SEE 2073

Section 01
SIGNAL & SYSTEM
DR NOOR ASMAWATI BINTI SAMSURI
P19a Level 4
asmawati@fke.utm.my
1

CHAPTER
2

FOURIER
SERIES

PART 1

DR. NAS 20132014-2

TYPES OF SIGNALS

OUTLINE
Signal expression
Time domain signal
Frequency domain spectrum
Complex exponential representation
Fourier series - Periodic signal

SIGNAL EXPRESSION

Sinusoidal signal is a common type of signal used in communication system

Consider a time-varying voltage signal

v(t ) A0 cos(0t 0 )
Where A0 = amplitude of the sinusoid

v(t ) A0 sin(0t )

0= angular frequency

A0 sin(2f 0t )

0= phase shift

A0 cos(2f 0t 2)

Can be written as sin(0t + 0) but with a difference of /2

Sinusoid signal can be presented in time domain and frequency domain.

TIME DOMAIN SIGNAL

Sinusoidal signal can be sketched in time domain graph.

Consider a time-varying voltage signal
T = 1/f0 = 2/0

A0

Where A0 = amplitude of the sinusoid

0= angular frequency
0= phase shift

FREQUENCY DOMAIN SIGNAL

(SPECTRUM)

Each sinusoidal signal has frequency (f), amplitude (A) and phase ().
Amplitude and phase can be plot with frequency to produce spectrum signal.

Example: v(t) = A1cos(2f1t + 1) + A2cos(2f2t - 2)

V
A1

A2
1

Amplitude spectrum

Phase spectrum
Single sided spectrum

Example

Plot the amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum for signal below:
v(t ) A cos0t B cos 20t C sin 30t
-cos = cos ( + )

Hint:

sin = cos ( - /2)

v(t ) A cos0t B cos(20t ) C cos(30t 2 )

V

A
B
0

20

30

Amplitude spectrum

20

Phase spectrum
8

30
-/2

Example
9

Consider this condition:

Spectrum
DR. NAS 20132014-2

Example
10

Sketch the magnitude and phase spectrum of a signal, which is

given in a form of Trigonometric Fourier series below:
v(t ) 1 sin 0t 2 cos0t 2 cos(20t 4)

How???
Answer:

DR. NAS 20132014-2

PHASOR REPRESENTATION

Sinusoidal signal can be shown as x-axis or y-axis projection by

an anti clockwise rotational phasor:

v(t ) A0 cos(t 0 )
v(t ) A0(0t 0 )
Imaginary
A0

0t + 0
Real
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Complex Exponential Representation

Is used to analyze a signal

In general: v(t ) A0 cos(t 0 )
Using Eulers theorem: e j cos j sin

e jt e jt
cost
2

e jt e jt
sin t
2j

In exponential representation:

v(t ) A0 cos(t 0 )
A0 j (t )
v(t )
{e
e j (t ) }
2

Time-domain/polar form
Complex- exponential
12

A0 j (t ) j (t )
v(t ) A0 cos(t 0 ) {e
e
}
2
13

In time-domain/polar representation:
Imaginary

In exponential representation:
V0/2

A0

t +

V0cos(t + )

-(t + )

0t + 0
Real

v(t ) A0 cos(t 0 )

V0/2

A0 j (t ) j (t )
v(t ) {e
e
}
2
DR. NAS 20132014-2

Exponential form - Double Sided Spectrum

This signal can be seen as one function which is generated by 2

complex components.
This signal can be plotted in amplitude and phase spectrum as
below:
V0 j (t ) j (t )
v(t ) {e
e
}
2
Amplitude
V0/2

Phase

V0/2
-

Freq.
-

Amplitude vs Frequency

Phase vs Frequency

Freq.

Example:
t-domain signal vs exponential form
A j (t ) j (t )
v(t ) A cos(t ) {e
e
}
2
V

Amplitude

A
V0/2

A/2

Freq.

-
Amplitude spectrum

Amplitude spectrum

Phase

Phase spectrum

-
Phase spectrum

Freq.

Example
16

For the continuous-time periodic signal

2
5
x(t ) 2 cos
t 4 sin t
3
3

a) Represent the signal x(t) in the form of complex exponential

Fourier Series.
b) Sketch the double sided frequency spectrum (magnitude and
phase).

DR. NAS 20132014-2

FOURIER SERIES PERIODIC SIGNAL

Repeats itself at equal intervals of time, T0.

v(t)=v(t nT0)
Where T0=1/ f0
n = integer

Representation of a
periodic signal in the
frequency domain by its
frequency components
(spectrum)
DR. NAS 20132014-2

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FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION

18
s(t) volt

-20

20

40 t(ms)

FS can be represented in two forms:

Trigonometric

DR. NAS 20132014-2

Complexexponential

TRIGONOMETRIC FS

Periodic signal can be written as infinite cosine and sine function

General form of Fourier Series:
a0
v(t ) (an cos n0t bn sin n0t )
2 n1
a0
a1 cos0t a2 cos 20t a3 cos 30t .... an cos n0t
2
b1 sin 0t b2 sin 20t b3 sin 30t .... bn sin n0t

v(t )

Where;
a0/2
= d.c. current
an and bn = Fourier coefficient
0
= fundamental frequency
n0
= harmonic frequencies
n
= 1, 2, 3, 4,

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TRIGONOMETRIC FS

To plot frequency spectrum, FS should be represented by:

a0
v(t ) An cos(n0t n )
2 1
bn
n tan ( )
an
1

Where

and

(single sided spectrum)

An (an 2 bn 2 )

Fourier coefficient an and bn can be obtained by integration:

T

2
a0 v(t )dt
T0

an

2
v(t ) cos n0tdt

T0

2T
bn v(t ) sin n0tdt
T0
20

FS Symmetrical Properties
a0 is merely the time average of v(t). It is zero if it is
symmetry in the period of time T.
bn = 0 if v(t) has cosine-like even symmetry along the
time axis about t = 0 (i.e. v has same value at t and t)
an = 0 if v(t) has sine-like odd symmetry along the time
axis about t = 0. (i.e. v has same magnitude but opposite
sign at t and t)
an = bn = 0 for all even values of n (except a0) if v(t) has
skew (rotational) symmetry (i.e. successive half periods
have mirror image shapes)
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FS Symmetrical Properties - example

a0
v(t ) (an cos n0t bn sin n0t )
2 n1

If signal v(t) is an even symmetry in the period of time T the equation for
Fourier coefficient can be simplified and become:
s(t) volt

-20

20

40 t(ms)

bn 0, n 1,2,3...
a0
0
2
T 2
4
an v(t ) cos n0tdt, n 1,2,3...
T

If signal v(t) is an odd symmetry in the period of time T the equation for
Fourier coefficient can be simplified and become:

a 0, n 1,2,3...
a0
0 n
T 2
2
4
bn = v(t)sin nw 0t dt,
T

n =1, 2, 3...

Example Trigonometric FS
23

Find the trigonometric Fourier Series for v(t) until the 5th harmonics.
v(t)
20 mV

-1

-20 mV

DR. NAS 20132014-2

t (ms)

COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FS

Using Eulers relation, we can express Fourier Series in complex

exponential form.
e jnw t - e- jnw t
e jn t e jn t
cos n0t

sin nw 0t =

2j

a0
v(t ) (an cos n0t bn sin n0t )
2 n1

Original FS:

jn0t
jn0t
jn0t
jn0t

a
e

e
e

e
Complex FS: v(t ) 0 (an
bn
)
2 n1
2
2j

a0 an jbn jn0t an jbn jn0t

e
e

2 n1 2
2

C0

Cn

C-n
24

COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FS

Now, v(t) has been simplified to:

v(t ) C0 Cne jn0t Cne jn0t

n1

Where cn is complex conjugate of c-n.

Hence, complex FS can be represented by: v(t )

jn0t
C
e
n

where C 1 T vt e jn t dt
n
0
0

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