PETE 310

Phase Diagram of a
Dry Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

Pressure

CP

Path of Production

Separator Conditions

Temperature

Viscosity Definition & Units

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to
flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm

Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,

units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

Reservoir Engineering
Properties of Dry Gases
Gas Viscosity
100oF

Viscosity (cp)

150oF
200oF

200oF

T increasing

150oF
100oF

Pressure

Viscosity of Ethane

Viscosity of Gases at
Atmospheric Pressure

Viscosity of Gas Mixtures

See example 6-9

Example

Example
Read Molecular Weights table
A-1 page 492
Read Viscosities figure 6-7
Apply formula

Gas Viscosity if Composition

is Unknown

Still at atmospheric
pressure!

Viscosity Corrections

Viscosity of Gases at High

Pressure

m=ratio*mat

Viscosity of Gases at High

Pressure
make sure
you check
the
specific
gravity
range

Accuracy for Viscosity

Correlations?
At low Ppr and low gravities + 2%
Agreement is less accurate as
specific gravity increases (fig. 612 has about 20% accuracy)

Isothermal Compressibility
Definition

1
Cg PA , TA
V

V
P
TA

Derivative is evaluated at constant T = TA and

specified pressure P = PA

Isothermal Gas Compressibility

TA

TB

1 V1 V2
C g PA , TA

Vave P1 P2 T
A

P1
PA
P2

V1

V2
Vave= (V1+V2)/2

Isothermal Compressibility (Cg)

Isothermal Compressibility
Using ideal gas equation

Isothermal Compressibility
Using real gas equation

Gas Composition Affects

Heating Value
Combustion Reaction
Compound
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
C4
i-C5
C5
C6
C7+
CO2
H2S
N2

Mole%
84.00
4.00
2.00
0.30
0.50
1.00
1.40
0.10
0.70
2.00
3.00
1.00

Fuel + O2 Heat + CO2 + H2O

CH4 + 2O2 Heat + CO2 + 2H2O

CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 Heat + nCO2 + (n+1)H2O

Expressing Heating Value

Before combustion gas is
Wet saturated with water vapor
(< 2 % volume basis)
Dry (bone)

After combustion
Gross most used
Net take out heat of vaporization
of water

Gas Composition Affects

Heating Value
Compound
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
C4
i-C5
C5
C6
C7+
CO2
H2S
N2

Mole %
84.00
4.00
2.00
0.30
0.50
1.00
1.40
0.10
0.70
2.00
3.00
1.00

Expressing Heat of
Combustion
BTU/lb
BTU/lb-mol
BTU/SCF

Hydrocarbon Value Hierarchy

MMBTU

http://www.statoilhydro.com/en/technologyinnovation/refiningandprocessing/

Heat of Combustion

Energy Content of Hydrocarbons

Heats of Combustion (API Data Book)

Heat of Combustion (BTU/lb)

60000
50000

Paraffins

Alcohols

Hydrogen

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0.00

100.00

200.00
300.00
M olecular Weight

400.00

500.00

Evaluating Heating Value for

Mixtures
Heating values tabulated in
Appendix A (page 494)
Heating value of gas mixture is
Nc

Lc

y L
j

j 1

cj

Z is very close to 1 Differences between Lc ideal and Lc real less than .5%