The Axial Skeleton PDF

10/26/2015
Divisions of the Skeletal System

The human skeleton consists of 206
Chapter 7
The Axial
Skeleton
named bones grouped into two principal
the longitudinal axis of the human body:
divisions:
Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone,
Axial skeleton
ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral
Appendicular skeleton
column
In this graphic, the axial skeleton is
LectureslidespreparedbyCurtisDeFriez,WeberStateUniversity
upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones
appendicular skeleton constitutes the
forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial
remainder.
skeleton.
Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Bones
Interactions Animation
Each of the 206 named bones of the axial and
Types of Bones
Long bones are greater in length than in width and are
often slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing.
be placed in one of 6
Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus,
ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Short bones (cube-shaped) include the carpals & tarsals.
based on their
Flat bones are thin and composed of two nearly parallel
embryological origins
plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
and their anatomical
appendicular skeleton can
broad classifications
You must be connected to the internet to run this animation
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the
highlighted in blue, while the
The Skeletal System

The axial skeleton consists of the bones that lie around
They include the cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae,
characteristics.
and clavicles.
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Types of Bones
Irregular bones include complex shapes like the vertebrae
and some facial bones.
Types of Bones
Sutural bones, also known as Wormian bones, are small
features adapted for specific functions.
extra bone plates located
Sesamoid bones vary in number and
Depressions and openings
cranial bones.
The best example is the patella.
These are found as
due to friction, tension, and stress.
There are two major types of surface markings:
within the sutures of
protect tendons from excessive wear:
Sesamoid bones can develop fractures
Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves

Form joints
isolated examples, and
Processes
although unusual, they
Projections or outgrowths that form joints
are not rare.

Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

Bone Markings
Bone Markings
While a process is any projection of bone (large or small),
If a bony process is large, round, and articular, it might be
a spinous process is a slender projection from a vertebrae.
called a condyle. The condyles of the humerus are the

Trochlea and
A foramen is an opening in
Bone Markings
Bones have characteristic surface markings - structural
Bone Markings
A tubercle is a small rounded projection.
A tuberosity is a large bony prominence
that is not articular.
the Capitulum.
bone through which blood
An epicondyle is a
vessels and/or
bony protuberance
nerves pass.
above a condyle.
A fossa is a shallow
depression in bone.
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Bone Markings
Bone Markings
Bone Markings
A meatus is a tube-like canal. The external auditory
meatus is a good example.

The trochanters are two very
large bony projections on the femur.
Bones of the Axial Skeleton

There are 80 bones in the central (axial)
Bones of the Skull

The skull protects and supports the brain and special
sense organs.
skeleton, comprising:
Vertebral column (including the
The bones of the skull are grouped into two categories:
Facial bones
forms several smaller cavities.

Cranial
bones
Nasal cavity
sacrum)
Bones of the Skull

Cranial bones
Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also
Skull
Orbits (eye sockets)
Ribs
Facial
bones
Paranasal sinuses
Sternum
Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing
and equilibrium
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Bones of the Skull

8 Cranial Bones
14 Facial Bones
Bones of the Skull
(Bones of the Braincase)
Mandible (1)
(neurocranium) has 8
Frontal bone (1)
Maxilla (2)
bones: Single frontal,
Parietal bone (2)
Zygomatic bone (2)
occipital (not shown on
Temporal bone (2)
Nasal bones (2)
this graphic), ethmoid,
Occipital bone (1)

Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)
Lacrimal bones (2)

Palatine bones (2)
Inf. Nasal conchae (2)
Vomer (1)
A suture is a seam an immovable joint between
bones of the skull.
Coronal Suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
and sphenoid bones, and

Occipital bone
paired temporal and

parietal bones.
Bones of the Skull
Bones of the Skull
The braincase
Bones of the Skull

Fontanels (little fountains) are soft, mesenchyme-filled
Bones of the Skull

The paranasal sinuses are prominent features of the
spaces between cranial bones in babies. They will become
frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, and maxillary
suture joints in adults.
bones.
Squamous Suture
Greater and lesser wings

of the Sphenoid
bone
Lambdoidal
Suture
Sphenoid
sinus
Ethmoid bone (top) showing the air cells that make up

the Ethmoid sinuses. Sphenoid bone (right)
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Bones of the Skull
Bones of the Skull
With the exception of the ethmoid sinuses, the other
Bones of the Skull
Of the 8 cranial bones that fit together to form the
paranasal sinuses are paired.
braincase, the sphenoid bone is the keystone.
They are lined with mucus
Like the keystone of a roman arch, the sphenoid is the
membranes that humidify
center brick that balances the outward thrust of
and warm the air.
the other bones.
The Sphenoid bone
Reduce weight in the skull

Help to resonate the
sound of our voice
The rest of the braincase bones are dependent for support on

the sphenoid bone (with its greater and lesser wings).
Representation
of a Roman Arch
Bones of the Skull
Bones of the Skull
Bones of the Skull
14 Facial Bones:
Mandible (1)
Maxilla (2)
Vomer (1)
Nasal bones (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Nasal bones
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid
bone
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Mandible
Lacrimal bones (2)
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Maxilla (fused)
Mandible
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal concha

Vomer
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Palatine bones (2)

Mandible
Inf. Nasal conchae (2)

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Bones of the Skull

Besides protecting the brain, the skull provides a
The Vertebral Column

The spine is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.
Vertebrae typically consist of:
framework for:
Attachment of muscles that move various parts of the
neck region labeled C1-C7 .
A body (weight bearing)
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae that
A pedicle and lamina
head
Attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions
The facial bones form the framework of the face and
provide support for the entrances to the digestive and

There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the
articulate with the ribs (T1-T12).
forming the vertebral arch
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae that
(surrounds the spinal cord)
support the lower back labeled L1-L5 .
Several processes (points
The sacrum and coccyx are single
of attachment for muscles)
bones that result from the fusion of
respiratory systems.
several vertebrae.

From the cervical region to the

A tough fibrocartilage intervertebral disc is found
sacrum, each vertebra has a large
between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
central hole, or vertebral
It functions to absorb vertical shock and form joints
foramen in which the spinal

cord can travel.
At each segmental level, on both
the right and left sides, an

When viewed from the front, a normal adult vertebral
column appears straight.

When viewed from the side,
which are strong
it has four slight bends which
yet still permit
constitute the normal spinal
movement
curvatures.
of the spine.
intervertebral foremen is formed

for the exiting spinal nerves.
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Vertebral Column
Relative to the front of the
Various conditions may exaggerate the normal spinal
body, the cervical and lumbar
curves, sometimes causing severe disability.
curves are convex (bulging

out),
The thoracic and sacral curves
are concave (cupping in).

The cervical vertebrae comprise the bony spine in the
neck:
articulate with a rib to

form the posterior part
vertebra, the head-on-
way the Titan of Greek mythology supported the
neck range of motion
world.
would be very limited.

Below the neck, each of the 12 pairs of thoracic vertebrae
Without these first two
specialized cervical
C1 is called the Atlas because it holds up the head the
of the thoracic cage.
C2 is called the Axis because it provides a pivot,
allowing the head to turn on the neck.
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Because the lumbar vertebrae (5) bear greater loads,

The sacrum is a single triangular body formed from a

The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the
they are much stouter than their more superior cousins
fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero (during fetal
final segment of the bony spine.
(the cervical and thoracic vertebrae).
development).
It is also an in-utero fusion of 35 separate vertebrae.
The Thorax
The thoracic cage is the final part of the axial skeleton.
In addition to the thoracic vertebrae, it is formed from:
The sternum
The Thorax
The Thorax
The sternum or breastbone is located anteriorly in the
center of the thoracic wall.

Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process
The ribs and costal cartilages
The 12 pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of
Its functions are to enclose and protect the organs in the
thoracic and abdominal cavities:
the thoracic cavity.

The costal (having to do with the ribs) cartilages are bars
Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
of hyaline cartilage connecting the sternum to the ribs.
Play a role in breathing
Contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage

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The Thorax
The Thorax
The upper 7 rib pairs are called true ribs because they
The Thorax
The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from
attach directly to the
one individual to another) are called
sternum (with just a
false ribs.
small piece of costal
They attach indirectly to the
cartilage).
sternum with an elongated piece

of costal cartilage
or not at all (ribs 11 and 12
are called floating ribs.)

The Thorax
End of Chapter 7
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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10/26/2015

Divisions of the Skeletal System

named bones grouped into two principal

the longitudinal axis of the human body:

Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone,

ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral

In this graphic, the axial skeleton is

upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones

appendicular skeleton constitutes the

forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial

Divisions of the Skeletal System

Each of the 206 named bones of the axial and

often slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing.

Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus,

ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Flat bones are thin and composed of two nearly parallel

plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.

and their anatomical

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

appendicular skeleton can

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the

highlighted in blue, while the

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Skeletal System

Divisions of the Skeletal System

They include the cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae,

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

and some facial bones.

Sutural bones, also known as Wormian bones, are small

features adapted for specific functions.

extra bone plates located

Sesamoid bones vary in number and

Depressions and openings

The best example is the patella.

These are found as

due to friction, tension, and stress.

There are two major types of surface markings:

within the sutures of

protect tendons from excessive wear:

Sesamoid bones can develop fractures

Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves

isolated examples, and

although unusual, they

Projections or outgrowths that form joints

are not rare.

Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

While a process is any projection of bone (large or small),

If a bony process is large, round, and articular, it might be

a spinous process is a slender projection from a vertebrae.

called a condyle. The condyles of the humerus are the

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

that is not articular.

bone through which blood

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

A meatus is a tube-like canal. The external auditory

meatus is a good example.

large bony projections on the femur.

Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bones of the Axial Skeleton