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III. PROCEDURE
D = (Imeasured)/1mA ; D [0,1]
[Eq. 2]
the value of the resistor measure were
calculated using;
Ru = Ro(1-D)/D ; Ro = Rm + R2
[Eq. 3]
Table IV
VOLTMETER-AMMETER METHOD A
Resistor Vs (V)
Voltmeter
reading (V)
Ammeter
reading (mA)
Ra
0.6
0.61
0.2
Rb
1.9
1.98
0.2
Rc
8.3
0.2
Table V
VOLTMETER-AMMETER METHOD B.
Resistor Vs (V)
Voltmeter
reading (V)
Ammeter
reading (mA)
Ra
0.6
0.62
0.2
Rb
2.4
2.49
0.2
Rc
9.7
9.75
0.2
The
voltmeter
values
ideally
impossible because it is greater than Vs but is
logical to happen because the value of the
voltage supplied by the power source is not
exactly equal to the number shown but close to
that number.
Resistor
Deflection
Ra
0.76
Rb
0.45
Rc
0.17
R 1 R3
=
R 2 Ru
Table V
COMPUTED VALUES OF RU USING WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE METHOD
[Eq. 1]
The derivation of this equation is
discussed in number 6 of section V.
Table IV
Resistor Ru
Resistor
Ru
R3 () at
R3 () at
Vs = 5V
Vs = 10V
Ru () at
Ru () at
Vs = 5V
Vs = 10V
Ra
3k
3.44 k
3.74 k
Rb
12k
14.7 k
14.46 k
Rc
47k
58 k
56.6 k
Ra
3k
1.72 k
1.87 k
Rb
12k
7.35 k
7.23 k
Rc
47k
29 k
28.3 k
Ru=
R2
R
R1 3
|
|
47 k 58 k
e of R =|
100 =23.40
47 k |
e of R b=
12 k14.7 k
100 =22.50
12 k
resistor
was
Table II
VALUES OBTAINED USING THE SERIES
OHMMETER METHOD
Resistor
Value Measured k
Ra
3.2
Rb
12
Rc
49
10 = Ro(1mA)
while the KVL equation when Ru is
inserted in the circuit:
Table III
PERCENTAGE ERROR OF THE MEASURE
VALUES USING SERIES OHMMETER METHOD
10 = I(Ru + Ro)
Resistor
Measured
Value k
Ra
3.2
6.67%
Rb
12
12
0%
Rc
49
47
4.26%
Theorethica % error
l Value k
5.
Table VI
THE MEASURED VALUES FOR BOTH
METHODS AND THE PERCENTAGE ERROR OF
THE MEASUREMENTS
Voltmeter-Ammeter Method A
Resistor Measured Theorethic
Value k al Value
k
% error
Ra
3.05
1.67
Rb
9.90
12
17.5
Rc
41.5
47
11.7
Voltmeter-Ammeter Method B
Resistor Measured Theorethic
Value k al Value
k
% error
Ra
3.10
3.33
Rb
12.5
12
4.16
Rc
48.8
47
3.83
tune
6.
R x=
R3
R
R1 2
R 1 R3
=
R 2 Ru
7. The tolerances of Ra, Rb and Rc can be
obtained by checking the last band of
the 4-band capacitors and base the
value using the color-coding of
resistors shown below:
i 2i x +i g=0
i 1i3 +i g=0
Next, by applying KVL across the two
loops formed inside the bridge circuit:
i 2 R2i g R gi 1 R 1=0
i x R x i 3 R 3+ i g R g=0
Since the bridge is balanced, ig=0 and
the KVL equations will become:
i 2 R2=i 1 R 1
i x R x =i 3 R 3
By rearranging the dividing the
equations together and rearranging:
R x=
R3 i 3 i 2 R 2
R1 i 1 i x
= 12 + 12 (5%) = 12.6
(max)
= 12 - 12 (5%) = 11.4
(min)
= 47 + 47 (5%) = 49.35
(max)
= 47 - 47 (5%) = 44.65
(min)
The
Wheatstone
bridge
method can be proven to be accurate if
the values obtained for the resistances
shown in Table V falls between the
maximum and minimum values of the
corresponding resistor. All of the
values measured exceeded the
maximum value appropriate for the
resistor. This error may be caused
because of the poor quality of the
circuit
constructed
and
the
components used.
8.
9.
[2]
Available: https://learn.sparkfun.com/