
1. Physical reactivation: The source material is developed into activated carbons using
hot gases. This is generally done by using one or a combination of the following
processes:
Carbonization: Material with carbon content is pyrolyzed at temperatures in the
range 600900 C, in absence of oxygen (usually in inert atmosphere with
gases like argon or nitrogen)
Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonized material is exposed to
oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen, or steam) at temperatures
above 250 C, usually in the temperature range of 6001200 C.
2. Chemical activation: Prior to carbonization, the raw material is impregnated with
certain chemicals. The chemical is typically an acid, strong base, or a salt (phosphoric
acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, and zinc chloride
25%). Then, the raw material is carbonized at lower temperatures (450900 C). It is
believed that the carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the
chemical activation. Chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing
to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating material.
Important production materials include coconut shells, palm shells, oil, husks, and
sawdust, all of which have to be burnt into ashes for activated carbon making. It
consists of 2 types; fine powder and pills or flakes. The fine powder is good at
diffusing in water, so it is used in solution or liquid related industries. For example, it
is used to bleach and absorb odor in sugar industry, to produce cooking oil in food

industry, and to purify water. The pill or flake type is used in gas-purifying industries /
products; such as, air purifier, poisonous gas absorbtion, and cigarette butt, etc.
The growth of activated carbon market depends on the growth of industries that use it,
which vary greatly from air purifier industry, drinking water and tap water
industry, metal-plated industry, and food industry. In addition, activated carbon can be
used in a household. Its major household usage is found in products that
absorb odors; such as a refrigerator's stuffy smell, wardrobe's and closets smells, etc.
Hence, it can be seen that activated carbon market is broad and has a
potential for consistent demand in the country.

Chemical properties and modification

Activated carbon properties are determined by its porosity, the specific surface area,
texture characteristics. However, acid-base, oxidation-reduction and specific
adsorption is strongly dependent on the composition of the surface functional groups.
Surface of conventional activated carbon is reactive, capable of oxidation by
atmospheric oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide and ozone,. Oxidation in the liquid phase
is carried by wide range of reagents (HNO3, H2O2, KMnO4) .Through the formation
of a large number of basic and acidic groups on the surface of oxidized carbon to
sorption and other properties can differ significantly from the unoxidized. Carbon
modificated by Nitrogen obtained either from the nitrogen-containing natural products
or polymers , or processing of carbon by nitrogen-containing reagents . As carbon can
interact with chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Important sulfur-containing carbon,
which is synthesized in different ways. Recently, the chemical properties of carbon is
usually explained by the presence of the surface active double bond C=C.

Examples of adsorption
Heterogeneous catalysis
The most commonly encountered form of chemisorption in industry, occurs when a
solid catalyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock, the reactant/s. The adsorption of
reactant/s to the catalyst surface creates a chemical bond, altering the electron density
around the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not
normally be available to it.

Adsorption refrigeration
Adsorption refrigeration and heat pump cycles rely on the adsorption of a refrigerant
gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and subsequent desorption by heating.
The adsorbent acts as a "chemical compressor" driven by heat and is, from this point
of view, the "pump" of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a condenser or heatexchanger and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box. The inside of the
collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated carbon adsorbed with
methanol. The refrigerator box is insulated and filled with water. The activated carbon

can adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient temperature and desorb it
at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius). During the daytime, the
sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated up and the methanol is
desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the liquid methanol adsorbed in the
charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol vapour condenses and is stored in the
evaporator.
At night, the collector temperature decreases to the ambient temperature, and the
charcoal adsorbs the methanol from the evaporator. The liquid methanol in the
evaporator vaporizes and absorbs the heat from the water contained in the trays. Since
adsorption is a process of releasing heat, the collector must be cooled efficiently at
night. As mentioned above, the adsorption refrigeration system operates in an
intermittent way to produce the refrigerating effect.

Applications
Activated carbon is used in gas purification, decaffeination, gold purification, metal
extraction, water purification, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in gas masks and
respirators, filters in compressed air and many other applications.

Environmental applications
Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air
or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as:
Spill cleanup
Groundwater remediation
Drinking water filtration
Air purification
Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning, gasoline
dispensing operations, and other processes

Medical applications
Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion.
It is thought to bind the poison and prevent its absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.
In cases of suspected poisoning, medical personnel administer activated carbon on the
scene or at a hospital's emergency department. Dosing is usually 1 gram/kg of body
mass (for adolescents or adults, give 50100 g), usually given only once, but
depending on the drug taken, it may be given more than once.
Mechanisms of action:
Binding of the toxin to prevent stomach and intestinal absorption. Binding is
reversible so a cathartic such as sorbitol may be added as well.

 It interrupts the enterohepatic and enteroenteric circulation of some

drugs/toxins and their metabolites.