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Volume 6, Issue 10, Oct 2015, pp. 15-24 Article ID: IJCIET_06_10_002
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication
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1. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion of the reinforcement is one of the major reasons for deterioration of
reinforced concrete structures with conventional steel. Fiber reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites can be a solution to overcome the corrosion problem of reinforced
concrete structures which is exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The common
types of FRP composites for concrete construction include carbon, glass, and aramid
CFRP, GFRP, and AFRP respectively. In addition to be corrosion resist, FRP
composites possess light weight, nonmagnetic and strength comparable or greater to
that of steel strength depending on the types (Choo, C.C.2005) (1).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Paramanantham (1993) (2) tested seventeen 8 x 8 x 72 in. (200 x 200 x 1800 mm)
concrete beam-columns reinforced with GFRP bars. From the results of experiments
he reported that GFRP bars would be stressed up to 70 percent of its ultimate strength
in pure flexure, and up to 20 to 30 percent in compression.
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Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by CFRP Bars and Subjected To Eccentric
Load
Table 1 Details of the tested columns specimens.
Column
designation
Longitudinal
reinforcement
CF0A
CF1A
CF2A
CF4A
CF6A
CF8A
CF12A
ST0A
ST12A
PC0A
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
85
85
-
Longitudinal
reinforcement
ratio %
0.646
0.646
0.646
0.646
0.646
0.646
0.646
0.649
0.649
-
Eccentricity
e (mm)
e/h
(mm)
0
1
2
4
6
8
12
0
12
0
0
0.071
0.143
0.286
0.429
0.571
0.857
0
0.857
0
4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Steel Reinforcement: two types of steel reinforcing bars were used in the tested
columns of this study: first, deformed steel bar nominal diameter 10mm were used
as corbel reinforcement. Second, deformed steel bars nominal diameter 5mm were
used as transverse ties and longitudinal reinforcement. The results of testing steel
reinforcement are summarized in table (2).
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Measured
diameter (mm)
Yield stress
(MPa)
Ultimate strength
(MPa)
5
10
4.5
9.5
525
600
720
725
CFRP Reinforcement: Aslan 201 series were used in this study, as standard product.
Features of CFRP bars are sand coating and helical wrap surface. The nominal
diameter is 6 mm which was used to reinforce the CFRP RC column specimens in the
longitudinal directions. Table (3) represents the results of tests as which provided
from the manufacturer of the CFR Pbars.
Table 3 Aslan 200 mechanical properties.
Nominal
Diameter
(mm)
Nomina
l Area
(mm2)
Guaranteed Tensile
Strength (f*fu )
(MPa)
31.67
2241
Ultimate
Tensile
Load
(kN)
70.8
Tensile
Modulus of
Elasticity(GPa)
Ultimate
Strain
(%)
124
1.81%
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Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by CFRP Bars and Subjected To Eccentric
Load
Ultimate load
Pu (kN)
503
595
576
531.55
458
272
193
125
74
53
(Pcr/Pu)
%
66.2
34.3
60.8
80.1
69.9
22.1
25.9
24
20.3
9.4
6.2. Deflection
Lateral displacements measurements at mid-height were taken until the ultimate load.
The recorded loads, lateral displacement at mid-height of Columns CF1A, CF2A,
CF4A, CF6A, CF8A, CF12A and ST12Aare presented in figure (3).
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CF1A
550
CF2A
500
450
CF4A
Load kN
400
350
CF6A
300
CF8A
250
200
CF12A
150
ST12A
100
50
0
0
10
Lateral Displacement mm
Figure 3 Load - Lateral Displacement at mid-height of the columns.
Based on figure (3), the following observations can be seen for tested columns:
In general the experimental load versus mid-height lateral deflection behavior was
noticed to have three distinguished stages; The first is being an initial straight portion
of the load-deflection curve representing the elastic stage, the second is a nonlinear
portion with distinct change in slope with increasing deflections (elastic-plastic stage),
and the third is also a nonlinear portion but has characteristics in which a slight
increase in load results in a larger deflection (represent the plastic stage).
Lateral deflection at mid-height of column increases whenever load eccentricity
increases.
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Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by CFRP Bars and Subjected To Eccentric
Load
Table 5 Manners of failure of test columns specimens.
Column's Symbol
PC0A
Failure State
ST0A
CF0A, CF1A, CF2A
Sudden
Sudden
Sudden
CF4A
Sudden
CF6A
Gradual
CF8A
Gradual
CF12A, ST12A
Gradual
Experimental
F.E. ABAQUS
e
(mm)
PukN
Mu kN.m
PukN
Mu kN.m
Percentage
difference%
CF0A
576
596.2
-3.51
CF1A
10
531.55
5.3155
481.5
4.815
9.46
CF2A
20
458
9.16
398.4
7.968
13.01
CF4A
40
272
10.88
274.4
10.976
-0.88
CF6A
60
193
11.58
186
11.16
3.63
CF8A
80
125
10
129.6
10.368
-3.68
CF12A
120
74
8.88
72.72
8.7264
1.73
7.249
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Experimental
650
F.E.
600
550
500
450
Pu kN
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10 11 12 13 14
Mu kN.m
Figure 4 Ultimate load-moment interaction diagram of experimental and finite element of
columns (=0.646%, fc`=29.5MPa)
The table (6) shows the ultimate load - moment results of experimental and F.E.
ABAQUS of columns that reinforced with CFRP bar, as well as the table displays the
percentage increase or decrease in the ultimate load-moment of finite element analysis
with respect to tested columns. One can see that the maximum percent of difference is
13.01% and minimum percent of difference is -3.68%. These results show an
acceptable agreement between the finite element and experimental results of tested
columns, with underestimated ultimate load from finite element analysis which is
preferable.
8. PARAMETRIC STUDY
The main objective of this section is to investigate the effect of several important
parameters on the behavior of concrete column. These parameters include percent of
CFRP reinforcement of column () and compressive strength of concrete. Where ( =
Acf/ Ag), Ag and Acfare the gross column cross sectional area and area of CFRP
reinforcement, respectively.
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Pu kN
Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by CFRP Bars and Subjected To Eccentric
Load
F.E. =0.6463%
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
F.E. =1.4543%
F.E. =2.5857%
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Mu kN.m
Figure 5 Effect of () on ultimate load-moment interaction diagram of column (fc`=29.5
MPa).
As shown in figure (5), increasing the CFRP reinforcement ratio enhances the
behavior of concrete column reinforced by CFRP bar clearly, and this may reaches
(52%) for the considered cases.
Pu kN
Mu kN.m
10 11 12 13 14
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9. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained from the experimental work, finite element analysis, the
following conclusions are drawn;
CFRP bars contribute about 14.51% of column capacity under axial load.
Column reinforced with CFRP bars gave some decrease in ultimate load 3.78% under
axial load with respect to the column reinforced with steel bars, while it gave clear
increase in ultimate load 38.21% under load eccentricity e/h values (0.857). It can be
concluded that using CFRP reinforcement has a significant effective on ultimate load
capacity of columns with high eccentricity.
The general behavior of the finite element models which were analyzed by
(ABAQUS/Standard 6.13) shows good or acceptable agreement with the
experimental results. Maximum difference in ultimate load was (13.01%).
Failure mode of the columns under pure compression condition occurre suddenly due
to cleavage of the concrete and simultaneous rupturing some of the longitudinal
CFRP bars, with increasing in eccentricity of load tension zone will appear and
expand at the expense of compression area and the occurred failure changes from
suddenly due to spalling of concrete cover to gradual due to spalling of concrete
cover, (all these failure can be classified as compressive failure mode), with high
eccentricity gradual expanding in the tension zone and reduction in compression zone
even the remaining outermost concrete crumbles.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
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