PRABHAT SENIOR

SECONDARY PUBLIC
SCHOOL
ANNUAL PROJECT
REPORT ON
FRICTION
Under Guidance of:

Compiled By:

Mr Jitendra Singh

Sarvagya Mishra

Physics Teacher

Roll no.-33
Class-11 Science

Certificate

This is to certify that

Sarvagya Mishra of class 11
sci. has worked under my
supervision on
Train Reservation
and completed to my total
satisfaction.

Mr Jitendra Singh
Mathur

Dr. Namita

Physics Teacher

Principal

Acknowledg
ment

I would like to express my deep

sense of gratitude from the apex
of my heart to our esteemed
guide Mr Jitendra Singh for his
constant encouragement and
noble guidance.
I would express my thanks to my
parents for their valuable
guidance support and for all sorts
of assistance for completing this
project.
Sarvagya Mishra
11 Science

What is FRICTION ?
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding
against each other.

There are four types of friction namely

1.

Static friction

2.

Kinetic friction

3.

Rolling friction

1.

Static Friction

Static friction comes into play when a body is forced

to move along a surface but movement does not
start. The magnitude of static friction remains equal
to the applied external force and the direction is
always opposite to the direction of motion. The
magnitude of static friction depends
upon s (coefficient of static friction) and N (net
normal reaction of the body).
2.

Kinetic Friction

Kinetic friction denoted as k comes into play when a

body just starts moving along a surface. When
external applied force is sufficient to move a body
along a surface then the force which opposes this
motion is called as kinetic frictional force.
Magnitude of kinetic frictional force
fk = k N
Where k is coefficient of kinetic frictional force and N
is the net normal reaction on the body. The magnitude
of kinetic frictional force is always less than
magnitude of static frictional force. When value of
applied net external force F is more than fk then body

moves with a net acceleration and when these forces

are equal then body moves with a constant velocity.
3.

Rolling Friction

Rolling frictional force is a force that slows down the

motion of a rolling object. Basically it is a combination
of various types of frictional forces at point of contact
of wheel and ground or surface. When a hard object
moves along a hard surface then static and molecular
friction force retards its motion. When soft object
moves over a hard surface then its distortion makes it
slow down.

Advantages of Friction
Although you normally hear about trying to reduce or
eliminate friction, it actually has some
important uses.
Quite often uses of frction can be seen from how
things would be without friction.
Without friction, you would not be able to walk, drive
a car, or hold objects. Pens and pencils would not
work, s could not move
Since friction is a resistance force that slows down or
prevents motion, it is necessary in many applications

to prevent slipping or sliding. In those cases, there is

an advantage of having friction. However, too much
friction can be a nuisance, because it can hinder
motion and cause the need for expending extra
energy. A good compromise is necessary to get just
enough friction.

Uses of friction
Writing, walking, driving (moving forward and slowing
down), holding things

Important uses
In some situations, friction is very important and
beneficial. There are many things that you could not
do without the force of friction.
Walking
You could not walk without the friction between your
shoes and the ground. As you try to step forward, you
push your foot backward. Friction holds your shoe to
the ground, allowing you to walk. Consider how
difficult it is to walk on slippery ice, where there is
little friction.
Writing
Writing with a pencil requires friction. You could not
hold a pencil in your hand without friction. It would
slip out when you tried to hold it to write. The

graphite pencil led would not make a mark on the

paper without friction.
A pencil eraser uses friction to rub off mistakes
written in pencil lead. Rubbing the eraser on the lead
wears out the eraser due to friction, while the
particles worn off gather up the pencil lead from the
paper.
Driving car
Your car would not start moving if it wasn't for the
friction of the tires against the street. With no friction,
the tires would just spin. Likewise, you could not stop
without the friction of the brakes and the tires.
There we can say
Friction is necessary in many applications to prevent
slipping or sliding. But also, it can be a nuisance
because it can hinder motion. A good compromise is
necessary to get just enough friction or a proper
combination of frictions

DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
Despite the fact that the friction is very important in
our daily life, it also has some disadvantages like:
1. The main disadvantage of friction is that it
produces heat in various parts of machines. In this
way some useful energy is wasted as heat energy.

2. Due to friction we have to exert more power in

machines.
3. It opposes the motion.
4. Due to friction, noise is also produced in machines.
5. Due to friction, engines of automobiles consume
more fuel which is a money loss.

METHODS OF REDUCING FRICTION

There are a number of methods to reduce friction in
which some are discussed here.
USE OF LUBRICANTS:
The parts of machines which are moving over one
another must be properly lubricated by using oils and
lubricants of suitable viscosity.
USE OF GREASE:
Proper greasing between the sliding parts of machine
reduces the friction.
USE OF BALL BEARING:
In machines where possible, sliding friction can be
replaced by rolling friction by using ball bearings.
DESIGN MODIFICATION:

Friction can be reduced by changing the design of fast

moving objects. The front of vehicles and airplanes
made oblong to minimize friction.

THE END