Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12013
-Technical Paper-
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the interrelations among splitting tensile strength fspt, compressive strength fc,
and Youngs modulus Ec of early age concrete cured under different temperature histories. The
concrete of cylindrical specimens were mixed with the same water to cement ratio and with different
types of cements, OPC, BB, and LH cements. It was found that fspt-fc relationship and Ec-fspt
relationship of early age concrete were unique regardless of types of cements and curing temperature
histories. Accordingly, new equations of the two relationships were developed and proposed.
Key words: Early age concrete, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, Youngs modulus,
curing temperature history
1. INTRODUCTION
Predictions of splitting tensile strength fspt and
Youngs modulus Ec of concrete at early age are
significant among other parameters for thermal stress
analysis of massive concrete. The analysis is known to
be complicated because the mechanical properties and
the thermal properties of the concrete are developing
during hydrations [1]. In terms of concrete compressive
strength fc at early age, it could be predicted by means
of a strength model based on hydration of cement
constituent mineral proposed by Kato and Kishi [2].
Therefore, the developments fspt and Ec of early age
concrete could be indirectly predicted from the heat of
hydration if the interrelations among fspt, Ec, and fc were
established. Meanwhile, based on the Guidelines for
Control of Cracking of Mass Concrete 2008 [3], the
equation to predict fc which can take into account the
age, the temperature history dependence, type of cement
and so on was also given. Then, the corresponding fsptfc and Ec-fc relationships were also provided [3].
Moreover, many equations have been proposed
for fspt-fc relationships [3-13] and Ec-fc relationships [38] whose equations are generally accepted in a form of
Eqs.1 and 2, respectively.
in Table 1.
The value of n of 0.5 and 2/3 given by [4] and
[8], and by [5], [7], and [9-10], respectively have been
proposed for fstp-fc relationships of concrete at all ages.
However, it has been reported that 0.5 and 2/3 of n gave
less accuracy in the prediction of fsct at early age, and
Oluokun et al. [11] subsequentially proposed the value
of n of 0.79 for the early age concrete. On the other
hand, it has been observed that the proposed equation of
[11] was developed based on only the test results of
150300 mm cylindrical concrete specimens with Type
I cement cured in a moist room of constant temperature
of 22oC. Based on the research results of Gardner [10],
type of cement and curing temperature effect on the
developments of both strengths and Ec, but not fspt-fc
relationships. Still, only a method of constant curing
temperatures of 0, 10, 20, and 30oC until the testing age
were examined by Gardner [10].
In the real concrete structures, the temperature in
concrete after casting increase and decrease with time
respectively before and after removing the form works.
It means that the equations to predict fspt and Ec of early
fspt = k(fc)n
(1)
Ec = (fc)
(2)
where,
fspt : split tensile strength (N/mm2);
Ec : Youngs modulus (kN/mm2);
fc : compressive strength (N/mm2); and
k, n, , and : are non-dimensional coefficients.
Different values of k, n, , and were previously given
by different researchers and institutions as summarized
*1
*2
JCI [3]
JSCE [4]
JSCE [5]
AIJ [6]
CEB-FIB [7]
ACI318-11 [8]
Raphael [9]
Gardner [10]
Oluokun et al. [11]
Oluokun [12]
Arioglu et al. [13]
0.13
0.44
0.23
0.18
0.3
0.56
0.313
0.33
0.216
0.2
0.387
0.85
0.5
2/3
0.75
2/3
0.5
2/3
2/3
0.79
0.7
0.63
Phd, Dept. of Infrastructure System Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, JCI Member
Professor, Dept. of Infrastructure System Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, JCI Member
-427-
6.3
4.7
9
8.56
9.5
4.73
3.24
-
0.45
1/2
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/2
0.63
-
fc28
Slump
(N/mm2) (cm)
30
12
28.9
12
27.5
12
w/c
(%)
67
67
67
s/a
(%)
43.5
43.5
43.5
Gravel(kg/m3)
05-15mm 15-20mm
536
536
539
539
532
532
Cement Water
Sand
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
244
163
824
244
163
821
244
163
820
WA
(kg/m3)
2.44
2.44
2.44
AE
(kg/m3)
1.72
1.72
1.72
Note: OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement (3.15g/cm3); BB: Blast Furnace Cement type B (3.04g/cm3); LH: Low Heat Cement (3.24g/cm3). The
difference among the mixes 1, 2, 3 and 4 is the curing temperature histories given in Fig.1.
50
40
30
20
OPC 1
OPC 3
BB 3
LH 4
10
0
0
3
4
5
Age t (days)
OPC 2
BB 2
BB 4
-428-
OPC2
BB2
fc
Ec
fspt
fc
Ec
fspt
fc
Ec
fspt
0.20
0.59
0.85
1.13
1.46
1.85
2.10
2.16
2.36
2.40
2.46
2.57
0.64
3.08
5.61
8.11
11.73
15.28
18.82
19.55
21.41
22.92
23.83
23.46
3
8
14
16
23
27
29
31
32
34
36
34
0.19
0.46
0.74
1.15
1.74
2.15
2.20
2.48
2.49
2.47
0.81
2.25
5.00
7.92
14.18
19.25
19.55
22.08
23.46
23.60
10
14
25
28
32
33
32
35
0.08
0.32
0.55
0.95
1.44
1.77
1.96
2.09
2.16
2.29
0.30
1.31
3.50
6.16
11.52
14.92
17.35
20.08
20.46
21.10
6
14
18
25
28
29
30
31
0.02
0.18
0.45
0.57
0.86
1.21
1.49
1.71
1.73
1.74
1.81
3.0
25
2.5
20
15
5
0
OPC3
f c E c
0.19
0.72
4.0
5.12
7.82
10.1
14.0
15.1
18.2
21.3
23.4
fspt
OPC 1
OPC 3
BB4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Age t (days)
Fig.2 Compressive strength fc
1.0
OPC 2
BB 2
BB 3
0.5
0.0
OPC 1
OPC 3
LH 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Age t (days)
Fig.3 Splitting tensile strength fspt
Ec
fspt
fc
LH4
Ec
fspt
- 0.12 0.82 0.9 0.02 0.09 4 0.31 2.34 6.1 0.06 0.55 - 0.21
8 0.66 5.07 10.5 0.17 1.14 - 0.57
- 0.71 6.41 - 0.38 3.26 7.55 0.61
- 1.20 9.72 23.9 - 0.64
- 1.17 10.4 16.1 0.78 6.77 14.1 0.75
18 1.54 13.5 25.5 1.15 9.50 20.7 1.12
- 1.69 15.6 21.7 1.6 12.8 25.7 1.46
25 1.89 17.7 29.3 1.81 14.1 28.4 1.72
29 2.14 19.9 29.4 2.08 17.4 - 1.68
- 2.4 23.0 31
- 1.98 22.0 35.9 2.62 25.9 -
1.5
OPC 2
BB 2
BB 3
BB4
fc
2.0
fspt (N/mm2)
fc' (N/mm2)
30
10
BB3
fspt
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Ec (kN/mm2)
Age
(days)
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
OPC 2
BB 2
BB 3
LH 4
fc
Ec
0.83
3.92
4.66
5.5
6.62
10.71
15.06
-
10.43
11.62
13.06
13.79
-
OPC 1
OPC 3
BB 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Age t (days)
Fig.4 Youngs modulus Ec
-429-
OPC 1
OPC 2
OPC 3
BB 2
BB 3
BB 4
LH 4
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Eq.3
3.0
fspt (N/mm2)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
3.5
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
fc' (N/mm2)
(a)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
fc' (N/mm2)
(b)
5.0
5
[11] 22 oC
[10] 0 oC
[10] 10 oC
[10] 20 oC
[10] 30 oC
[21] 20 oC
JCI [3]
JSCE[5]
AIJ[6]
Eq.3
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
3
2
1
0
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
JCI [3]
JSCE[5]
AIJ[6]
Eq.3
fspt (N/mm2)
fspt (N/mm2)
OPC 1
OPC 2
OPC 3
BB 2
BB 3
BB 4
LH 4
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Eq.3
3.0
fspt (N/mm2)
3.5
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
fc' (N/mm2)
fc' (N/mm2)
(a)
(b)
Fig.6 Verifications of Eq.3 with previous test results
2
Table 4 Test results of fspt (N/mm ) and fc (N/mm ) from [9] (cylinder size 150300mm)
Source
Curing
Temp.
0 oC
10 oC
[10]
20 oC
30 oC
Age
(days)
1
3
7
1
3
7
1
3
7
1
3
7
Mix1
(w/c = 0.55)
Cement type
I/fly ash
Mix 2
(w/c = 0.35)
Cement type
I/fly ash
Mix 3
(w/c = 0.55)
Cement type
I
Mix 4
(w/c = 0.35)
Cement type
I
Mix 5
(w/c = 0.55)
Cement type
III
Mix 6
(w/c = 0.35)
Cement type
III
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
5.12
10.27
21.65
6.53
17.58
25.33
10.12
20.17
24.9
14.29
21.87
28.8
0.86
1.48
2.58
0.98
2.20
2.73
1.72
2.67
3.23
2.17
2.76
3.04
4.51
17.73
33.5
10.19
25.07
30.87
11.97
28.19
34.6
18.68
28.59
35.8
0.93
2.33
3.43
1.82
3.01
3.07
1.92
2.99
3.47
1.86
2.85
3.12
3.95
12.24
20.14
7.71
17.36
24.92
10.22
19.99
27.72
14.31
20.02
24.21
0.63
1.16
1.95
1.04
1.64
3.01
1.73
2.87
2.91
2.07
2.58
2.82
11.83
26.38
32.33
17.39
27.04
34.04
20.65
29.31
39.06
20.21
28.92
34.87
1.77
2.95
3.58
2.16
3.06
3.5
2.36
3.29
3.55
2.39
2.95
3.01
7.17
32.24
40.16
23.34
33.11
39.11
27.94
35.65
39.09
29.7
33.65
37.36
1.21
3.57
4.11
3.00
3.55
3.81
3.21
3.59
3.84
3.06
3.08
3.57
5.02
31.65
36.33
18.78
30.34
34.14
22.14
31.6
34.33
24.63
28.58
32.75
1.16
3.57
3.53
2.57
3.33
3.45
2.77
3.37
3.43
2.78
3.09
3.35
Table 5 Test results of fspt (N/mm ), and fc(N/mm ) from [14-20] (cylinder size 100200mm)
Source Age (days)
Remarks
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
fspt
fc'
[16]
[17]
[18]
7
7
2.67
3.01
2.55
1.81
30.2
48.7
[19]
2.86
25.01
3
7
3
7
3
7
3
7
3
7
1.7
2.2
1.54
2.24
1.10
1.76
1.57
2.12
1.97
2.28
13.6
19.1
11.53
18.67
9.21
15.42
11.77
16.16
16.79
22.98
3.3
2.88
3.18
2.88
3.01
2.24
2.82
3.39
2.79
40.9
25.96
32.11
22.87
28.09
18.67
24.52
32.62
31.38
4.7
2.50
2.76
1.74
1.97
2.25
4.19
51
22.49
29.98
14.24
19.65
26.52
41.85
3.45
3.48
2.78
3.33
2.66
3.70
-
33.15
37.44
26.72
33.64
23.98
37.71
-
[15]
[20]
[21]
32.95
37.56
19.27
18.6
2.65
3.91
3.13
3.98
2.75
1.24
34.2
45.1
38.12
45.19
34.3
12.29
2.95
3.5
2.67
4.27
3.26
-
32.95
47.68
56.27
-
3.37
1.4
45.8
40.75
13.5
4.28
-430-
Table 6 Test results of fspt (N/mm ) and fc (N/mm ) from [10] (cylinder size 150300mm)
Ec (kN/mm2)
Mix B
(w/c=0.763)
Cement type I
Mix C
(w/c=0.534)
Cement type I
Eq.3
Eq.3
Mix D
(w/c=0.329)
Cement type I
Eq.3
fc'
fspt
fspt.cal
fc'
fspt
fspt.cal
fc'
fspt
fspt.cal
fc'
fspt
fspt.cal
10.67
20.28
24.79
27.43
29.92
35.69
1.22
1.99
2.52
2.79
2.90
3.50
1.33
2.22
2.61
2.83
3.03
3.49
1.30
4.82
7.82
12.19
14.31
18.57
0.11
0.48
1.07
1.25
1.91
2.10
0.25
0.70
1.04
1.48
1.68
2.07
2.63
12.22
18.68
23.90
26.48
35.44
0.21
1.33
1.94
2.86
3.08
3.88
0.43
1.48
2.08
2.53
2.75
3.47
10.07
26.77
35.93
44.22
46.21
50.11
0.83
2.49
3.32
4.02
4.19
4.34
1.27
2.77
3.51
4.14
4.29
4.58
40
OPC 2
OPC 1
BB 2
OPC 3
BB 3
LH 4
BB 4
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
30
20
10
0
0
Eq.3
10
20
30
fc' (N/mm2)
40
40
40
30
30
OPC 2
OPC 1
BB 2
OPC 3
BB 3
LH 4
BB 4
20
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Ec (kN/mm2)
22 oC
[11]
0.3
0.6
1
2
3
7
Mix A
(w/c=0.388)
Cement type I
Ec (kN/mm2)
Curing Age
Source
Temp. (days)
10
0
fspt (N/mm2)
Fig.8 Ec-fspt relationship
OPC 1
OPC 2
OPC 3
BB 2
BB 3
BB 4
LH 4
20
10
20
30
40
Eq. 4 (N/mm2)
Fig.9 Verification of Eq.4
et al. [27] and Pane and Hansen [28] found that Ec and
Ect of early age concrete t>18 hours (0.75day) are
almost the same. Therefore, the research results of [2428] are the supportive proofs showing that Ec is
equivalent to Ect.
Accordingly, the relationship between Ec and fspt
of early age concrete were examined as illustrated in
Fig.8. The test results suggested that Ec-fspt relationship
of early age concrete is linear and unique regardless of
type of cement and curing temperature. Meanwhile, the
relationships fitted best with the following equation:
Ec = 14.5fspt
(4)
where,
Ec : Youngs modulus (kN/mm2), which is
equivalent to Ect; and
fspt : Splitting tensile strength of concrete
(N/mm2) with (t< 7days).
As shown in Fig.9, good agreement between test
results of Ec and the calculation results by means of
Eq.4 was observed. These agreements implied that
prediction of Ec of early age concrete (t< 7days) from
fspt gives more accuracy than from fc using the existing
equations given by [3-10]. Meanwhile, since Ect is
equivalent to Ec, it also implied that Ect could be also
predicted from fspt by means of Eq. 4.
Moreover, the unique equation of Ec-fspt
relationships (Eq.4) and fspt-fc relationships (Eq.3)
regardless of type of cement, temperature history, and
curing conditions of the concrete found in this study
could allow Ec, fspt and Ect to be indirectly and precisely
calculated from the total heat of cement hydration of
early age concrete through fc. It was because fc at early
age could be predicted by means of a strength model
based on hydration of constituent mineral proposed by
Kato and Kishi [2].
-431-
5. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be derived from
this study.
(1)
Splitting tensile strength and compressive
strength relationship of concrete at early age (t<7
days) was found to be unique regardless of type
of cement and temperature history of the
concrete.
(2)
The relationship between splitting tensile
strength and compressive strength of concrete at
early age (t< 7 days) is proposed as follows:
fspt = 0.2(fc)0.8
(3)
1990, pp 529-536.
[11] Oluokun, F.A., Burdette, E.G. and Deatherage, J.H.,
Splitting tensile strength and compressive strength
relationships at early ages, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.88,
No.2, Mar.-Apr. 1991, pp 115-121.
[12] Oluokun, F.A., Prediction of concrete tensile strength from
its compressive strength: Evaluation of existing relationship
for normal weight concrete ACI materials Journal, Vol.88,
No.3, May-June 1991, pp 302-309.
[13] Arioglu, N., Girgin, Z.C. and Arioglu, E., Evaluation of
Ratio between Splitting Tensile Strength and Compressive
Strength for Concrete up to 120 MPa and its Application in
Strength Criterion ACI Materials Journal, Vol.103, No.1,
Januraly-February 2006, pp 18-24.
[14] Neville, A. M., Properties of concrete, 4th edition, Addison
Wesley Longman Limited, 1996
[15] Nili, M. and Afroughsabet, V., The effects of silica fume
and polypropylene fibers on the impact resistance and
mechanical properties of concrete Constr Build Mater,
Vol.24, No.6, 2010, pp 927-933.
[16] Atis, C.D., Strength properties of high-volume fly ash
roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of
curing condition CemConcr Res, Vol.36, No.6, 2005, pp
1112-1121
[17] Ramezanianpour, A.A., Mahdi Khan, M. and Ahmadibeni,
G.H., The effect of rice husk ash on mechanical properties
and durability of sustainable concretes Inter J Civil Eng,
Vol.7, No.2, 2009, pp 81-91.
[18] Ahmed, T., Burley, E., Rigden, S. and Abu-Tair, A.I., The
effect of alkali reactivity on the mechanical properties of
concrete Constr Build Mater, Vol.17, No.2, 2003, pp 123144.
[19] Manan, M.A. and Ganapathy, C., Engineering properties of
concrete with oil palm shell as coarse aggregate Constr
Build Mater, 16(1), 2002, pp 29-34.
[20] Lee, K.M., Kim, D.S. and Kim, J.S., Determination of
Dynamic Youngs Modulus of Concrete at Early Ages by
Impact Resonance Test KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,
Vol.1, No.2, December 1997, pp 11-18.
[21] Ghafoori, N. and Bucholc, J., Properties off High-Calcium
Dry Bottom Ash Concrete ACI Materials Journal, Vol.94,
No.2, Mar.-Apr. 1997, pp 90-101.
[22] Kadlecek, Sr. V.L., Modry, S. and Kadlecek, Jr. V.L., Size
effect of test specimens on tensile splitting strength of
concrete: general relation Materials and Structures, Vol.35,
January-February 2002, pp 28-34.
[23] Soty, R. and Shima, H., Elastic Spring Property in
Rheological Model for Thermal Stress-Strain Relationship
of Early Age Concrete under External Restraint Proceeding
of the 5th International Conference of Asian Concrete
Federation, ACF, 24-26 Oct, 2012, Pattaya, Thailand.
[24] Mimura, Y., Yoshitake, I. and Zhang, W., Uniaxial tension
of slender reinforced early age concrete member, Materials,
Vol.4, 2011, pp 1345-1359.
[25] Yoshitake, I., Ishikawa, Y., Kawano, H. and Mimura, Y., On
the tensile Youngs moduli of early age concrete, Doboku
GakkaiRonbunshuu E, Vol.63, 2007,pp 677-688.
[26] Jin, X. and Li, Z., Investigation on mechanical properties of
young concrete, Materials and Structures, Vol.33,
December 2000, pp 627-633.
[27] Kanstad, T., Hammer, T.A., Bjontegaard, O. and Sellevold,
E.J., Mechanical properties of young concrete: Part I:
Experimental results related to test methods and temperature
effects, Material and Structures, Vol.36, May 2003, pp 218225.
[28] Pane, I. and Hansen, W., Early age tensile creep and stress
relaxation in Portland cement concrete effects of cement
replacement with mineral additives, Proc. Of the 6 th
International RILEM Conference on Creep, Shrinkage &
Durability Mechanics of Concrete, August 2001, pp 605611.
-432-