Basic Standard Calculator

(Using ATMega16 Microcontroller)

Aim of this project is to design a calculating device capable of

performing basic calculations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) on two
operands.

Project overview

Basic Standard Calculator

Hardware components required

1. ATMega 16 microcontroller
2. Basic calculator keypad
3. 2x16 LCD
Keypad and LCD are connected with microcontroller to make an easy manmachine interface to make the calculator capable of performing the desired
function.

ATMega16 microcontroller: This is the brain of system which is

programmed to take input from user through keypad, perform the
desired operation and then display the result on the provided 2x16 LCD.
Basic calculator keypad: This is a 4x4 (having 4 rows and 4 columns)
keypad which is interfaced with microcontroller with its each key
assigned a specific no. or operator defined in the program.
2x16 LCD: this is the liquid crystal display module capable of
displaying 32 characters in two rows (16 in each row). Microcontroller
displays characters on it while taking inputs from user and to display the
result to user.

Interfacing keypad with microcontroller

Keyboard Connections to PORTS

With matrix keypads 16 keys can function with 8 pins (4 rows and 4 columns)
of microcontrollers either same or different ports as convenient.

Scanning and identifying the key pressed

Function to identify a key pressed

//connect colum with lower nibble and rows with upper nibble
#define key_port PORTA
#define key_ddr DDRA
#define key_pin PINA
unsigned char keypad[4][4]={'7','8','9','/',
'4','5','6','*',
'1','2','3','-',
'c','0','=','+'};
char takekey()
{
unsigned char row,colum;
char key;
key_ddr=0xf0;
key_port=0xff;
do
{
key_port&=0x0f;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
}while(colum!=0x0f);
do
{
do
{
_delay_ms(1);
key_port&=0x0f;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
}while(colum==0x0f);
_delay_ms(1);
key_port&=0x0f;

colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
}while(colum==0x0f);
while(1)
{
key_port=0xef;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
if(colum!=0x0f)
{
row=0;
break;
}
key_port=0xdf;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
if(colum!=0x0f)
{
row=1;
break;
}
key_port=0xbf;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
if(colum!=0x0f)
{
row=2;
break;
}
key_port=0x7f;
colum=(key_pin&0x0f);
row=3;
break;
}

if(colum==0x0e)
key=keypad[row][0];
else if(colum==0x0d)
key=keypad[row][1];
else if(colum==0x0b)
key=keypad[row][2];
else
key=keypad[row][3];
return(key);
}

Interfacing 2x16 LCD with microcontroller (in 4 bit mode)

LCD interfacing with atmega 16

LCD functions in accordance with above figure:

#define en PA2 // enable signal
#define rw PA1 // read/write signal
#define rs PA0 // register select signal
void lcd_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
DDRA=0xff;
PORTA=0;
PORTA=cmd&0xf0;
lcd &=~(1<<rs);
lcd &=~(1<<rw);
lcd |= (1<<en);
_delay_ms(1);
lcd &=~(1<<en);
_delay_ms(1);
PORTA=((cmd<<4)&0xf0);
lcd &=~(1<<rs);
lcd &=~(1<<rw);
lcd |= (1<<en);
_delay_ms(1);
lcd &=~(1<<en);
_delay_ms(1);
return;
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char data)
{
PORTA=(data&0xf0);
lcd |=(1<<rs);
lcd &=~(1<<rw);
lcd |= (1<<en);

_delay_ms(1);
lcd &=~(1<<en);
_delay_ms(1); // delay to get things executed
PORTA= ((data<<4)&0xf0);
lcd |=(1<<rs);
lcd &=~(1<<rw);
lcd |= (1<<en);
_delay_ms(1);
lcd &=~(1<<en);
return ;
}
void ini_lcd(void)
{
_delay_ms(5);
lcd_cmd(0x02);
_delay_ms(1);
lcd_cmd(0x28);
_delay_ms(1);
lcd_cmd(0x01); // clear LCD
_delay_ms(1);
lcd_cmd(0x0E); // cursor ON
_delay_ms(1);
lcd_cmd(0x84);
_delay_ms(1);
return;
}

Calculator
The functioning of calculator s as follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Enter first operand

Enter operator
Enter second operand
Press result key

Main program:
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#include"4bitlcd.h"
#include"keypad.h"
#define key_port PORTA
#define key_ddr DDRA
#define key_pin PINA

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char cmd);

void lcd_data(unsigned char data);
void ini_lcd(void);

void main()
{
unsigned char ch=0,op=0;
long o1=0,o2=0,o3=0,ch1=0;
PORTB=0XFF;
DDRB=0xff;
_delay_ms(5);
ini_lcd();
while(1)
{

lcd_data('k');
lcd_cmd(0x01);
_delay_ms(20);
ch=0;
op=0;
ch1=0;
o1=0;
o2=0;
o3=0;
lcd_cmd(0x80);
while((ch!='+')&(ch!='-')&(ch!='*')&(ch!='/'))

//get first operand and operator

{
ch=takekey();
ch1=ch;
if((ch!='c')&(ch!='=')&(ch!='+')&(ch!='-')&(ch!='*')&(ch!='/'))
{
lcd_data(ch);
o1=((o1*10)+(ch1-0x30));
}
else
{
op=ch;
lcd_data(ch);
break;
}
}
ch=0;
ch1=0;
lcd_cmd(0xc0);
while((ch!='+')&(ch!='-')&(ch!='*')&(ch!='/'))

//get second operand

{
ch=takekey();
ch1=ch;
if((ch!='c')&(ch!='=')&(ch!='+')&(ch!='-')&(ch!='*')&(ch!='/'))
{
lcd_data(ch);
o2=((o2*10)+(ch1-0x30));
}
else
{
lcd_cmd(0x01);
break;
}
}
switch(op)
{
case '+':
o3=o1+o2;
lcd_data('a');
_delay_ms(5);
break;

case '-':
o3=o1-o2;
lcd_data('s');
_delay_ms(5);
break;

case '*':
o3=o1*o2;

//apply operation

lcd_data('m');
_delay_ms(5);
break;

case '/':
o3=o1/o2;
lcd_data('d');
_delay_ms(5);
break;

default:
lcd_cmd(0x01);
_delay_ms(5);
}
lcd_cmd(0xc2);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0xce);
while(o3)
{
lcd_data((o3%10)+0x30);
lcd_cmd(0x10);
lcd_cmd(0x10);
o3=o3/10;
}
ch=takekey();
lcd_cmd(0x01);
_delay_ms(5);
}
return ;
}

//print result