Cell Biology Biology

Cell Biology Biology

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Cell cell biology Farmasi

Cell cell biology Farmasi
Cell cell biology Farmasi

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Why Study Cell Biology?

The key to every

biological problem must
finally be sought in the
cell, for every living
organism is, or at some
time has been, a cell.
E.B. Wilson, 1925

Some Random Cell Facts

The average human being is
composed of around 100 Trillion
individual cells

WOW!!!

Properties of Life
Living organisms:
are composed of cells
are complex and ordered
respond to their environment
can grow and reproduce
obtain and use energy
maintain internal balance
allow for evolutionary adaptation

The Cell Theory Complete

The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now
complete :
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden
& Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.
(Virchow)(1858)
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Figure 14-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Modern Cell Theory

Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to
the original Cell Theory :
1. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is
passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are
carried out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc)
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma
membrane)
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Figure 14-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins
proteins control every
cell function
make energy
for daily life
for growth
make more cells
growth
repair
TEACHING
renewal

TEAM

Levels of Organization
Cellular Organization
cells
organelles
molecules
atoms
The cell is the
basic unit of life.

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Levels of Organization
Organismal Level
organism
organ systems
organs
tissues

SEL PROKARIOT DAN

SEL EUKARIOT

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Types of Cells
Cell Types

Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Animal Cells

http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201a/spring97/group6

Types of cells
no organelles

organelles

Eukaryote
animal cells

Eukaryote
plant cells

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Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Animal and Plant Cells Have More

Similarities Than Differences

Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Organisms

Procaryotes

Eucaryotes

Organisms

archaea, bacteria

protists, fungi, plants, animals

Cell linear dim.

1-10

10-100

Metabolism

anaerobic or aerobic

aerobic or anaerobic

Organelles

no

nucleus, chloroplasts,
mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, etc.

DNA

circular, in cytoplasm

very long linear molecules

bounded by nuclear envelope

RNA and protein

RNA and protein synthesized

in same compartment

RNA synthesized in nucleus;

protein, in cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

no cytoskeleton:
no cytoplasmic streaming, no
endocytosis, no exocytosis

cytoskeleton composed of
protein filaments; cytoplasmic
streaming; endocytosis and
exocytosis

Cell division

chromosomes pulled apart by

attachment to plasma membrane

chromosomes pulled apart by

cytoskeletal spindle apparatus

Cellular
organization

mainly unicellular

mainly multicellular, with

differentiation of many cell types

Feature
Size
Genetic
material

Organelles

Cell walls

Ribosomes

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Small about 0.5 micrometers

Up to 40 micrometers

Circular DNA (in cytoplasm)

DNA in form of linear

chromosomes ( in nucleus)

Few present, none membrane

bound

Rigid formed from

glycoproteins (mainly
murein)

70s

Many organelles:
Double membranes e.g.:
nucleus, mitochondria &
chloroplasts
Single membrane e.g.: GA, ER &
lysosomes

Fungi: rigid, formed from

polysaccharide, chitin.
Plant: rigid, formed from
polysaccharides. E.g.: cellulose.
Animals no cell wall

80s

Cell Size

Cell Structure and Function

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Prokaryotic Cell

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Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes

Struktur :
DNA & RNA : nukleoid
Tidak memiliki endomembran, mitokondria dan
kloroplas, tetapi punya struktur yang berfungsi
sama yaitu mesosom dan kromatofor
Contoh: bakteri dan ganggang biru.

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Dinding Sel :
1. Struktur
Fungsi

: tersusun atas: polisakarida, lemak, protein.

: sebagai pelindung, pemberi bentuk tetap dan
terdapat pori-pori sebagai media transport
2. Membran plasma:
Struktur: tersusun atas molekul lemak dan protein.
Fungsi: sebagai pelindung thdp lingkungan sekitar, Transport
3. Sitoplasma:
Struktur: tersusun atas air, protein, lemak, mineral, dan enzim2.
Fungsi: Enzim2, digunkan untuk mencerna makanan
ekstraseluler dan melakukan metabolisme sel.

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4. Mesosom :
Struktur: terdapat pada membran plasma yang melekuk ke
dalam membentuk organel sel : mesosom.
Fungsi: Sebagai penghasil energi
Terdapat enzim : reaksi oksidasi untuk menghasilkan energi.
5. Ribosom: tempat berlangsungnya sintesis protein.

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6. DNA (Asam deoksiribonukleat) : deoxyribonucleic acid.

Struktur: merupakan persenyawaan atas gula deoksiribosa,
fosfat dan basa2 Nitrogen.
Fungsi: sebagai pembawa informasi genetik
7. RNA (Asam ribonukleat) : ribonucleic acid.
Hasil transkripsi (hasil cetakan, hasil kopian) DNA.
Membawa kode2 genetik sesuai dengan pesanan DNA

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Dinding sel pada sel prokariotik (bakteri) tersusun atas

peptidoglikan, yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung sel dari
lingkungan luar dan juga mencegah sel pecah (sitolisis)
akibat tekanan osmotik melawan lingkungan yang
hipotonik.

Kromosom pada sel prokariotik berbentuk sirkular

Sel prokariotik memiliki DNA extrachromosomal yang

disebut PLASMID, yang berfungsi sebagai daya tahan
terhadap antibiotik.

Prokaryote Characteristics (review)

Cell wall
Why does a cell wall benefit a free-living organism?
Gram Positive: Thick PG layer / no outer layer
Gram Negative: Multi-layered & complex cell wall.
Thin PG layer surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide
membrane.
**Penicillin inhibits the development of peptidoglycan.
Which bacterial type is more affected by penicillin?
** Tears, mucous, and saliva contain ______ that dissolve
bacterial cell walls away.

Prokaryote Characteristics (review)

Capsule: Some bacteria develop a jelly-like
coating surrounding the cell wall.
Four functions:
Prevents the cell from drying out
Helps the cells to stick to surfaces
Helps prokaryotes to slide on surfaces
Keep bacteria form being destroyed by host
organism

Prokaryote Characteristics (review)

Flagella
Used for motility
Spin like propellers
Structurally different than eukaryotic flagella
What is the difference?

Pili
Short, bristle appendages with two functions
Attach bacteria to surfaces
Assist in transfer of DNA during conjugation

Eukaryotic Cells

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