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A DISCUSSION OF BOUNDARY-FITTED
COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND THEIR
APPLICABILITY TO THE NUMERICAL
MODELING OF HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS
by
Under
Project: 4A0611 0 IA 91 D
Unc l a s sified
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READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
2. GOVT AC CESSION N O. 3.
Final report
6. PER F O RMIN G O R G. REP ORT N UMBE R
8. CON TR AC T OR GRAN T NUMBER(a)
Bi l l y H. Johnson
J oe F. Thompson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT I O N NAME AN D ADD R ESS
u. s.
Project 4A061101A91D
12. REPORT DATE
September 1978
13. N U MB ER OF PAGES
_24_
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IS a. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDUL E
17. DI STRIBUTI O N STAT EMENT (ol the abatract enter ed In Block 20, It diffe rent from Report)
19. K EY WO RDS (Con tinue on reverae aide II nec e aaary tmd i d en t ity by b l ock number)
Coordinates
Mathematical models
Numerical analysis
20..
AIIIS~ACT ~
..
re..,._ NO U
DO
F O AM
\J AN 73
1473
E DITIO N OF t N OV 55 IS OBSOLETE
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20.
ABSTRACT (Continued).
b.
c.
d.
e.
Unclassified
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Whon Data Entered)
PREFACE
The study reported herein was conducted during the period October 1977
to June 1978 by the Hydraulics Laboratory of the U. S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station (WES) under the general supervision of
Messrs. H. B. Simmons, Chief of the Hydraulics Laboratory, and M. B.
Boyd, Chief of the Mathematical Hydraulics Division (MHO).
The study
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
7
8
.
.
.
.
10
. .
21
. .
22
24
Transformation of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complexities Posed by the Transformed Equations . . . .
Time-Dependent Problems with Moving Boundaries . . . . .
PART IV: APPLICABILITY OF BOUNDARY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS
TO HYDRODYNAMIC PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estuarine Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Riverine Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reservoir Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollution Dispersion Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
FIGURES 1-18
APPENDIX A: DERIVATIVES AND VECTORS IN THE TRANSFORMED PLANE
APPENDIX B: NOTATION
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
10
13
19
24
27
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
36
37
41
45
. .
Al
Bl
32
32
34
U. S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows:
Multiply
By
To Obtain
degrees (angle)
0.01745329
radians
feet
0.3048
metres
1.609344
ki l ometres
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
1.
are then summed over all the elements to produce the variational
integral over the entire field.
values of the solution and perhaps some of its derivatives at all the
points used above in the determination of the parameters in the approximating functions.
If the
partial differential equations cannot be expressed in terms of variational principles, then the method of weighted residuals (Galerkin) must
be used.
above.
of the products of weight functions and the partial differential equations are evaluated on each element .
A distinction
and does incorporate the boundary conditions through the variational form.
Conclusions drawn
from the first typ.e of finite element method should not be applied to
the second.
4.
dense matrices rather than the sparse matrices involved in finite difference methods.
A related
Another disadvantage
el ements can always be constructed to use a boundary segment as an element side for elements adjacent to the boundary no matter what its shape.
6.
of a smooth mesh point distribution so that derivatives can be represented accurately by differences between mesh points.
7.
Computationally then,
In this case
Such
inac~urate
The Navier-Stokes
influence on the character of the solution, and the use of grid points
not coincident with the boundaries places the most inaccurate numerical
representation in precisely the region of greatest sensitivity.
The
Boundary-Fitted Coordinates
10.
However,
come to mind, the requirement that the normal derivative of one of the
curvilinear coordinates be specified on the boundary, rather than the
value of the coordinate, removes the freedom to locate the mesh points
Conformal trans-
formations are difficult to generate for regions with complicated boundaries, especially when there are interior bodies present such as islands,
and are inherently limited to two dimensions.
12.
Such
Thompson et al.
1-5
This
As noted by Roache, 6
15.
coordinates and their use Ln the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations can be found in References 1-5 and 7-12.
16.
= constant = n1
= constant = n2
on the
1es apar t a t
c1rc
e --
0 (or
D .
2
s1nce
D .
1
8 - 0
and
e -- 360
D .
2
10
reentrant boundaries.
becomes the bottom of the rectangular region while the boundary of the
outer circle becomes the top.
18.
Similarly,
n is defined
The other
same range on both the inner and outer boundaries, as the curvilinear
coordinate,
e , varies from 0 to
2TI
2TI
around
has the same range on both boundaries that causes the transformed field
to be rectangular.
and
and
e may be ex-
n and
, have
11
and
n , are
taken as the solutions of any two elliptic partial differential equations, say
operators, then
L and
represent elliptic
One
h = h
and
v2h
0 ,
cylinder had been drawn on the membrane before displacement, these lines
would appear to move closer to the cylinder when viewed from above after
displacement of the membrane.
21.
to steepen, with the effect that the lines will appear to be drawn even
12
This situation
2
h = - P , where
is the
lines have crossed, and consequently, a point on the plate can no longer
be identified by specifying the encircling line that it lies below
(together with a radial ray).
hand side of the Poisson equation that is not of one sign over the entire
membrane, in which case the extremum principles of Poisson's equation are
lost.
22.
In this case the lines do not cross, but rather the lines
Thus the
Mathematical Development
23.
~XX
~yy - p
(1)
13
n- constant- n on r
1
(2)
n - constant - n on r
2
2
and
and
and
x(~,n)
~(x,y)
y(~,n)
r3
and
The functions
P and
Considering the
interior of the
~ =
n-line
Q result in a
equation is subharmonic,
direction.
14
25.
i)
and
n.l
.
1s some specified
n.l
n-line.
d .
n.-line
and to move away from the other side.
l
If, however, a
Q - - a s gn ( n - n . ) exp (- d In - n .
l
where
sgn(x)
n.-line.
l
cause concentration of
x , the
I)
(~.,n.)
l
r:-.)2 +
..,
( n - n. )2
Finally, concentration near more than one line and/or point is achieved
by writing
In this case
may be different
15
fairly strong.
to a few lines near the attraction source, while 0.1 gives a fairly
widespread effect.
Control of
P .
is accomplished by an analogous
~-lines
centrate lines in viscous boundary layers near solid surfaces, and some
automated procedures for this purpose have been developed (Reference 3).
Control is also useful to improve grid spacing and configuration when
complicated geometries are involved, e.g., estuarine hydrodynamic
modeling.
28.
(3a)
ay
- 28y
~~
~n
YY
nn
(Py~ +
Qy )
n
where
a - x
+ y
8 - x~xn
y -
+ y~yn
(3b)
X~ + y~
16
on r*1
(4)
g (~,n )
f (~,n )
g (~,n )
thereon .
, and
and
1
Boundary data are
r3
r4 .
and
original system, the boundary conditions are specified on straight boundaries and the coordinate spacing in the transformed plane is uniform.
Computationally, these advantages far outweigh any disadvantage s resulting
from the extra complexity of the equations to be solved.
30.
The
~-
x,y
at the equispaced
~-points
on the
f*
1
and
f*
are reentrant boundaries, and thus neither require nor allow specification
of
x,y
31.
thereon.
Now the rectangular transformed grid is set up to be the size
17
and
n are
Like-
wise, the
and
Second order
As an example of
with r espect t o
along
"~"
a boundary point.
i = 1
The
would be written
as
ax
a~ l - (x2,j - xiMAX-l,j)/ 2 .
'J
33.
presented in Reference 4.
34.
18
systems.
than doubly connected, i.e. have more than two closed boundaries, or
equivalently, more than one body within a single outer body.
reach containing more than one island would be an example.
A river
One such
36.
coordinates has centered around the idea of using branch cuts to reduce
multiply connected regions to simply connected ones in the transformed
plane.
An example
points lying just to the right of the right boundary are identical with
corresponding points just to the right of the left boundary.
This 1s
the same type of circumstance that occurs with the familiar cylindrical
19
ilarly, points just outside the left boundary are coincident with points
just inside the right boundary.
37.
As with
A number of examples
bilities are shown in Figure 11 for the physical plane shown in Figure 8.
20
plane.
Figure 12 shown with the original TOMCAT form and with two variations
of the slit/slab form.
An example of a river
reach containing two islands, using horizontal slits rather than the
branch cuts previously presented in Figure 7 is given in Figure 13.
41.
21
points being spaced in any manner desired as long as there is a continuous progression from 8 to 7.
'
the transformed plane, e.g. 1 to 8 and 6 to 7, are not specified but are
free to be determined by the solution.
42.
on the slab sides of Figure llc or slits of Figures lla and llb since
values at such points are fixed.
irrelevant.
43.
P and
If
and
Q are not
22
time increases.
23
44.
Transformation of Equations
45.
n , rather than
and
y .
Continuity:
x-Momentum:
ar.:
at
-+
au
at
-+
a(hu)
ax
au
uax
a (hv)
- 0
ay
au
v ay
24
ar_:
g ax
-+
u(u
hC
v )
2
1/2
y-Momentum:
av
av
av
+
u
+
v
at
ax
ay+ g
aa~Y
+ g v(u
2 1/2
+ v )
---!...--.;...2.....L__
hC
Continuity:
x-Momentum:
2
gu (u
2 1/2
+ v )
hC 2
av
at
y-Momentum:
-+
gv (u
2
+ v )
hC
where
J
46.
values of
a file.
- 0
1/2
- 0
and
at each
(~,n)
Another program would then read this file and calculate the
25
(~,n)
and
x~
y~
, etc.
f~
and
fn '
(ft")
. . - (f.1+ 1,]. - f.1- 1 ,].)/2
<:. 1,]
(f n) 1,J
. . - (f1,J+
. . 1 - f 1,J. . 1)/2
As in this example,
XX
2
- (ynf~~
2y~ynf~n + Y~2f nn ) I J2
2
+ [Cy ny ~~ +
Y~YnY~n
2
(ynx~~ - 2y~ynx~n +
26
2
y
~
)(x f
nn
n ~
y~xnn)(y~fn
- X
f )
n
- ynf~)] /J3
This cross-derivative 1s
generally not too large, being zero where the coordinates are orthogonal,
and can be
48.
lagg~d
coincident with the surface contours of all boundaries, boundary conditions may be expressed at grid points.
These rela-
and
at each
This tolerance
The
and
values produced by TOMCAT have whatever units that the boundary values
were specified in, and may be taken as nondimensional if nondimensional
boundary values were used.
SO.
physical domain, as noted above, the set of partial differential equations of interest and their associated boundary conditions are transformed utilizing the relations given in Appendix A.
27
It is of primary
In
of the curvilinear
alent to the conservation relation over the square area formed by the
intersection of the
and
coordinate lines .
51.
(ynf~
y~/J
, (J
y~fn)
when transformed.
= x~yn -
xny~
yn/J
, becomes
and
the coordinate code and are stored on a file by that code for subsequent
use in the solution of any partial differential system of interest.
difference form, the evaluation of
In
f~
and
In the transformed
n
thus two in the physical plane and five in the transformed plane.
lS
How-
IS
If this
a co-
28
of the transformed coordinates is faster than any Cartesian scheme requiring interpolation.
or
Thus,
even though more operations per point are required in the transformed
system, fewer points are required, so that the transformed system will
be faster when general boundaries are involved.
52.
atives, such as
as
af
( a Yn - b xn ) f
J
J
Thus the
The equation
bf
+ c\1 f
would re-
transformed equations is thus somewhat less than twice that for the
Cartesian equations.
29
53.
and
If the
Thus
(x,y) change with time at the fixed grid points in the transformed plane.
54.
taf)
t-at x,y
a (x, y' f)
a(x,y,t)
a(E:;,n,t)
a(E:;,n,t)
30
and
Y,
(~~)~.n
and
(~~)~.n
, in
solutions for free surface flow problems have generally tracked the moving
free surface through a fixed grid, using interpolation among the fixed
regularly spaced grid points to represent the surface boundary conditions.
Similarly, solid body shapes in the flow have either been simple, so as to
coincide with rectangular or cylindrical grids, or have been represented
also by interpolation between grid points (Reference 13).
56.
for accuracy thus lies in the region of the most difficulty of attainment.
particularly attractive for such problems, since, of course, a coordinate line remains coincident with the free surface as it deforms.
31
PART IV:
57.
written that allow the specification of the boundary shape entirely from
the input of the set of points defining the boundary.
A single flow
easily and can be moved around and changed in shape via input without
rewriting the code.
It is also possible
Specific
Estuarine Modeling
32
being Leendertse's
15
Since Leendertse's
Later models,
A discussion of
the relative merits of finite differences and finite elements has previously been presented.
59.
Invariably,
with relatively large grid spacing, the effect of small structures such
as jetties to deflect the flow away from beaches can only be handled
in a very empirical fashion.
33
nat es, a coordinate line would actually coincide with the out l ine
of the structure.
An example
change, all computations would still be done on the initial fixedrectangular grid with square mesh.
such computations would depend upon the frequency and magnitude of flooding.
In addition, the computer time required for recomputing the coordinate
system would be significantly less than the times presented in paragraph 43.
This is because the "initial guess" for each recomputation would be much
closer to the true solution than that for the very first coordinate
generation, and thus less time would be required for convergence.
Riverine Modeling
62.
govern1ng equations are in essence averaged over the river cross section.
34
However, for
detailed studies, such as determining velocities near banks for streambank erosion studies or perhaps the effect of rock dikes on the flow,
one-dimensional models are not sufficient.
At least a two-dimensional,
vertically averaged model that accurately handles the bank and/or dike
geometry is needed.
made concerning two-dimensional, vertically averaged models are applicable here also.
63.
case of dikes placed in a river for the purpose of channelizing the flow
to perhaps reduce maintenance dredging.
Therefore, 1n
tail flows through gated structures, e . g . the Old River Control Structure, for various combinations of gates and gate openings.
35
Reservoir Modeling
65.
River Division contracted with John Edinger Associates, Inc., for the
development of a laterally averaged, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model
which includes thermal effects.
Edinger's mode1
21
ences to solve the unsteady two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic equations with the effect of density variations due to temperature changes included.
Ing flow field influences the temperature computations through the convective terms 1n the temperature equation .
66 .
of Edinger's model has revealed strange flow patterns near the outlet in
the downstream solid boundary for the case of large
~x's
It appears
~x
must
36
67.
sented since a coordinate line is always coincident with it, and the
arbitrary spacing of
69.
22
37
ac
at
a(uc)
ax
a(vc) _ a
ay
ax
ac)
( 0X ax
+-
ay
(D
~)
Y ay
23
With the
looped at each time-step over the complete fixed grid even though a
majority of the net points may possess a zero concentration.
7().
24
lat1on with the technique of numerically generated boundary-fitted curvil1near coordinate systems to develop a numerical solution of the timedependent, two-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the
laminar flow about arbitrary bodies.
lation, the solution is obtained in the entire unbounded flow field, but
with actual computation required only in regions of significant vorticity.
(The velocity is calculated from an integral over the vorticity distribution, and the vorticity development is governed by the vorticity
transport equation.)
Although it is not
tion, cells of fixed size have had to be added to the field as the
region of vorticity spreads.
fitted coordinate systen1, however, the number of cel l s can be kept fixed
and the size of the cells allowed to vary in time rather than the
reverse as in previous applications.
changes in shape and extent as time passes, the coordinate system continually deforms in such a way that a coord inate line follows the outer
boundary of this reg1on; and the transformed field on which the numer1cal computation is actually done remains fixed and rectangular.
72.
persal, since the pollutant concentration can change at each time - step
only at or ad jacent to points having a nonzero concentration at a given
time.
This concen-
39
terpolation to handle boundary conditions or to express partial derivatives in difference form is required with the time-dependent coordinate
system, even though the coordinate lines are moving over the physical
field, and all computation is still done on a fixed, square grid in the
transformed plane.
Efforts
If the velocity
40
PART V:
73.
Coor-
The complexities
41
b.
c.
d.
f.
h.
General codes can be written that are applicable to different locations with different configurations since the
code generated to approximate the solution of a given set
of partial differential equations is independent of the
42
submitted through the WES ILIR program ) which will greatly enhance the
Corps numerical modeling capability are given below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
~dditional
The intriguing
possib~lity
control functions
(P
43
belO\~ .
The complete coupling of the partial differential equations for the coordinate system with those of the physical
problem of interest, so that the coordinate system as such
is effectively eliminated, is also an area worthy of further pursuit.
. '
44
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Roache, Patrick J ., "A Review of Numerical Techniques," First International Conference on Numerical Sh i p Hydrodynamics, David W. Taylor
Naval Ship R&D Center, Bethesda , Maryland, October 1975.
7.
8.
Thames, Frank C., Numerical Solution of the Incompres sible NavierStokes Equations About Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies, Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, May 1975.
9.
10.
45
11.
12.
13.
14.
Estuarine Modeling:
February 1971.
15.
Leendertse, Jan J., Aspects of a Computational Model for LongPeriod Water-Wave Propagation, RM-5294-PR, Rand Corporation, Santa
Monica, California, May 1967.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Ariathurai, Ranjan, R. C. MacArthur, and R. B. Krone, A Mathematical Model of Estuarial Sediment Transport, Technical Report D-7712, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg ,
Miss., October 1977.
20.
Johnson, Billy H., A Mathematical Model for Unsteady-Flow Computations Through the Complete Spectrum of Flows on the Lower Ohio
River, Technical Report H-77-18, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., October 1977.
21.
Edinger, John E. and Edward M. Buchak, A Hydrodynamic TwoDimensional Reservoir Model; Development and Test Application
to Sutt on Reservoir, U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River,
Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1977.
46
22.
2~.
24.
47
....
'
""'
... ...
I'"'
-~
t ~
- - - -
LEGEND
-
6-
Figure 1.
r CONSTANTllz
o,
r
I
0
_ _ __
t__..o~~lll--
360
-----REENTRANT BOUNDARIEs---
?igure 2.
..____X
PHYSICAL PLANE
or,*
2
't)-112
r.*
4
REGION
OM
_.
r.*
3
I
I
l'l-ll,
-r.*
I
"'------
;
REENTRANT BOUNOA RIES
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 3.
h2-------
SIDE VIEW
I
I
I
I
I
TOP VIEW
Figure 4.
I
I
J.-----4---1
Cll.
b.
Figure 5.
-------REENTRANT BOUNDARIES-------
Figure 6.
PHYSICAL PLANE
II
10
REENTRANT BOUNDARIES
------REENTRANT BOUNDARIES---- - -
TRANSFORMED PLANE
. 1gure 7 ..
PHYSICAL PLANE
2.
..,.
7
REENTRANT BOUNDARIES
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 8.
~----------~----~----~-5
- - - --
-1_ _ _ _..___-L._..L___J2
PHYSICAL PLANE
8 /////////////////////l '//////////////7 _ /
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Fi gure 9 .
PHYSICAL PLANE
-..
.
ti/// // / /, "/7711
10/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
' ///~
REENTRANT BO U NDAR I ES
R EENTRANT BOUNDARIE S
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 10.
~~~~----~------~r-_,~s
I
t5
a.
6
~&\:.\~~
:::,;:::_:::
&lW
t@ :}
~::_::_: ~::
'
~?.;:22
;::~~:.:::
2.
c.
b.
PHYSICAL PLANE
Figure 11.
TRANSFORMED PLANE
t--+--+---+--+--+---t 5
~+-+--+---+--+~
t--+--+--+--+--+---t 7
a.
4
3
5
7
2.
b.
6
~itr:~:::
,~~~~~\:
[::::::::~~
t_::::::~:.::
~:::::::
::s~.
z
e.
PHYSICAL PLANE
Figure 12.
TRANSFORMED PLANE
PHYSICAL PLANE
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 13.
i I
Figure 14.
PHYSICAL PLANE
lg
II
110
3
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 15.
' '
I >->"
'
... '.)
~,~'''''''''
~--""'
z 5
,,,~~,'
\
"((~~
v )\
' '
\~
\""3
'
I-"
....
, .. , .. ,,,,-;.,,9,,,,,,,,,,
\
'
,,,,,,,~'~''
~./"--'
\
"v;" ' ~
"v1s'\ \
'\/\..... ~
-~
-,
./-/7
10
''''''''x
\
\
\\ ' \, \
..
~/,, / /
~, ....
z-1~rtJ
\ \)1'
~
7f.
"
,
'/''''7
~~,,,
19
I
zo
J
" ' ' ,/,,,,.,7
L~:fi3
7/-f~
/ / , ,. ,
1.5
'l
~/ / / /
/ /
'
/ // /
12
PHYSICAL PLANE
~+=+=~~1s~~,~~~~~~.:~::tt'7~=1~==t:'4l"w~~=l~::m.tr'I3~-T-T~~
~:
TRANSfORMED PLANE
Figure 16.
'/I',,,T)
II
PHYSICAL PLANE
TRANSFORMED PLANE
Figure 17.
'\)
-.
~
~
/
/
/
/
3~
i"""
,_.,. i"""
-- .....
~~
-~//:;
--
i;i77
2 /
/
/
/
/
-.,. ,.;;,7
J~
1.-
1.----
---=~
I /I/~( l .
'
PHYSICAL PLANE
TRANSFORMED PLANE
~igur e
18 .
APPENDIX A
(~,n)
plane.
~(x,y)
scalar functi.>n
of x, y, and t.
F(x,y)-! F (x,y) +
1
F (x,y)
2
~a
continuously differentiable
f
X -
ax
y,t
_ (y f
- Yc-f
., n
)/J
(A . l)
(A.2)
<af)
_
y - ay x,t
(A. 3)
Al
f xy - f(x~y
+X
y~)f~ - X~yL.f
-X
y
f~~)/J 2
., n
r, ., ., n
., ., nn
n n .,.,
+ [(x~y
x
y~ )/J 2 + (x y J~- x~y J )/J3]f~
., nn
n .,,
n n .,
., n n
.,
(A .6)
; x = y n/J
(A.8)
; = -x /J
(A. 9)
= -y ; /J
(A.lO)
(A.ll)
(A.12)
E;
YY
=-
(n x
Y nn
A2
(A.l3)
(A.l4)
(A.l5)
(A.l6)
(A.l7)
= (af~~- 2Sf~ + yf
~~
~n
nn
)/J 2 +
~~
~n
nn
(A.18)
or,
f = '..xf
- zaf
+ -.f -:- of + :f )/J 2
' ~~
~ ~n
nn
n
~
(A.l9)
Gradient:
'iJf
[{y f~ - y~f )i
n -
(x~f
~
- x f~)j ]/J
(A. 20}
Divergence:
(A. 21)
Curl:
A3
or n are required.
below.
It is well known [9] that the unit normal to the graph f(x,y)
-
cons~ant
is given by
Vn
n(n) - - - ...
(A. 23)
n.
In a
is
given by
v~
n ( ~) - - - - - (y i - x j)
n...
lv~l
n-
Ira.
(A.24)
A4
~=K
(n)
y
n=-C
i...
Figure A.l.
t(~) = n(~)
=-
(x i
n-
+ y j)/~
(A. 26)
n-
F n (n)
(A.27)
- n(n) F-
(A. 28 )
AS
(A. 29)
(A. 30)
Directional Derivatives
1f
= n(n) Vf = (yf
an(n)
at(n)
-a
an(E.:)
_t{n) V_f
11
8fr)/J/Y
~
= fr//Y
.,
(A.32)
{A.33)
a
= t(E.:)
-at
(E.:)
-
(A. 31)
Vf - - f
,ro_
T)
(A. 34)
Integral Transform
Scalar Function:
f(x,y)dxdy -
f(x(E.:,n) , y(E.:,n))jJidE.:dn
(A. 15)
D*
f(x,y) n(x,y) dS
(A. 36)
A6
dr
-----------------
Figure A.2.
(1.0) jdrl
(A. 37)
ldrj
Consider ldrj :
since r
n(x~y)
IY d~
(A. 38)
- (-y
~-
x~j)
.,_
//Y
Noting that
becomes
A7
~max
I -
~min
=f
~max
~min
where
~
~min
on r 1 *
n =- n
1
and
~max
f(~,n 1 ) (x~~
y~~)d~
(A.39)
~max
(A.40)
~min
A8
APPENDIX B:
a
a,b
Chezy coefficient
Concentration
D,L
NOTATON
Elliptic operators
Applied pressure
P,Q
r,e
Cylindrical coordinates
Time
x,y
Cartesian coordinates
Coefficient equal to
Coefficient equal to
Coefficient equal to
Water surface elevation
\.c., ,n
Bl