Q1- Define: failure data analysis, Mean failure rate, mean time

to failure (MTTF), mean time between failures (MTBF) , hazard

rate, Bathtub curve.
Ans:Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure,
often with the goal of determining corrective actions or liability It is an important discipline in many
branches of manufacturing industry, such as the electronics industry, where it is a vital tool used in
the development of new products and for the improvement of existing products. The failure analysis
process relies on collecting failed components for subsequent examination of the cause or causes of
failure using a wide array of methods, especially microscopy and spectroscopy
MTTF: Mean time to failure describes the expected time to failure for a non-repairable
system.
For example, assume you tested 3 identical systems starting from time 0 until all of them
failed. The first system failed at 10 hours, the second failed at 12 hours and the third failed
at 13 hours. The MTTF is the average of the three failure times, which is 11.6667 hours.
If these three failures are random samples from a population and the failure times of this
population follow a distribution with a probability density function (pdf) of
, then the
population MTTF can be mathematically calculated by:

Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the predicted elapsed time between inherent failures of a
system during operation. MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean(average) time
between failures of a system. The MTBF is typically part of a model that assumes the failed system
is immediately repaired (mean time to repair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal process. This is in
contrast to the mean time to failure (MTTF), which measures average time to failures with the
modeling assumption that the failed system is not repaired (infinite repair time).

Hazard rate
The instantaneous hazard rate is the limit of the number of events per unit time divided by the
number at risk, as the time interval approaches 0.

where N(t) is the number at risk at the beginning of an interval. A hazard is the probability that a
patient fails between
as

and

, given that he has survived up to time , divided by

approaches zero

bathtub curve is widely used in reliability engineering. It describes a particular form of the hazard
function which comprises three parts:

The first part is a decreasing failure rate, known as early failures.

The second part is a constant failure rate, known as random failures.

The third part is an increasing failure rate, known as wear-out failures.

The name is derived from the cross-sectional shape of a bathtub: steep sides and a flat bottom.
The bathtub curve is generated by mapping the rate of early "infant mortality" failures when first
introduced, the rate of random failures with constant failure rate during its "useful life", and finally the
rate of "wear out" failures as the product exceeds its design lifetime.

Q.2- Discuss Inspection reports, card history system &

guarantee period.
Ans:

Guarantee
A guarantee is usually free and is a promise about an item by the manufacturer or company
It's a promise to sort out any problems with a product or service within a specific, fixed period of time
Whether you paid for a guarantee or not, it is legally binding
The guarantee must explain how you would make a claim in a way that is easy to understand
It adds to your rights under consumer law
It will take effect whether or not you have a warranty

Warranty

A warranty acts like an insurance policy for which you must pay a premium - Sometimes a warranty is called
an 'extended guarantee'
May last longer than a guarantee and cover a wider range of problems
A warranty is a legal contract
The terms of the contract should be clear and fair
Does not reduce your rights under consumer law
A warranty can be in place with a guarantee

More about warranties

A warranty is a formal statement of a fact and is part of the contact, or a contract in its own right.

Most warranties will be specific to the item they are covering. For example, if you get new brakes on your motorbike,
the work and materials may be guaranteed to work for a specified number of miles or a certain time period. If an item
is 'sold as seen' it is unlikely to be covered by a warranty.
Not all warranties are the same and most will have limitations. These limitations may be in relation to time or use of
the product. In addition, they may also only cover certain things, for example motorbike warranties for instance, may
not include things like tyres or brakes. Most vehicle warranties do specify exactly which parts are covere

Using guarantees and warranties

If you do find that you have a problem with the goods or services and you have a guarantee or warranty, read it
carefully and check that:
it covers your problem
that the fault has been caused by something covered by the guarantee or warranty
the timeframe has not expired
it offers a reasonable solution
you understand and are happy to pay any extra costs involved
Once you have done this, go or write to the business which sold you the item or provided the service. Explain what
the problem is and show them that you have a valid guarantee or warranty. They should then provide you with
options of how they can resolve the problem. These may include sending the item away for repair or providing you
with a new one

Q3-Discuss the advantage and

disadvantage of System reliability.
.

There are a number of reasons why reliability is an important product attribute, including:

Reputation. A company's reputation is very closely related to the reliability of its

products. The more reliable a product is, the more likely the company is to have a
favorable reputation.

Customer Satisfaction. While a reliable product may not dramatically affect

customer satisfaction in a positive manner, an unreliable product will negatively affect
customer satisfaction severely. Thus high reliability is a mandatory requirement for
customer satisfaction.

Warranty Costs. If a product fails to perform its function within the warranty
period, the replacement and repair costs will negatively affect profits, as well as gain
unwanted negative attention. Introducing reliability analysis is an important step in
taking corrective action, ultimately leading to a product that is more reliable.

Repeat Business. A concentrated effort towards improved reliability shows existing

customers that a manufacturer is serious about its product, and committed to customer
satisfaction. This type of attitude has a positive impact on future business.

Cost Analysis. Manufacturers may take reliability data and combine it with other
cost information to illustrate the cost-effectiveness of their products. This life cycle cost
analysis can prove that although the initial cost of a product might be higher, the overall
lifetime cost is lower than that of a competitor's because their product requires fewer
repairs or less maintenance.

Customer Requirements. Many customers in today's market demand that their

suppliers have an effective reliability program. These customers have learned the
benefits of reliability analysis from experience.

Competitive Advantage. Many companies will publish their predicted reliability

numbers to help gain an advantage over their competitors who either do not publish
their numbers or have lower numbers.

Q4- Discuss the advantage and disadvantage

Reliability improvement Techniques. How to
use of Pareto analysis-Design for reliability

Ans:Pareto analysis is a formal technique useful where many possible courses of action are competing
for attention. In essence, the problem-solver estimates the benefit delivered by each action, then
selects a number of the most effective actions that deliver a total benefit reasonably close to the
maximal possible one
Pareto analysis is a creative way of looking at causes of problems because it helps stimulate
thinking and organize thoughts. However, it can be limited by its exclusion of possibly important
problems which may be small initially, but which grow with time. It should be combined with other
analytical tools such as failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree analysis for example.
This technique helps to identify the top portion of causes that need to be addressed to resolve the
majority of problems. Once the predominant causes are identified, then tools like the Ishikawa
diagram or Fish-bone Analysis can be used to identify the root causes of the problems. While it is
common to refer to pareto as "80/20" rule, under the assumption that, in all situations, 20% of

causes determine 80% of problems, this ratio is merely a convenient rule of thumb and is not nor
should it be considered immutable law of nature.
The application of the Pareto analysis in risk management allows management to focus on those
risks that have the most impact on the project.[1]