Professional Documents
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1. What are the reasons for high current in motor?
a. High frequency at 51 Hz current will be 105% of the normal current.
b. Low frequency at 47.8 Hz current will be 102% of the normal current.
c. High voltage.
d. Under voltage.
e. Mechanical over loading.
f. Process requirement.
2. What are the reasons for unbalanced current in motor?
a. Loose power cable connection.
b. Voltage unbalance.
c. Short-circuited turns of coils of winding.
3. What are the reasons for vibration in the motor?
Vibration could be because of mechanical faults and electrical faults.
1. Mechanical faults.
a. Wrong alignment of the motor on foundation.
b. Wrong installation.
c. Improper fitting of bearing and cooling fans.
d. Periodic impulse loads such as reciprocating compressors.
e. Pulley of heavy weight which cause bending of motor shaft resulting in
non uniform air gap.
f. Damage of bearing or bad bearing.
g. Bad coupling.
h. If the axial alignment of the motor and the driven machine is incorrect and
rotor is allowed to contact its axial stops, high axial vibrations may occur,
together with high bearing temperature high and even bearing failure.
i. Machine base and foundation problem.
j. Under sized bearing.
2. Electrical faults.
a. Air gas dissymetry.
b. Broken rotor bars.
c. Slackened stator core.
d. Slackened rotor core.
e. Interturn short in the rotor winding in the two-pole machine.
f. Unbalance in rotor winding.
g. Unbalance power supply voltages.
If the vibration is because of electrical fault, de-energise the machine and
watch the vibration as it runs down.
The possible vibration frequencies observed are
a. Twice the power supply frequency - it indicates that the vibration is
developed by unbalanced power supply voltages, unbalanced air gap,
unbalance in rotor winding, slackened stator core etc.
b. Multiple of power frequency - the stator and rotor slots co-ordinate to
develop radial lines of force to deform and pulsate the cores.
c. Twice the slip frequency - magnetic unbalance due to unbalance air gaps,
slackened rotor core, interturn short in the rotor-winding etc. of two-pole
machine.
d. Over greasing.
e. Improper grade of lubricant.
6. What are the reasons for abnormal sound or noise?
Motors in general should run very quietly and no abnormal noise is desired.
However if noise is there, it could be because of following reasons.
a. Windage noise the noise due to ventilating system, (whistling noise).
b. Bearing noise the noise due to its rolling contact.
c. Unusual noise some defects inside the motor (example motor bar failure).
d. Deep heavy growling noises some electrical fault.
For permissible limits of noise levels for rotating electrical machines IS:
12065:1987
is being reffered.
7. What are the reasons for harmonics in the motor?
Generally even harmonics are not expected to be present in three phase motors.
Triple-n harmonics like 3rd, 9th, 15th etc. are also not expected. The dominant odd
harmonics expected are 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th etc.
Presence of strong 2nd harmonics indicates unbalance voltage, unbalance winding
impedance, rotor defects, magnetic imbalance, faulty rotor skewing etc.
Very strong 3rd harmonics indicates magnetic saturation, ground leak currents,
overloads etc. Overloading causes overheating, resulting in non-linear
magnetization
which gives high 3rd harmonic winding faults, short circuits. Hot spots in rotor or
stator also may indicate higher harmonics.
8. What are the possible reasons for not coming of rated speed during
start?
In case motor does not come to its rated speed then following could be the
probable causes.
a. Starting load is too high.
b. Broken rotor bars (look for cracks near rings).
c. Open primary circuit.
d. Voltage is too low.
9. What are the possible reasons for motor to take long acceleration time?
Following may the possible reasons for motor to take long acceleration time.
a. Excess loading.
b. May be rewound motor with poor quality of winding conductor having high
resistance.
c. Defective squirrel cage rotor.
d. Applied voltage is too low.
10.What are the points contributes in insulation resistance of the motor?
If the measured insulation resistance of the motor is less than 1 M / kV with a
minimum of 1M, when the machine is cold it is to be dried out before full
voltage is applied to the terminals of the motors and the drying out is to be
continued as long as the insulation resistance rises or until a sufficiently high
value that is not less than 1 M / kV with minimum of I M at 75C is reached.
While proceeding for point as above said, following factors are to be kept in mind
which affect the insulation resistance measurement. They are,
a. Surface condition.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Moisture.
Temperature.
Magnitude of test voltage.
Duration of application of test voltage.
Residual charge in the winding.
Ageing of the insulation.
Mechanical stresses.
4 6%.
Clean.
6 10%.
Some dirt.
10 14%.
14 16%.
Gross contamination.
16 20%.
Above 20%.
Water
or
temperature
Test
Cost
Low
Low
Viscosity
change Oxidation
colour change
ASTM 974
number
ASTM 664
number
ASTM 2296
Particles
number
Spectroscopy
Low
Particle count
Moderate
Moderate
Analytical ferrography
High
Bearing
deterioration
foreign matter
or
neutralization Low
neutralization Moderate
neutralization Moderate
should
be zero)
e)
Number of respective failures during reporting period. (as low as
possible)
f)
Number of breakdowns during reporting period (As low as possible)
3. Maintenance Performance indicator based on work control
a. Work control indicator (WCI) should be near to
unity
No. of DR received from control room per
month
No. of PM jobs planned
4. Maintenance performance indicator based on maintenance man hours
1)
Man hours spent on breakdown maintenance
2)
Man hours spent on PM including implementation of ECN/FCNs etc.
3)
% man hours spent on breakdown maintenance
Man hours spent on = Breakdown maintenance 100
Total maintenance man hour available
4) % of man hours spent on PM= Man hours spent on PM x 100
Total maintenance man hour available
potential grievance issues are to be discussed with the first line supervisor.
d. Plant approved terminology, equipment identification and abbreviations are to
be used at all times.
e. 2-way communication is required at times!
f. Listen
g. Understand
h. Then reply or repeat message.
Motor operated valves are diagnostically tested and analysed. Tests determine
parameters such as run current, valve stem thrust and torque switch and limit
switch actuation points.
c. Periodic maintenance is time based action taken on equipment to prevent
breakdown and involves servicing such as lubrication, filter changes, cleaning,
testing, adjustments, calibration and inspection. Periodic maintenance can also
be
initiated because of the results of predictive maintenance, vendor
recommendation, or experience. Examples are as follows:
a. Scheduled valve re-packing to avoid leakage based on previous
experience.
b. Replacement of bearings or pump realignment as indicated from
vibration
analysis and/or lubricating oil analysis
c. Major
or
minor
overhauls
based
on
experience
or
vendor
recommendations.
d. Maintenance on equipment belonging to a redundant safety system if
so
allowed by the Technical Specifications
d. Preventive Maintenance Programme Effectiveness
Continually review the preventive maintenance programme for effectiveness,
and
change if necessary based on changes in plant design, operating conditions,
regulatory commitments and as found conditions. In addition, unexpected
equipment failures should result in a critical self-assessment to determine why
the
previous maintenance activities were insufficient to maintain equipment
reliability. The primary objectives of the programme are to reduce future
component failures, optimize preventive maintenance tasks and use of
resources,
identify programme scope and satisfy regulatory and utility concerns.
Emphasize
obtaining accurate feedback on preventive maintenance tasks. Enhancement,
provide additional guidance on methods to determine preventive maintenance
effectiveness.
Your best tool when troubleshooting is your ability of think. Don't jump to
conclusions. Have confidence in your ability. Learn how the equipment in your
area is supposed to operate both electrically and mechanically.
Blown fuses, overload contacts, open contacts, short circuits, burned out coils
and
grounds are responsible for most electrical circuit failures.
If we are troubleshooting an existing circuit, one that has been in service and
operated properly, we can eliminate the possibility of fault installations or
design.
Radiation Protection
Fission reaction
235
1
144
+
92U
0n
54 Xe
38
Tritium formation
1 Seivert = 100 Rem
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 20 mSev or 2 Rem for Employees.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 5 mSev or 1.5 Rem for Contractor.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 mSev or 100 mRem for Public.
5 Years = 100 mSev or 10 Rem
DAC
(Derived
Air
>10
DAC
use
10-15 DAC use airline
>50
DAC
use
ventilated
plastic
1 DAC for 1 hour = 0.01 mSev or 1 mRem.
tritium
suite
concentration)
bottles
(VP
suite)
.
Why no entry for Moderator room & Pump room during operating
condition?
Due to the presence of N 16 & O17, which are high gamma emitter, their field is
around 7 mev.
.
making
on implementing measures as part of a graded response in the event of an
emergency. The area around the Kaiga generating station is divided into the
following Zones up to 16 km radius.
Exclusion Zone: The exclusion Zone extends up to a distance of 1.6 km around
the
central plant zone of 0.7 km where no public habitation is permitted. This
zone is
physically isolated from out side areas by plant fencing and is under the
control of
Kaiga Generating Station.
Sterilised Zone: Sterilised zone is an area where no new growth of population is
permitted. Natural growth is however allowed in this Zone. This are extends
up to
a radius of 5 km from the central plant Zone. This Zone is defined to restrict
the
population to an easily transportable number in case of an emergency.
Primary Zone: The primary Zone extends up to 8 km from central part Zone
where
protective measures like evacuation and sheltering are required against
possible
plume exposures during an Emergency.
Secondary Zone: The secondary Zone extends up to 16 km from central plant
Zone
protective measures like sheltering control on food stuff are required against
possible exposure from ingestion of radioactivity.