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BEBERAPA CATATAN :
1) ANCOVA dan ANOVA memfokuskan pada hal yang berbeda.
ANCOVA memusatkan pada perbedaan efek perlakuan sedangkan
ANOVA pada perubahan skor.
ANCOVA tests the hypothesis of equivalence of adjusted means, assuming
the groups were equivalent on the pretest.ANOVA on difference scores tests
the hypothesis of equivalence of means of differences, regardless of the
pretest differences between groups
The analysis of gain scores answers a different research question than
ANCOVA. The analysis of gains, for example, focuses on the improvements
from pretest to posttest for whole groups. The gain score, however, tells us
precisely how scores changed from pretest to posttest. (Smolkowski, 2010)
An ANCOVA, the alternative to gain scores, focuses on differences between
the treatment groups at posttest while holding constant pretest differences.
The ANCOVA, then, does not inform about the how the groups changed over
time (Smolkowski, 2010).
2) Pada desain randomized ANOVA dan ANCOVA akan memberikan
hasil yang mirip, namun berbeda dalam hal ukuran efek dan
powernya.
With the assumption of an equivalent comparison group, an analysis of gain
scores should give similar results to an ANCOVA (Maxwell & Delaney, 1990)
3) Penggunaan ANCOVA mensyaratkan pengukuran yang memiliki
eror pengukuran sangat kecil.
It is critically important to use reliable measures and precisely measure
variables consistently across subjects and over time, especially when using
ANCOVA models (Oakes & Feldman, 2001)
In the presence of measurement error, changescore models may be equally or
even more powerful" (Fitzmaurice, Laird, & Ware, 2004)..