Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LABORATORY MANUAL
CHEM 201 Fall 2015
Mozol V.J.; Benoit W.L.; Veltri N.L.; Jo, D.L., Sullivan, E.R.,
Wheatley, B.; Mahadev, K.N.; Lefebvre, J.; Sandblom, N.T.A.; Sutherland, T.C.
The importance of understanding experimental techniques and concepts when studying chemistry is reflected by
the course requirement of an overall grade of 50% for the laboratory experiments to earn a grade higher than D+.
A grade of C- or higher qualifies as a pre-requisite pass. This means upon finishing Chemistry 201 they may
register for all higher-level courses that require that course as a pre-requisite.
What should be learned from the wet experiment component of the course?
In the laboratory, you will learn the techniques and skills that chemists use in a laboratory setting. By the end of
Chemistry 201, you should be familiar with and comfortable in a chemistry laboratory.
You should learn how to follow procedures and how to perform those procedures quickly and efficiently. Note that there
is reasoning behind each step of a procedure.
In Chemistry 201 you will not be marked on the success of your experiment. One can get a grade of excellence (A) for a
laboratory write-up for an experiment that failed. Rather, Chemistry 201 aims to develop your ability to understand why
you are doing an experiment and what you are doing at every stage of that experiment. If an experiment is not successful,
you need to recognize where it went wrong and how you might modify it if asked to redo it. It is hoped that you will
learn from your mistakes as the course progresses. Keep in mind that you should always be striving to improve
your performance with each experiment you do. A good grade in any chemistry course will depend upon this. Future
courses, based on their expectation that Chemistry 201 was a pre-requisite for their course, will demand that a students
experiment was successful for a grade of excellence (A).
You must record information about all steps performed in the laboratory. With these notes, you can then leave the
laboratory, formulate ideas about the experiment, and then summarize all work in a written report. By the end of
Chemistry 201, you should be able to do this for an experiment.
The laboratory work and lectures for Chemistry 201 are related. The relationship is not often obvious for the earlier
experiments, as they often involve knowledge of Chemistry 201 as a whole. Also, scheduling difficulties for a large
enrolment course like Chemistry 201 will often result in the relative timing of the two components being less than perfect.
Though this is not always appealing from a student's point of view, remember chemical advancements often involve
making observations then reading related information in journals or books.
Laboratory Safety
Safety is the number one priority in any chemical laboratory. The experiments for Chemistry 201 present fewer
dangers than most laboratory work, but they still pose a variety of hazards. Some specific precautions are noted in the
procedure for an experiment, but all chemicals should be assumed to be hazardous.
All undergraduate students taking chemistry laboratories are required to complete an introductory course (approx. 50
minutes) on laboratory safety. You are required to do so before beginning your first laboratory session. This is a
federal requirement.
This course can be accessed online. Note that there is a link to this course on your D2L Chemistry 201 site. Please see the
pdf file on D2L to troubleshoot any issues before notifying the lab coordinator. Students who have not completed the lab
safety course will not be allowed to work in the laboratory.
In order to provide you and those around you with the safest possible working environment, the following rules will be
rigorously enforced. You will not be permitted in the laboratory unless you comply with these rules.
In case of emergency, inform the Laboratory Instructor immediately. If required call campus security 220-5333
for assistance.
In case of a major fire, pull the nearest fire alarm and evacuate from the laboratory and building.
Learn the locations of the nearest telephone, fire extinguisher, fire alarm, eye wash station, emergency shower,
and first aid kit, as well as exit routes from the laboratory and the building.
Dress appropriately
If you are not wearing attire that follows these rules, you will NOT be allowed in the laboratory. As following these
guidelines is your responsibility, missing an experiment due to inappropriate attire will result in a mark of zero for that
experiment.
Safety glasses must be worn at all times when in the laboratory. Contact lens wearers run the risk of more
serious injury to their eyes in the event of a foreign body or chemical contaminating the eye. It is strongly
recommended that contact lenses should not be worn in the lab (i.e. wear contact lenses at your own risk). If
contact lenses must be worn, safety goggles must be worn over them.
Full-length and long sleeves laboratory coats must be worn at all times when in the laboratory.
Your feet and legs should be completely covered. Pants or skirts that do not completely cover the legs are
prohibited in the laboratory. Shoes that do not completely cover the feet are prohibited in the laboratory. This
means no shorts, no skirts higher than floor length, no sandals, no open-toe shoes, no slipper-style shoes
that leave the top of the foot uncovered, no nylons or tights, etc..
Long hair should be tied back so that it does not become entangled in apparatus or hang in Bunsen flames. Your
fingers and arms should be free of rings or bracelets.
Do not wear your laboratory coat in common eating or meeting areas after using it in the laboratory.
Students are not allowed in the laboratory unless a laboratory instructor is present.
Cell phones, iPod/iPad and other unnecessary electronic devices, except calculators, are banned in the laboratory.
Do not damage the labels on chemical containers; do not use chemicals with damaged and/or incomplete labels.
Never handle or pour flammable liquids near an open flame, hot surface, heat source or other ignition source.
Use the appropriate apparatus (e.g. a spatula) to minimize skin contact when handling chemicals.
Harmful or odorous chemicals are to be handled only in a fume hood. Generally, if you find a chemical in
the fume hood, use it in the fume hood.
Wash your hands frequently during the experiment and before you leave the laboratory to remove any
chemicals you have contacted.
Accidents must be reported immediately to the laboratory instructor. Do not panic, and do not try to cover up.
Wipe up small chemical spills immediately as directed by the laboratory instructor. Spill kits are available in
each laboratory.
To avoid possibility of chemical spills and accidental skin contact, keep your own work area and the common
areas such as chemical dispensing areas, the weighing balances and area surrounding them, the sinks and the
fume hoods clean and orderly. At the end of the laboratory period, make sure that both your own and the
common work areas you have used are clean and tidy.
In the event of accidental skin contact, ask a fellow student to inform your laboratory instructor while you
immediately start to flush the affected area with copious amounts of cool water.
During the first laboratory period, your laboratory instructor will go through various safety aspects of the laboratory in
which you will be doing your experiments. You must acquaint yourself with these in order to complete the "Student
Safety Training" Record. This record must be completed, signed, and handed back to your laboratory instructor
before the end of the second laboratory period.
The laboratory will close promptly at the end of the 3 hours period. This includes a maximum of 10 minutes
overtime to tidy up.
At the end of each laboratory period, make sure that both your work bench and the common work areas are clean and
tidy. Use a brush or broom to sweep up any solid chemical spills and dispose them in the waste container. Wipe down
your work bench using a clean wet paper towel. Wash your hands before you leave the laboratory to remove any
chemicals you may have contacted.
If you see this symbol, you must talk to your laboratory instructor before you
continue. It means that there are significant hazards that your laboratory
instructor needs to check before you continue or there are additional equipment
that you need to sign out.
If you see this symbol, you should proceed with extra caution after checking
your safety precautions. Check with your laboratory instructor if in any doubt.
In general, safety always has the highest priority. Think before acting and do not rush laboratory work. Remember,
One can get a grade of excellence (A) for a laboratory write-up for an experiment that failed. Common sense is the
most fundamental rule of all. Continually communicate with your laboratory instructor, particularly if unsure of
what to do and/or how to do it.
Know the location of the safety shower, fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull station and the nearest telephone.
Do not panic!
If the vapours from a flask ignite, a small fire can be extinguished by turning off the burner and gently placing a
watch glass, wire gauze, or a notebook over the top of the vessel containing the burning solvent. Do not move the
flask. If it is necessary to use the fire extinguisher always take the fire extinguisher to the fire.
If solvent spilled on bench tops ignites, if possible, move bottles and flasks of any solvents away from the vicinity
immediately.
If your clothing is set on fire, do not move around. Stop everything you are doing, go down (drop) onto the
floor, protect your face with your hands and roll over and over to smother the flames.
Burns
Beware of burns from forgotten still-lit burners and hot lab equipment. Remember that the thermometer in the
melting point apparatus is at the temperature it records!
Explosions
Explosions are very fast exothermic reactions and usually occur with substances that can undergo internal redox
(reduction and oxidation) reactions or with substances that can decompose to give much more stable compounds.
You will be warned if any explosion hazard exists with the compounds that you are using.
Several of the compounds you will use are poisonous. The regulations concerning NO eating and drinking in the
laboratory must be strictly adhered to.
Do not pipette liquids by mouth.
Certain harmful, even carcinogenic, substances can be absorbed relatively easily through the skin. Use scoops,
spoons or spatulas when handling chemicals. You may wear disposable examination gloves provided but do
not consider these to be impenetrable barriers. If a chemical spills on your hand, remove the gloves quickly
and wash your hands. Always minimize contact with chemicals; wash affected areas with water immediately after
accidental contact. You should always wash your hands before leaving the laboratory.
If you splash something into your eyes wash them thoroughly for about 15 minutes at the eyewash station.
Contact lens wearer may need to remove the lenses immediately in order to wash the eyes. However, such action
may cause more damage to the eyes. In general, wearing contact lenses in a chemical laboratory is not
advisable.
If harmful, irritating or flammable gases are used for or produced during a reaction, then that part of the
experiment should be conducted in the fume hood.
Mixing chemicals
Extreme caution should be used when mixing chemicals. When in doubt, ask your laboratory instructor.
Carefully observe the warnings about mixing water with certain chemicals. For example, water should never be
poured into concentrated acid or brought into contact with sodium.
Be especially careful when dealing with waste, as certain types of waste are incompatible, resulting in
unexpected, difficult-to-control reactions. Organic and poisonous waste should be disposed of in designated
containers (e.g. organic waste).
Acids and alkalis are corrosive and will burn skin and damage clothing, and certain organic compounds are
dyes that will stain surfaces for days. These are the reasons why you are required to wear full-length long sleeves
protective laboratory coats and safety glasses. Your legs and feet must also be covered. This means no shorts,
no skirts higher than floor length, no sandals, no open-toe shoes, no slipper-style shoes that leave the top of
the foot uncovered, etc..
Handling reagents
Always replace the caps on reagent bottles as soon as you have finished dispensing the reagents. Many
compounds will react with moisture, oxygen or carbon dioxide in the air. Other compounds are volatile and will
evaporate quickly if the bottles are not capped. Do not mix up the caps of reagent bottles, as trace chemicals
inside the cap may react with chemical in the other bottle. If you mix up the caps, inform the laboratory
instructor immediately.
Label beakers, flasks, pipettes, etc. to make sure the correct reagents are used.
Do not pipette directly from any reagent bottle.
Always pour from the side of the bottle opposite the label so that the information on the label is not rendered
unreadable. A reagent with no label at best is useless and at worst is dangerous.
Tidiness
Care and tidiness is an important factor in laboratory safety. Contaminated equipment and untidy work space will
affect accuracy of results of experiments.
Keep your work bench and the common areas, including the side benches where reagents are dispensed, the
weighing balances and their surrounding areas the fume hoods and the sinks, clean and neat. Wipe up any spills
immediately.
After completing your experiment, make sure the common work areas are clean and tidy and wipe down your
work bench with clean wet paper towel.
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Fume hoods are specifically designed to prevent harmful vapours from entering the general atmosphere of the
laboratory when experiments are performed by drawing air from the laboratory into the fume hood. They can also
be used to provide a safety barrier for more hazardous experiments.
Before using a fume hood, make sure that it is working (e.g. check that air is being drawn into the fume hood by
observing a strip of paper near the fume hood opening; the strip should flutter with the uptake of air).
Chemicals with strong or noxious odours should always be used in a fume hood even when weighing!
Equipment that has come into contact with noxious materials should be kept in the fume hood until they are
cleaned. In the worst case they should be cleaned in the fume hood. Equipment such as Pasteur pipettes that can
be disposed of in the fume hood or must be cleaned before being disposed of outside of the fume hood.
Remember that a fume hood only works effectively when the sash is down at or below the indicating level. For
optimal performance experimental equipment is set up at least 10 cm from the front edge of the fume hood.
Therefore, whenever you are working in a fume hood, try to keep the sash level as low as reasonably possible at
all times.
Waste Disposal
This is an extremely serious issue. Before disposing of any waste material, think about what you are doing. Waste
disposal rules are intended for your safety, the safety in the laboratory and the safety of the environment. Failure to
comply with these rules will lead to you being suspended from working in the laboratory and hence losing laboratory
marks. In the worst case, it could lead to dangerous laboratory conditions and result in injury.
Proper waste disposal is important, so make sure waste is disposed of in the appropriate container. Here are the rules:
Pay attention to the specific instructions for the disposal of chemical waste given in the script for each
experiment. When in doubt, check with the lab instructor.
Never pour waste chemicals down the sink unless instructed by the lab instructor.
Glass waste must be cleaned and disposed of in the specified container.
To clean up contaminated broken glassware, use a brush and dustpan to collect all the pieces in a beaker,
rinse the pieces with water and then dispose them in the blue bucket for broken glass provided in the
laboratory. Only clean broken glass can be disposed of in the blue broken glass pail. Chemically
contaminated glass waste is costly to be disposed of and can pose a hazard to the environment.
Inform your lab instructor immediately when glassware that contains chemicals is broken. The chemicals
must first be contained and neutralized before the glass pieces can be collected and washed.
Other non-glass sharp objects must be disposed of in containers specifically marked for this purpose.
Inorganic waste must be disposed of into the 20 L barrels provided in the laboratory unless otherwise
instructed by your laboratory instructor.
Organic waste must be discarded into the labelled waste containers in the fume hood.
Pasteur pipettes should be rinsed and placed in the specified container.
Chemically contaminated solid waste (e.g. filter paper and pipette tips) must be disposed of in the specifically
marked containers.
Non-chemically contaminated solid waste (e.g. paper towel) should be discarded in the waste garbage bins.
Never overfill containers. There must be at least 5 cm air space at the top.
The waste disposal area must be kept clean.
If a waste container is full (reached fill line), inform the laboratory instructor immediately.
If in doubt, check the laboratory manual for written instructions. If you are still unclear, ask your laboratory instructor.
Pre-Laboratory Assignment
Worth 5 marks; must be completed at least 1h before your lab start time.
Read through the experiment entirely and complete the pre-laboratory exercises posted on the course D2L site. If they
have not been completed, you will receive a mark of zero on the pre-lab assignment and you will be asked to leave
the lab, as it is hazardous to conduct experimental work without preparation. This is NOT a legitimate reason to
get permission to attend the make-up lab time.
Laboratory Write-up
Worth 15 marks; due either in lab (worksheets) or 1 week after lab (formal reports).
There are two formats for the laboratory reports: worksheets and formal reports. Regardless of format, all lab reports
must be hand-written in permanent ink (no pencil or erasable pen). Any errors should be crossed out with a single
line, so that they remain legible, and corrections written nearby. White-out should never be used in any part of your lab
reports. Typing reports or attaching computer-generated graphs is not allowed.
Although some experiments are performed in pairs, and partners may share the same set of data, reports must be written
and submitted individually. Laboratory reports are subject to the academic regulations in the University Calendar
outlined in the Statement of Principles of Conduct section, including the guidelines in the Statement of Intellectual
Honesty and Plagiarism/Cheating/ Other Academic Misconduct sub-sections (Section K). If you are struggling to
determine if you have followed the principles of conduct as outlined in the University Calendar, ask your course
instructor or lab TA to clarify these points before submitting work you are unsure of.
Worksheet Lab Reports
The reports for Labs 1, 4, and 5 are worksheet style. Print the worksheet pages from your lab manual before you arrive,
and fill them out with your data, calculations, and results during the lab period. Be sure to show your work for all
calculations in order to receive full marks. Before you leave the lab, staple these sheets together with the experimental
procedure pages and hand them in to your TA.
While you may prepare some of your work before arriving at lab, the worksheet reports must be handed in during your
lab session no part of the write-ups for Experiments 1, 4, and 5 is completed after lab time.
Formal Lab Reports
The reports for Labs 2 and 3 are formal reports. For these laboratories, print the experimental
procedure pages from your lab manual and bring these to lab. You will also need to bring a blue
laboratory notebook in which to write your data and report. These are available for purchase from
the bookstore.
Prepare your notebook before lab by creating data tables and places to write your observations in
the last page of the notebook (after the graph paper pages). Instructions for these tables are in the
experimental sections and in your pre-lab assignments. During lab you will write all data and
observations directly into your notebook. Have your data initialed by your TA before you leave
the lab. Failure to do so results in a grade of zero for data and observations. It is also strongly
advised that you start doing relevant calculations before leaving the laboratory, as you have an instructor there to help
start things in the right direction.
The report itself will be written on the first pages of the same notebook that contains the observations. Reports are handed
in at the start of tutorial, one week after your lab. If your report is late, it must be handed in to the late-report drop box
outside EEEL 239. One mark per day will be deducted from your report grade if you hand it in late. Weekends count as
two days. Late reports are collected at 5:00 PM daily reports submitted at 5:01 or later will be considered as handed
in the next day.
As you prepare for the experiment, try to decide what the take-home messages are about the chemical concepts involved.
During the experiment, keep these concepts in mind. Ask your TA for clarification if you are having trouble
understanding how your experiment fits with these conceptual ideas. Thinking about these chemical concepts at each
stage of your laboratory work (preparation, performance, and write-up) will improve your ability to communicate the
main ideas in your report.
Report Writing Guidelines
A lab report should not take longer than 4-5 hours to generate. Use the guidelines (and order) below to help prepare
your formal lab reports. In addition, some experiment-specific requirements are listed within Experiments 2 and 3.
Introduction
(3
marks)
Objective
The
goal(s)
of
the
experiment
should
be
stated
clearly
and
explicitly.
Include
chemical
reactions
where
relevant.
Focus
on
why
you
have
done
this
experiment,
not
just
what
was
done.
If
there
was
a
Part
I
and
II
to
the
experiment,
include
objectives
for
each,
and
show
how
they
are
related
to
the
overall
experimental
goal.
Techniques
and
Analysis
In
the
context
of
your
objective(s),
briefly
outline
the
techniques
used
in
the
experiment,
and
how
they
were
important
to
exploring
the
goals
of
the
lab.
If
any
particular
type
of
analysis
was
used,
explain
why
it
was
useful
in
this
context.
Procedure
(1
mark)
Procedure
Attach
the
printed
lab
manual
pages,
and
make
reference
to
them.
Indicate
whether
there
were
any
modifications
made
to
these
procedures,
and
if
so,
what
they
were.
Even
minor
changes
should
be
noted.
If
no
changes
were
made,
state
this.
Results
(4
marks)
Raw
Data
Summarize
your
observations
and
numerical
data
as
part
of
the
report.
Large
tables
of
raw
data
may
be
left
in
the
back
of
the
report,
but
important
results
should
be
copied
neatly
here.
When
you
include
a
table
of
data,
be
sure
to
include
units
and
label
all
tables
with
a
descriptive
title,
as
well
as
rows/columns.
You
may
wish
to
include
final/calculated
answers
in
your
data
tables
as
well,
depending
on
the
experiment.
Graphs
Graphs
should
be
plotted
by
hand
on
the
graph
paper
pages
in
the
lab
notebook.
Plan
(when
appropriate)
carefully
to
use
as
much
of
the
plot
area
as
possible.
Have
evenly-scaled
axes
with
descriptive
labels
and
units,
as
well
as
a
descriptive
title
and
legend
if
necessary.
Sample
Calculations
For
repetitive
calculations,
you
need
only
show
one
example
of
each
type
of
calculation
within
your
report.
Use
ink,
and
make
sure
your
work
is
written
neatly
(with
units)
and
is
easy
to
follow.
Include
all
equations
and
show
all
intermediate
steps.
Statistical
In
some
experiments,
you
will
calculate
the
standard
deviation
and
%
error
for
your
data.
Calculations
Show
sample
calculations,
and
report
values
to
appropriate
significant
figures.
Provide
a
(when
appropriate)
correctly
cited
source
for
any
literature
values
used.
Final
Calculations
Show
calculations
leading
to
the
determination
of
the
final
value/major
finding
of
your
experiment.
Include
units
&
report
final
answers
to
the
correct
number
of
significant
figures.
10
Discussion
(5
marks)
Experimental
Context
State
your
key
findings
in
context
of
the
techniques
and
analysis
you
performed.
Review
briefly
what
occurred
during
the
experiment
(no
need
to
restate
the
Introduction
or
Procedure,
but
you
may
reference
them
if
needed).
Focus
on
the
take-home
message
of
your
experiment
&
results.
Accuracy
Comment
on
the
accuracy
of
your
key
finding(s).
If
available,
compare
your
value(s)
to
literature
values,
and
comment
on
whether
they
agree.
Justify
your
claim
numerically.
Remember
to
cite
correctly
your
sources.
If
your
value
is
different
from
the
accepted
value,
attempt
to
explain
why
this
could
be
(you
dont
have
to
repeat
your
sources
of
error
section).
Precision
and
Reproducibility
Discuss
the
overall
reliability
of
your
key
findings.
If
possible,
justify
your
claim
numerically.
What
does
the
precision
of
your
result
say
about
the
reproducibility
of
the
techniques(s)
used?
Sources of Error
Discuss
sources
of
uncertainty
in
your
experiment.
These
may
be
related
to
flaws
in
the
technique,
assumptions
that
were
not
necessarily
valid,
or
grievous
performance
errors.
Explain
how
each
source
of
uncertainty
would
have
affected
your
results.
If
possible,
suggest
a
way
to
remove
or
improve
these
uncertainties.
Conclusion
(1
mark)
Conclusion
Summarize
the
objective
and
key
findings
of
your
experiment.
Explain
whether
(and
why)
you
consider
the
objective(s)
satisfied,
and
why,
based
on
the
findings
in
your
Discussion.
This
should
be
a
brief
summary;
all
new
information
is
already
in
the
Discussion.
References
(1
mark)
References
Provide
a
listing
of
the
sources
you
used
when
completing
the
experiment
and
report.
Use
an
in-text
citation
to
link
references
for
all
specific
facts
and
figures
in
your
report.
References
could
include
personal
communication,
the
lab
manual,
a
book,
or
website.
ACS
format
is
summarized
in
Appendix
F,
but
any
standard
format
is
acceptable
as
long
as
it
is
applied
consistently
for
in-text
citations
and
the
works
cited
list.
Remember
that
failure
to
provide
suitable
references
implies
that
you
are
claiming
the
work
of
others
to
be
your
own
(i.e
committing
academic
misconduct).
Reports
should
be
legible
and
coherent.
Use
a
ruler
for
tables,
write
in
ink,
and
do
not
use
whiteout.
Use
correct
spelling
and
grammar
lab
reports
should
be
written
in
third
person,
past
tense
as
a
matter
of
convention.
Length
11
No
General appearance:
Did I fill-in all information required for identification (e.g. name, section
number, etc.)?
Is my report written by hand (in ink) in the same blue notebook as the data I
recorded in the lab?
Did I use ink, crossing out errors with a single line (and not using whiteout)?
Is everything legible?
Did I check the spelling and grammar?
Did I write in the past tense and in the third person?
Did I include the ALL required sections in the APPROPRIATE ORDER?
Introduction
o
o
o
Procedure
o
o
o
o
Results
o
o
o
o
Discussion
o
Conclusion
References
o
o
o
o
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All students, even those who withdraw early from the course, MUST sign out of their registered lab
sections before the last day of lectures of the term.
Any student who fails to sign out of lab will be assessed the Failure to Check-out fee of $30.00
plus any accumulated replacement cost of equipment that the student may have damaged or lost.
If this fee is not paid by the last day of the final examination period of the term, an additional $10.00
administrative fee will be charged and university services (registration, transcripts, etc.) may be
withheld.
If you are not wearing attire that follows these rules, you will NOT be allowed in the laboratory. As following these
guidelines is your responsibility, missing an experiment due to inappropriate attire will result in a mark of zero for
that experiment.
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Student Name:
Registered (Home) Lab Section #:
ID #:
Time:
Room #:
Makeup Lab:
Date:
Time:
Room #:
This information is collected under the authority of and in response to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. It is
required for keeping accurate records of students attendance. If you have any question about the collection and use of this
information, please contact the Lab Coordinator, Dr. Sullivan in SA 144D or at ersulliv@ucalgary.ca.
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