Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ﺍﻧﺘﺒــﻪ !:
ﻳﺴـﻤـﺢ ﺑـﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺮﻣـﺠﺔ
ﻧـﺪﺭﺱ ,ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﺣﻤـﻀﻲ ,ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨـﺎﺕ
MnO42−ﻭ ﺣﻤـﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴـﺎﻟﻴﻚ . H 2 C 2 O4ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺭﻳﺦ , t = 0ﻧﺨﻠـﻂ ﺑﺴـﺮﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤـﺎﻝ ﻛﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓـﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻤـﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ V1 = 40 mL ,ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ) ( S1ﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗـﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺰﻩ C1 = 5.10 −3 mol.L−1
ﻭ V2 = 60 mLﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ) ( S 2ﻟﺤﻤـﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴـﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺰﻩ . C 2 = 5.10 −2 mol.L−1
ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﺘﻌـﻠﻖ ﻛﺜـﻴﺮﺍ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨـﺎﺕ ,ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ] [MnO
−
4
(1ﻣﻌــﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻞ.
(2ﺗﺤـﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺎﻟـﻴﻞ.
ﻧﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﻋـﻠﻰ:
-ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻣﺨﺒـﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓـﺌﺔ 10 mLﻭ ; 100 mLﺳﺤـﺎﺣﺔ ﻓـﺌﺔ ; 25 mLﻣـﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻓـﺌﺔ
; 10 mL , 5 mL , 1 mLﺣـﻮﺟﻠﺘـﻴﻦ ﻓـﺌﺔ 100 mLﻭ ; 500 mLﻛـﺄﺱ.
-ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻣﺤـﻠﻮﻝ ﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ; C 0 = 0.1 mol / Lﻣﺤـﻠﻮﻝ ﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ
ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴـﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ C 2 = 5.0 mol / Lﻣﺤﻤﺾ ﺑﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘـﻴﻚ; ﻣـﺎﺀ ﻣﻘـﻄﺮ.
ﺃ -ﺣـﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺭﺳـﻢ ﻭﺍﺿـﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻌـﺰﺯ ﺑﺄﺳﻤــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﺍﺕ ,ﺍﻟﻤﻨــﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺮ ﺣﺠـﻢ V =100 mLﻣـﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻠﻮﻝ ) ( S1ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻄـﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﻮﻓﺮ.
ﺏ -ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﻴﺔ n1ﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜـﻤﻴﺔ n2ﻟﺤﻤـﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴـﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨـﺪ
t = 0ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻠﻲ.
ﺣـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤــﺪ ﻟﻬـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ. ﺝ-
(3ﺍﻟﺘﺠــﺮﺑﺔ:
) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺮﻱ ﺻﻔـﺤﺔ ( 6 ﺃ -ﺍﺭﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤـﺜﻞ ﻟﺘﻐـﻴﺮﺍﺕ ) . [MnO4− ]= f (t
) ﺍﻟﺠـﺰﺀﺍﻥ Aﻭ Bﻣﺴﺘﻘـﻼﻥ (. ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺣـﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ. (IIIﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺀ :1
ﻟـﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺟـﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ,ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣـﻮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ .ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻫـﺰﺍﺯ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺙ
ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫـﺎ Nﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ .ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺫﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺧﻄـﻮﻃﺎ ﻣﻈـﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴـﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻌـﺮﺍﺕ
ﺧﻄـﻮﻃﺎ ﻣﻀـﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ.
ﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘـﻴﻘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺘـﻴﻦ Aﻭ Bﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤـﻮﺽ ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬـﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ. AB = 7 cm :
ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺇﺛـﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻄـﺢ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻬـﻮﺍﺀ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐـﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤـﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ 10ﺇﻟﻰ 40 Hzﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤـﺎﻝ
ﻣﻀـﺨﺔ ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﻐـﺬﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﻤﺘـﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻛﻬـﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺼـﺎﻥ .ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑـﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬـﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣﻜـﺜﻒ
ﺳﻌـﺘﻪ C = 30 µ Fﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺷـﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤـﺮﻳﻀﻬـﺎ Lﻭ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧـﻠﻴﺔ .r
ﺏ -ﻷﺟـﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺋﻲ (1ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﻈﺔ , t = 0ﻧﺮﺑـﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻗﻄـﺐ ﻳﺤـﻤﻞ
ﻳﻤـﺪﻩ ﺑﻘـﺪﺭﺓ p = r i 2ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ rﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤـﻨﺔ Q 0ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺷـﻴﻌﺔ .ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻭﺳﻴـﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺗﻲ
ﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺷـﻴﻌﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ .( 3ﻣـﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺤـﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺗﺮ ) U C (tﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺠـﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ؟ ﻣﺮﺑـﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺜﻒ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤـﻨﻰ ﺷﻜـﻞ 2ﺻﻔـﺤﺔ .( 5
ﺝ -ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﺗﻌﺒـﻴﺮ ) U C (tﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻟﺔ ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺃ -ﻫـﻞ ) U C (tﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ؟ ﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ؟
ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺟـﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺏ -ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨـﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜـﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ. .t0 = 0 s
ﺩ -ﻣـﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺝ -ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜـﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ
L = 0.75 H . t1 = 30 ms
ﺩ -ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻐـﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﻈﺘـﻴﻦ t 0ﻭ . t1
ﻩ -ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻹﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ 1
ﺏ -ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ λﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ Nﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ Vﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﻫﺪﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﻫﺪﺓ.
1-2ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﺔ ) 1ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ (1ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ , N1 = 8Hzﺣـﺪﺩ ﻃـﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ λ1ﻭ ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﺴـﺮﻋﺔ V1ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ.
2-1ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﺔ ) 2ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ( 2ﻧﻀﺒﻂ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ 2
. N 2 = 17 Hz
ﺃ -ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩ.
ﺏ -ﻣـﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈـﺎﻫﺮﺓ ؟
ﺝ -ﺻـﻒ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﻤـﺢ ﺑﻤـﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈـﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋـﻴﺔ.
(2ﺗﺄﺛـﻴﺮ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺟـﺎﺕ.
ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛـﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ,ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗـﻌﺮ 2-1
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ 3
ﻧﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺒـﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ) N =11 Hzﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ .( 3ﺑـﻴﻦ
ﺑﺎﻋﺘـﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺭﺓ 3ﺃﻥ ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌـﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻤـﻖ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ.
ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺤـﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻄـﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻴـﻄﺔ ﺇﺷﻌـﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌـﻼﻗﺔ:
, ∆N = − λ.N (t ).∆tﺗﻤـﺜﻞ ∆Nﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻴﻄﺔ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ∆tﻭ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ) N (tﻋـﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺪﺓ.
ﻧـﺄﺧﺬ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒـﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﻴﻨﺔ ﻫـﻮ. N (0) = 1022 :
(2ﺣـﺪﺩ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔـﺘﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻤـﺴﺔ ﺃﻳـﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ.
(3ﻛـﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒـﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻤـﺴﺔ ﺃﻳـﺎﻡ ؟ ﻧﻤﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ) . N ( 5 jours
(4ﺑﺎﻧﺠـﺎﺯﻙ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ,ﺃﻣـﻸ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻧﻘـﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻳﺮ.
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ) t ( jours
1022 ) N (t
(5ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﻲ ,ﺗﻄـﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﺰﻣﻦ ) .ﺍﺳﺘﻌـﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺮﻱ
ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( 2
(6ﻛﺘـﻠﺔ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔـﻮﺭ 32ﻫـﻲ m ( p ) = 5.35631.10−26 kgﻭ ﻛﺘـﻠﺔ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫـﻲ
, m (S ) = 5.35608.10−26 kgﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﻴﻨﺔ ﺧـﻼﻝ . 45 jours
ﻧﻌـﻄﻲ :ﻛﺘـﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ m e = 9.10939.10−31 kg
ﻧﻌﻄـﻲ :ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀـﻮﺀ . c = 2.997 92.108 m .s −1 (7ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘـﺞ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺧـﻼﻝ . 45 jours
ﺍﻻﺳــﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺐ:
ﺍﻧﺘــــﺒﻪ !
ﺗـﺮﺟﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺭﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺃﻧﺠـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴـﻠﻴـﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴــﺎﺑﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜـﻞ 1
ﺍﻟﺸﻜـﻞ 2