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I. INTRODUCTION
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSII: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 55, NO. 8, AUGUST 2008
TABLE I
MULTIPATH PROFILES OF THE IEEE 802.22 WRAN REFERENCE CHANNEL
MODELS
TABLE II
ILLUSTRATIVE SET OF THE OFDM SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR THE IEEE
802.22 WRAN SYSTEM
(1)
where and
denote the channel matrix and
a beam weight vector in the codebook set , respectively. In
the Grassmannian beamforming, the index for the optimal beam
weight vector , not the vector itself, is fed back from the receiver to the transmitter. Thus, the amount of feedback information can be reduced to
bits, and the MIMOOFDM
system using the Grassmannian beamforming provides a high
spectral efficiency by maximizing the channel gain and reducing
the feedback information.
B. Antenna Selection
In the MIMOOFDM system using the Grassmannian beamforming, several transmit antennas may not contribute to the performance enhancement of the system due to their poor channel
characteristics. The MIMO system without these antennas may
be sometimes desirable in terms of the spectral efficiency of the
system, since the overhead by the feedback information required
for each antenna acts as a serious burden for the overall spectral
efficiency. Consequently, the proposed MIMOOFDM system
performs the Grassmannian beamforming for the selected antennas with good channel characteristics to effectively reduce
the amount of the feedback information, while minimizing the
degradation of BER performance.
Consider a situation that the Grassmannian beamforming is
used only for the selected antennas out of all
transmit
KIM et al.: AN EFFECTIVE MIMOOFDM SYSTEM FOR IEEE 802.22 WRAN CHANNELS
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..
.
(2)
denotes the channel response from the th
Here,
transmit antenna to the th receive antenna, and
is the
channel vector of the th transmit antenna. As an illustration to explain the proposed algorithm, we assume that three
transmit antennas are selected out of four transmit antennas
for the Grassmannian beamforming. In this case, we calculate
combinations of the selected channel vectors and
formulate the following channel matrices
for the selected channels:
(3)
The receiver decides the Grassmannian beam weight vector for
each selected channel matrix and evaluates maximum channel
gains for the channel matrices as
(4)
denotes the best Grassmannian beam weight
where
vector for each matrix
. Then, the receiver selects an
antenna combination that has the best channel gain as follows:
(5)
denotes the beam weight vector from the Grasswhere
mannian codebook.
In the proposed system, the number of selected transmit
antennas must be determined to maximize the spectral efficiency
under the given channel condition. Thus, the tradeoff between
PER performance and feedback amount should be considered.
Moreover, performance degradation due to antenna correlation
effects as well as pilot overhead for the channel estimation are
also essential factors to be considered for the antenna selection.
The antenna selection algorithms may be classified into CT
(CounT) and FS (Full Search) schemes. The CT scheme
finds the most frequently selected antenna combination for
all of the subcarriers and utilizes the beamforming algorithm
for this combination. The CT scheme is suboptimal since a
same antenna combination is applied to all of the subcarriers
regardless of different channel characteristics of different subcarriers. On the other hand, the FS scheme selects the optimal
antenna combination for individual subcarrier and utilizes the
beamforming using the optimal combination for each subcarrier. The MIMOOFDM systems utilizing the FS scheme is
optimal, however, it requires formidable amount of the feedback information for the selected antenna combination for each
subcarrier. Hence, the spectral efficiency by the FS scheme is
significantly reduced if we take this feedback information into
and
have
(8)
can be obs as
(9)
that is, the reporting period of the feedback information for the
beamforming and the antenna selection can be extended up to
1250 OFDM symbol durations in the proposed MIMOOFDM
system. Meanwhile, an access channel band is selected by monitoring the idle frequency bands in the spectrum sensing procedure. In the specification of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN, the spectrum sensing period is 5 ms. Also, the beam weight vector is decided again when the selected band is changed. Hence, it is impractical that the ETP value is larger than the spectrum sensing
period. To this end, the realistic ETP value is set to be smaller
than 16, considering both the symbol duration and spectrum
sensing period of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN.
D. Subcarrier Grouping
As explained in the previous subsection, reduction of the
feedback information using the feedback period extension is
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMSII: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 55, NO. 8, AUGUST 2008
and
denote the coherence bandwidth
where
of the channel and subcarrier spacing, respectively. Since the
coherence bandwidth for each correlation is calculated by rms
delay spread
as
%
%
and
(11)
%
%
(12)
(15), we easily observe that the amount of the feedback information should be significantly reduced to effectively improve the
spectral efficiency of the closed-loop MIMOOFDM system, as
in the proposed system.
(13)
Note that the number of subcarriers per a group for the beamforming can be varied from 2 to 20 subcarriers in the proposed
MIMOOFDM system.
Meanwhile, the spectral efficiency is used to evaluate transmission effectiveness of wireless communication systems. The
spectral efficiency
for a closed-loop MIMOOFDM system
which requires the feedback information is calculated as
(14)
and
denote the number of data subcarriers for
Here,
one OFDM symbol and the number of transmitted bits per one
subcarrier and code rate of channel coding, respectively. Also,
PER in (14) means PER performance of the system, while
denotes the number of subcarriers for the feedback overhead,
which is represented as
(15)
are the number of bits and the code rate for one
where and
subcarrier to transmit the feedback information, respectively. In
addition,
is the codebook index (in bits) for the Grassmannian beamforming, and
denotes the number of bits representing which antenna combination is selected. From (14) and
KIM et al.: AN EFFECTIVE MIMOOFDM SYSTEM FOR IEEE 802.22 WRAN CHANNELS
825
TABLE III
MCS ACCORDING TO DATA RATES FOR THE IEEE 802.22 WRAN SYSTEMS
proposed scheme is a discreet combination of the Grassmannian beamforming, the antenna selection, the feedback period
extension, and the subcarrier grouping scheme by exploiting the
system configuration and the channel characteristic of the IEEE
802.22 WRAN systems. The end result is that the proposed
scheme achieves significant BER and spectral efficiency performance improvement over the open-loop STBC MIMOOFDM
systems, even considering the feedback burden of the proposed
scheme imposed on the spectral efficiency.
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