Math30-1 Workbook Two

Mathematics 30-1
Book Two
Trigonometry One
Trigonometry Two
Permutations and Combinations
A workbook and animated series by Barry Mabillard
Copyright 2014 | www.math30.ca
This page has been left blank for correct workbook printing.
Mathematics 30-1
Formula Sheet
Trigonometry I
The Unit Circle
Trigonometry II
Note: The unit circle is

NOT included on the
official formula sheet.
Transformations
& Operations
Exponential and
Permutations &
Logarithmic Functions Combinations
Polynomial, Radical
& Rational Functions
Curriculum Alignment
Math 30-1: Alberta | Northwest Territories | Nunavut
Pre-Calculus 12: British Columbia | Yukon
Pre-Calculus 30: Saskatchewan
Pre-Calculus 40S: Manitoba
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Mathematics 30-1
Table of Contents
Unit 1: Polynomial, Radical, and Rational Functions

Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Division
Polynomial Factoring
Radical Functions
Rational Functions I
Rational Functions II
Unit 2: Transformations and Operations

Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Basic Transformations
Combined Transformations
Inverses
Function Operations
Function Composition
Unit 3: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Lesson 1: Exponential Functions
Lesson 2: Laws of Logarithms
Lesson 3: Logarithmic Functions
Unit 4: Trigonometry I
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
7:45 (16 days)

1:38
1:29
1:13
0:52
1:00
1:33
(3
(3
(3
(2
(2
(3
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
4:38 (11 days)

0:57
0:50
0:42
0:48
1:21
(2
(2
(2
(2
(3
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
5:55 (12 days)

1:52 (4 days)
2:11 (4 days)
1:52 (4 days)
9:59 (17 days)
1: Degrees and Radians

2: The Unit Circle
3: Trigonometric Functions I
4: Trigonometric Functions II
Unit 5: Trigonometry II
2:22
2:15
2:24
1:58
(4
(4
(5
(4
days)
days)
days)
days)
7:05 (12 days)
Lesson 5: Trigonometric Equations

Lesson 6: Trigonometric Identities I
Lesson 7: Trigonometric Identities II
2:12 (4 days)
2:34 (4 days)
2:19 (4 days)
Unit 6: Permutations and Combinations
4:57 (10 days)
Lesson 1: Permutations
Lesson 2: Combinations
Lesson 3: The Binomial Theorem
Total Course
2:00 (4 days)
1:56 (4 days)
1:01 (2 days)
40:19 (78 days)
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7
=
210
180
6
Example 1
Trigonometry
LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians
Lesson Notes
Define each term or phrase and draw a sample angle.
Angle Definitions
a) angle in standard position:
Draw a standard
position angle, .
b) positive and negative angles:
Draw = 120
Draw = -120
c) reference angle:
Find the reference

angle of = 150.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
210
7
=
180 6
d) co-terminal angles:
Draw the first positive

co-terminal angle of 60.
e) principal angle:
Find the principal

angle of = 420.
f) general form of co-terminal angles:
Find the first four

positive co-terminal
angles of = 45.
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Find the first four

negative co-terminal
angles of = 45.
Trigonometry
7
=
210
180 6
Example 2
Lesson Notes
Three Angle Types:

Degrees, Radians, and Revolutions.
a) Define degrees, radians, and revolutions.
Angle Types
and Conversion
Multipliers
i) Degrees:
Draw = 1
ii) Radians:
Draw = 1 rad
iii) Revolutions:
Draw = 1 rev
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Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
7
=
180 6
b) Use conversion multipliers to answer the questions and fill in the reference chart.
Round all decimals to the nearest hundredth.
i) 23
Conversion Multiplier Reference Chart

degree
= ________ rad
radian
degree
ii) 23
radian
= _______ rev
revolution
iii) 2.6
= _______
iv) 2.6
= _______ rev
v) 0.75 rev
= _______
vi) 0.75 rev
= _______ rad
c) Contrast the decimal approximation of a radian with the exact value of a radian.
i) Decimal Approximation:
ii) Exact Value:
45
45
= ________ rad
= ________ rad
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revolution
Trigonometry
7
=
210
180 6
Example 3
Lesson Notes
Convert each angle to the requested form.

a) convert 175 to an approximate radian decimal.
b) convert 210 to an exact-value radian.
c) convert 120 to an exact-value revolution.
d) convert 2.5 to degrees.
e) convert
f) write
3
to degrees.
2
3
as an approximate radian decimal.
2
g) convert
to an exact-value revolution.
2
h) convert 0.5 rev to degrees.
i) convert 3 rev to radians.
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Angle Conversion
Practice
Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
Example 4
The diagram shows commonly used degrees.

Find exact-value radians that correspond to
each degree. When complete, memorize
the diagram.
7
=
180 6
Commonly Used
Degrees and Radians
a) Method One: Find all exact-value radians using a conversion multiplier.
b) Method Two: Use a shortcut. (Counting Radians)
90 =
= 120
60 =
= 135
45 =
= 150
30 =
0 =
360 =
= 180
= 210
330 =
= 225
= 240
315 =
300 =
= 270
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7
=
210
180 6
Example 5
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following angles in

standard position. State the reference angle.
a) 210
b) -260
c) 5.3
d) -
e)
5
4
12
7
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Reference Angles
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 6
Draw each of the following angles in standard

position. State the principal and reference angles.
a) 930
b) -855
c) 9
d) -
10
3
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210
7
=
180 6
Principal and
Reference Angles

7
=
210
180 6
Example 7
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
For each angle, find all co-terminal

angles within the stated domain.
Co-terminal Angles
a) 60, Domain: -360 < 1080
b) -495, Domain: -1080 < 720
c) 11.78, Domain: -2 < 4
d)
8
, Domain:
3
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13
37
<
2
5
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 8
a) 1893
c)
912
15
For each angle, use estimation to

find the principal angle.
b) -437.24
d)
95
6
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210
7
=
180 6
Principal Angle
of a Large Angle

7
=
210
180 6
Example 9
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Use the general form of co-terminal

angles to find the specified angle.
a) principal angle = 300

(find co-terminal angle
3 rotations counter-clockwise)
c) How many rotations are required

to find the principal angle of -4300?
State the principal angle.
General Form of
Co-terminal Angles
2
5
(find co-terminal angle 14 rotations clockwise)
b) principal angle =
d) How many rotations are required to find

32
the principal angle of
?
3
State the principal angle.
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Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
Example 10
7
=
180 6
Six Trigonometric Ratios
In addition to the three primary trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan), there are three
reciprocal ratios (csc, sec, and cot). Given a triangle with side lengths of x and y, and
a hypotenuse of length r, the six trigonometric ratios are as follows:
y
x
sin =
y
r
csc =
1
r
=
sin
y
cos =
x
r
sec =
1
r
=
cos
x
tan =
y
x
cot =
1
x
=
tan
y
a) If the point P(-5, 12) exists on the terminal arm of an angle in standard position, determine
the exact values of all six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and the standard
position angle.
b) If the point P(2, -3) exists on the terminal arm of an angle in standard position, determine
the exact values of all six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and the standard
position angle.
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Trigonometry
7
=
210
180 6
Example 11
Lesson Notes
Determine the sign of each

trigonometric ratio in each quadrant.
b) cos
a) sin
Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

c) tan
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
d) csc
-4
-4
e) sec
-4
-4
-4
f) cot
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
g) How do the quadrant signs of the reciprocal trigonometric ratios (csc, sec, and cot) compare
to the quadrant signs of the primary trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan)?
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Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
Example 12
Given the following conditions, find the quadrant(s)

where the angle could potentially exist.
7
=
180 6
What Quadrant(s)
is the Angle in?
a)
i) sin < 0
ii) cos > 0
iii) tan > 0
b)
i) sin > 0 and cos > 0
ii) sec > 0 and tan < 0
iii) csc < 0 and cot > 0
ii)
iii) sec > 0 and tan = 1
c)
1
i) sin < 0 and csc =
2
and csc < 0
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7
=
210
180 6
Example 13
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Given one trigonometric ratio, find the exact

Exact Values of
values of the other five trigonometric ratios.
Trigonometric Ratios
State the reference angle and the standard
position angle, to the nearest hundredth of a radian.
a)
b)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 14
210
7
=
180 6
Given one trigonometric ratio, find the exact

Exact Values of
values of the other five trigonometric ratios.
Trigonometric Ratios
State the reference angle and the standard
position angle, to the nearest hundredth of a degree.
a)
b)
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7
=
210
180 6
Example 15
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Calculator Concerns
Calculating with a calculator.
a) When you solve a trigonometric equation in your calculator, the answer you get for can
seem unexpected. Complete the following chart to learn how the calculator processes your
attempt to solve for .
If the angle could exist in
either quadrant ___ or ___ ...
The calculator always

picks quadrant
I or II
I or III
I or IV
II or III
II or IV
III or IV
b) Given the point P(-4, 3), Mark tries to find the reference angle using a sine ratio, Jordan tries to
find it using a cosine ratio, and Dylan tries to find it using a tangent ratio. Why does each person
get a different result from their calculator?
Marks Calculation
of (using sine)
P(-4, 3)
sin =
Jordans Calculation
of (using cosine)
3
5
= 36.87
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cos =
-4
5
= 143.13
Dylans Calculation
of (using tan)
tan =
3
-4
= -36.87
Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
7
=
180 6
Example 16
Arc Length
The formula for arc length is a = r, where a is the arc length,

is the central angle in radians, and r is the radius of the circle.
The radius and arc length must have the same units.
r
a
a) Derive the formula for arc length, a = r.
b) Solve for a, to the nearest hundredth.
(express your answer as a degree,
c) Solve for . to the nearest hundredth.)

6 cm
3 cm
5 cm
153
a
d) Solve for r, to the nearest hundredth.
e) Solve for n. (express your answer as an exact-value radian.)

5 cm
1.23 cm
6 cm
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7
=
210
180 6
Example 17
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Sector Area
Area of a circle sector.
a) Derive the formula for the area of a circle sector, A =
r2
.
2
r
In parts (b - e), find the area of each shaded region.

b)
c)
4 cm
3 cm
240
7
6
d)
e)
9 cm
2
3
120
60
6 cm
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3 cm
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
210
7
=
180 6
Example 18
The formula for angular speed is
, where (Greek: Omega)
is the angular speed, is the change in angle, and T is the

change in time. Calculate the requested quantity in each scenario.
a) A bicycle wheel makes 100 complete revolutions in 1 minute.

Calculate the angular speed in degrees per second.
b) A Ferris wheel rotates 1020 in 4.5 minutes. Calculate the angular speed in radians per second.
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7
=
210
180 6
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c) The moon orbits Earth once every 27 days. Calculate the angular speed in revolutions per second.
If the average distance from the Earth to the moon is 384 400 km, how far does the moon travel
in one second?
d) A cooling fan rotates with an angular speed of 4200 rpm. What is the speed in rps?
e) A bike is ridden at a speed of 20 km/h, and each wheel has a diameter of 68 cm. Calculate the
angular speed of one of the bicycle wheels and express the answer using revolutions per second.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
210
7
=
180 6
Example 19
A satellite orbiting Earth 340 km above the surface makes one
complete revolution every 90 minutes. The radius of Earth is
approximately 6370 km.
a) Calculate the angular speed of the satellite. Express your
answer as an exact value, in radians/second.
b) How many kilometres does the satellite travel in one minute? Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth of a kilometre.
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340 km
6370 km
(cos, sin)
Example 1
Trigonometry
LESSON TWO - The Unit Circle
Lesson Notes
Equation of
a Circle
Introduction to Circle Equations.
a) A circle centered at the origin can be represented by the relation x2 + y2 = r2,

where r is the radius of the circle. Draw each circle:
i) x2 + y2 = 4
ii) x2 + y2 = 49
10
-10
10
10
-10
-10
10
-10
b) A circle centered at the origin with a radius of 1 has the equation x2 + y2 = 1. This special circle
is called the unit circle. Draw the unit circle and determine if each point exists on the circumference
of the unit circle.
i) (0.6, 0.8)
-1
ii) (0.5, 0.5)
-1
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
c) Using the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1, find the unknown coordinate of each point.
Is there more than one unique answer?
i)
ii)
, quadrant II.
iii) (-1, y)
iv)
, cos > 0.
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Example 2
Lesson Notes
The Unit Circle.
The Unit Circle
The following diagram is called the unit circle. Commonly used angles are shown as radians,
and their exact-value coordinates are in brackets. Take a few moments to memorize this diagram.
When you are done, use the blank unit circle on the next page to practice drawing the unit
circle from memory.
questions on next page.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
(cos, sin)
a) What are some useful tips to memorize the unit circle?
b) Draw the unit circle from memory using a partially completed template.
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(cos, sin)
Example 3
b) cos 180
e) sin 0
f) cos
a) cos 420
e) sin
5
2
Lesson Notes
Use the unit circle to find the exact

value of each trigonometric ratio.
a) sin
6
Example 4
Trigonometry
c) cos
g) sin
3
4
4
3
Finding Primary Trigonometric

Ratios with the Unit Circle
d) sin
11
6
h) cos -120
Use the unit circle to find the exact value of each trigonometric ratio.
b) -cos 3
f) -sin
9
4
c) sin
13
6
g) cos2 (-840)
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d) cos
2
3
h) cos
7
3
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 5
Other Trigonometric Ratios
Other Trigonometric Ratios.
The unit circle contains values for cos and sin only.
The other four trigonometric ratios can be obtained
using the identities on the right.
sec =
1
cos
csc =
1
sin
Given angles from the first quadrant of the unit circle,

find the exact values of sec and csc.
tan =
sin
cos
cot =
1
cos
=
tan sin
a) sec
sec
=
2
sec
=
3
sec
=
4
sec
=
6
sec 0 =
b) csc
csc
=
2
csc
=
3
csc
=
4
csc
=
6
csc 0 =
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Example 6
Lesson Notes
Other Trigonometric Ratios
Other Trigonometric Ratios.
The unit circle contains values for cos and sin only.
The other four trigonometric ratios can be obtained
using the identities on the right.
sec =
1
cos
csc =
1
sin
Given angles from the first quadrant of the unit circle,

find the exact values of tan and cot.
tan =
sin
cos
cot =
1
cos
=
tan sin
a) tan
tan
=
2
tan
=
3
tan
=
4
tan
=
6
tan 0 =
b) cot
cot
=
2
cot
=
3
cot
=
4
cot
=
6
cot 0 =
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 7
Use symmetry to fill in quadrants II,

III, and IV for each unit circle.
a) sec
Symmetry of the Unit Circle
b) csc
sec
= undefined
2
sec
csc
=0
2
=
3
sec =
4
sec =
6
csc
sec 0 = 1
c) tan
=
3
csc =
4
csc =
6
csc 0 =
undefined
d) cot
tan
= undefined
2
tan
cot
=
3
tan = 1
4
tan =
6
tan 0 = 0
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=0
2
cot
=
3
cot = 1
4
cot =
6
cot 0 =
undefined
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Example 8
a) sec 120
e) tan
Lesson Notes
Find the exact value of

each trigonometric ratio.
Finding Reciprocal Trigonometric

Ratios with the Unit Circle
b) sec
3
2
c) csc
f) -tan
5
4
g) cot2(270)
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d) csc
3
4
h) cot
5
6
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 9

each trigonometric expression.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Evaluating Complex Expressions

with the Unit Circle
(cos, sin)
Example 10
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes

each trigonometric expression.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Evaluating Complex Expressions

with the Unit Circle
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 11
Find the exact value of each

trigonometric ratio.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Finding the Trigonometric Ratios

of Large Angles with the Unit Circle
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(cos, sin)
Example 12
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Verify each trigonometric statement with

a calculator. Note: Every question in this example
Evaluating Trigonometric
Ratios with a Calculator
has already been seen earlier in the lesson.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 13
Answer each of the following

questions related to the unit circle.
a) What is meant when you are asked to find
Coordinate Relationships
on the Unit Circle
on the unit circle?
b) Find one positive and one negative angle such that P() =
c) How does a half-rotation around the unit circle change the coordinates?
If = , find the coordinates of the point halfway around the unit circle.
6
d) How does a quarter-rotation around the unit circle change the coordinates?
2
If =
, find the coordinates of the point a quarter-revolution (clockwise) around the unit circle.
3
e) What are the coordinates of P(3)? Express coordinates to four decimal places.
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes

Example 14
Circumference and Arc

Length of the Unit Circle
a) What is the circumference of the unit circle?
b) How is the central angle of the unit circle related to its corresponding arc length?
c) If a point on the terminal arm rotates from P() = (1, 0) to P() =

what is the arc length?
d) What is the arc length from point A to point B on the unit circle?
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 15

Domain and Range

of the Unit Circle
a) Is sin = 2 possible? Explain, using the unit circle as a reference.
b) Which trigonometric ratios are restricted to a range of -1 y 1? Which trigonometric

ratios exist outside that range?
Range
cos & sin
csc & sec
tan & cot
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Number Line
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
c) If
Lesson Notes
exists on the unit circle, how can the unit circle be used to find cos?
How many values for cos are possible?
d) If
exists on the unit circle, how can the equation of the unit circle be used to find sin?
How many values for sin are possible?
e) If cos = 0, and 0 < , how many values for sin are possible?
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 16
Complete the following questions

related to the unit circle.
(cos, sin)
Unit Circle Proofs
a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to prove that the equation of the unit circle is x2 + y2 = 1.
b) Prove that the point where the terminal arm intersects the unit circle, P(), has
coordinates of (cos, sin).
c) If the point
exists on the terminal arm of a unit circle, find the exact values
of the six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and standard position angle to the nearest
hundredth of a degree.
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 17
In a video game, the graphic of a butterfly needs to be rotated. To make the
butterfly graphic rotate, the programmer uses the equations:
x = x cos - y sin
y = x sin + y cos
to transform each pixel of the graphic from its original coordinates, (x, y), to its
new coordinates, (x, y). Pixels may have positive or negative coordinates.
a) If a particular pixel with coordinates of (250, 100) is rotated by , what are the new
6
coordinates? Round coordinates to the nearest whole pixel.
5
b) If a particular pixel has the coordinates (640, 480) after a rotation of
, what were the
4
original coordinates? Round coordinates to the nearest whole pixel.
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
Example 18
From the observation deck of the Calgary Tower,

an observer has to tilt their head A down to see
point A, and B down to see point B.
a) Show that the height of the observation
x
deck is h =
.
cotA - cotB
A
B
b) If A =
, B =
, and x = 212.92 m, how high is the observation deck above the ground,
to the nearest metre?
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y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 1
Trigonometry
LESSON THREE - Trigonometric Functions I
Lesson Notes
Label all tick marks in the following grids and

state the coordinates of each point.
a)
Trigonometric
Coordinate Grids
y
5
-5
b)
y
20
-20
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
y = asinb( - c) + d
c)
12
-12
d)
y
40
-40
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 2
Lesson Notes
y = sin
Exploring the graph of y = sin.

y
a) Draw y = sin.
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
1
2
2
2
3
2
-1
b) State the amplitude.
c) State the period.
d) State the horizontal displacement (phase shift).
e) State the vertical displacement.
Unit Circle Reference
f) State the -intercepts. Write your answer using

a general form expression.
g) State the y-intercept.

h) State the domain and range.
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 3
y = cos
Exploring the graph of y = cos.

y
a) Draw y = cos.
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
1
2
2
2
3
2
-1
b) State the amplitude.


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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 4
Lesson Notes
y = tan
Exploring the graph of y = tan.

y
a) Draw y = tan.
1
3
3
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
3
3
-1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
-3
b) Is it correct to say a tangent graph has an amplitude?

tan

2
tan
=3
3
tan
= -1
4
5
tan
=6
tan = 0
tan
7
=
6
tan
tan
=
3
tan = 1
4
tan =
6
tan 0 = 0
tan
5
=1
4
4
tan
=
3
tan
tan
tan
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= undefined
2
7
= -1
4
5
=3
3
= undefined
2
11
=6
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 5
Graph each function over the domain 0 2.

The base graph is provided as a convenience.
a) y = 3sin
-5
-5
-5
1
sin
2
d) y =
The a Parameter
b) y = -2cos
c) y =
y = asinb( - c) + d
5
cos
2
-5
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y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 6
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Determine the trigonometric function

corresponding to each graph.
a) write a sine function.
b) write a sine function.
The a Parameter
28
-8
-28
c) write a cosine function.
d) write a cosine function.
(, 14 )
0
-1
-5
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 7

-5
-5
-5
1
sin + 2
2
d) y =
The d Parameter
b) y = cos + 4
a) y = sin - 2
c) y = -
y = asinb( - c) + d
1
1
cos 2
2
-5
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y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 8
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes

a) write a sine function.
b) write a cosine function.
35
-4
d) write a sine function.
32
-32
-35
The d Parameter
-4
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Graph each function over the stated domain.

Example 9
a) y = cos2
(0 2)
b) y = sin3
-1
-1
-1
1
d) y = sin
(0 6)
(0 2)
c) y = cos
The b Parameter
(0 10)
-1
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10
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes

Example 10
a) y = -sin(3)
Trigonometry
(-2 2)
b) y = 4cos2 + 6
The b Parameter
(-2 2)
12
-2
-2
-6
-1
c) y = 2cos
1
-1
2
-12
d) y = sin
(-2 2)
3
(0 6)
2
1
-2
-1
-2
-3
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 11
a) write a cosine function.

2
-2
b) write a cosine function.

4
12
-4
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y = asinb( - c) + d
The b Parameter
y = asinb( - c) + d
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c) write a sine function.
The b Parameter
-2

1
-1
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes

Example 12
(-4 4)
a)
(-4 4)
b)
-4
-2
-4
-2
-1
c)
(-2 2)
d)
(-2 2)
-1
-2
The c Parameter
-2
-1
-4
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 13
Lesson Notes

a)
b)
(-2 6)
1
-2
-1
c)
The c Parameter
-1
d)
(- 4)
(-2 2)
-2
-1
-2
-4
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 14


1
-1
6
-6
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y = asinb( - c) + d
The c Parameter
y = asinb( - c) + d
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c) write a sine function.
The c Parameter
-1
d) write a cosine function.

4
-8
-4
-4
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes

Example 15
a)
-5
-1
-3
d)
(0 2)
(0 2)
-5
c)
a, b, c, & d
b)
(0 6)
y = asinb( - c) + d
(0 2)
-6
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y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 16
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Write a trigonometric function for each graph.
a)
2
-2
-2
b)
12
-2
-12
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a, b, c, & d
Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 17
Exploring the graph of y = sec.
Graphing Reciprocal Functions
a) Draw y = sec.
3
2
2
2 3
3
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2 3
3
-1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
-2
-3
b) State the period.
c) State the domain and range.
d) Write the general equation of the asymptotes.
Unit Circle Reference (for sec)

sec
e) Given the graph of f() = cos, draw y =
1
.
f()
y
3
2
sec
= -2
3
3
sec
=4
5
sec
=6
= undefined
2
sec
=2
3
sec =
4
sec =
6
sec = -1
sec
sec 0 = 1
7
=6
5
sec
=4
4
sec
= -2
3
sec
sec
sec
sec
-3
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7
=
4
5
=2
3
3
= undefined
2
11
=
6
Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 18
Lesson Notes
Exploring the graph of y = csc.
a) Draw y = csc.
3
2
2
2 3
3
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2 3
3
-1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
-2
-3
e) Given the graph of f() = sin, draw y =
1
.
f()
y
3
Unit Circle Reference (for csc)

csc
=1
2
2
csc
=
3
3
csc
=
4
5
csc
=2
6
csc
=
3
csc =
4
csc = 2
6
csc =
undefined
0
csc
csc 0 =
undefined
7
= -2
6
5
csc
=4
4
csc
=3
-3
csc
csc
csc
csc
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3
= -1
2
11
= -2
6
7
=4
5
=3
Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 19
Exploring the graph of y = cot.
a) Draw y = cot.
1
3
3
11
6
7
4
3
2
5
3
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
3
3
-1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
-3
e) Given the graph of f() = tan, draw y =

y
3
1
.
f()
Unit Circle Reference (for cot)

cot
=0
2
2
cot
=3
3
cot
= -1
4
5
cot
=6
cot
=
3
cot = 1
4
cot =
6
cot =
undefined
0
cot
7
=
6
cot
-3
cot 0 =
undefined
cot
5
=1
4
4
cot
=
3
cot
cot
cot
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3
=0
2
11
=6
7
= -1
4
5
=3
y = asinb( - c) + d
Example 20
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes

State the new domain and range.
a)
b)
-3
d)
-3
y = csc
-3
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-3
y = sec
c)
Transformations of
Reciprocal Functions
y = sec
y = cot
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
y = asinb( - c) + d
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Trigonometry
h(t)
LESSON FOUR - Trigonometric Functions II
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
1
a)
b)
(0 < 3)
i) Graph:
180
-1
y = cos
(one cycle shown)
(0 < 540)
i) Graph:
-1
Trigonometric
Functions of Angles
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
360
540
y = cos
(one cycle shown)
-2
-2
ii) Graph this function using technology.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
2
a)
b)
i) Graph:
i) Graph:
15
Trigonometric Functions
of Real Numbers
Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers.
30
60 t
45
16
24
-1
-1
-2
-2
c) What are three differences between trigonometric functions of angles and trigonometric
functions of real numbers?
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
3
Determine the view window for each

function and sketch each graph.
a)
b)
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Graph Preperation
and View Windows
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
4
t
Determine the view window for each
function and sketch each graph.
a)
b)
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Graph Preperation
and View Windows
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
t
Example
Example17
5

10
16
-10
5
-4
16
-5
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Find the Trigonometric

Function of a Graph
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes

10
(8, 9)
25
(16, -3)
-10

300
(1425, 150)
2400
(300, -50)
-300
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
6
Answer the following questions:
a) If the transformation g() - 3 = f(2) is applied to the graph

of f() = sin, find the new range.
b) Find the range of
c) If the range of y = 3cos + d is [-4, k], determine the values of d and k.
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Assorted Questions
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
d) State the range of f() - 2 = msin(2) + n.
e) The graphs of f() and g() intersect at the points
and
If the amplitude of each graph is quadrupled, determine the new points of intersection.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
7
a) If the point
Assorted Questions
Answer the following questions:

lies on the graph of
b) Find the y-intercept of
, find the value of a.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
c) The graphs of f() and g() intersect at the

point (m, n). Find the value of f(m) + g(m).
(m, n)
g()
n
f()
m
d) The graph of f() = kcos is transformed to the graph

of g() = bcos by a vertical stretch about the x-axis.
If the point
exists on the graph of g(),
state the vertical stretch factor.
f()
g()
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3
2
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
8
The graph shows the height of a pendulum bob as a function of time. One cycle of a pendulum
consists of two swings - a right swing and a left swing.
h(t)
12 cm
8 cm
4 cm
ground level
0 cm
1s
2s
3s
4s
a) Write a function that describes the height of the pendulum bob as a function of time.
b) If the period of the pendulum is halved, how will this change the parameters in the function
you wrote in part (a)?
c) If the pendulum is lowered so its lowest point is 2 cm above the ground, how will this change
the parameters in the function you wrote in part (a)?
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example17
9
A wind turbine has blades that are 30 m long. An observer notes that one blade makes 12 complete
rotations (clockwise) every minute. The highest point of the blade during the rotation is 105 m.
a) Using Point A as the starting point of the graph, draw the height of the blade over two rotations.
h(t)
t
b) Write a function that corresponds to the graph.
c) Do we get a different graph if the wind turbine rotates counterclockwise?
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
10
A person is watching a helicopter ascend from a distance 150 m
away from the takeoff point.
a) Write a function, h(), that expresses the height as a
function of the angle of elevation. Assume the height of
the person is negligible.
h
150 m
b) Draw the graph, using an appropriate domain.
h()
c) Explain how the shape of the graph relates to the motion of the helicopter.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
11
A mass is attached to a spring 4 m above the ground and allowed to oscillate from its
equilibrium position. The lowest position of the mass is 2.8 m above the ground, and
it takes 1 s for one complete oscillation.
a) Draw the graph for two full oscillations of the mass.
h(t)
t
b) Write a sine function that gives the height of the mass
above the ground as a function of time.
c) Calculate the height of the mass after 1.2 seconds.

Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
d) In one oscillation, how many seconds is the mass lower than 3.2 m?
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
12
A Ferris wheel with a radius of 15 m rotates once every 100 seconds. Riders board the Ferris
wheel using a platform 1 m above the ground.
a) Draw the graph for two full rotations of the Ferris wheel.
h(t)
t
b) Write a cosine function that gives the height of the rider as a function of time.
c) Calculate the height of the rider after 1.6 rotations of the Ferris wheel.
d) In one rotation, how many seconds is the rider higher than 26 m?

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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
13
December 21
6h, 46m
t
The following table shows the number
of daylight hours in Grande Prairie.
March 21
12h, 17m
June 21
17h, 49m
September 21 December 21
12h, 17m
6h, 46m
a) Convert each date and time to a number that can be used for graphing.
Day Number December 21 =
March 21 =
June 21 =
September 21 =
December 21 =
Daylight Hours 6h, 46m =
12h, 17m =
17h, 49m =
12h, 17m =
12h, 46m =
b) Draw the graph for one complete cycle (winter solstice to winter solstice).
d(n)
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
c) Write a cosine function that relates the number of daylight hours, d, to the day number, n.
d) How many daylight hours are there on May 2? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
e) In one year, approximately how many days have more than 17 daylight hours?
Round your answer to the nearest day.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
14
The highest tides in the world occur between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
in the Bay of Fundy. Each day, there are two low tides and two high tides.
The chart below contains tidal height data that was collected over a
24-hour period.
Bay of
Fundy
Low Tide
2:12 AM
3.48
Note: Actual tides at the

Bay of Fundy are 6 hours
and 13 minutes apart due
to daily changes in the
position of the moon.
High Tide
8:12 AM
13.32
In this example, we will

use 6 hours for simplicity.
Low Tide
2:12 PM
3.48
High Tide
8:12 PM
13.32
Time
Decimal Hour
Height of Water (m)
a) Convert each time to a decimal hour.
b) Graph the height of the tide for one full cycle (low tide to low tide).
h(t)
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
c) Write a cosine function that relates the height of the water to the elapsed time.
d) What is the height of the water at 6:09 AM? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
e) For what percentage of the day is the height of the water greater than 11 m?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
15
A wooded region has an ecosystem that supports both owls and mice.
Owl and mice populations vary over time according to the equations:
Owl population:
Mouse population:
where O is the population of owls, M is the population of mice, and t is the time in years.
a) Graph the population of owls and mice over six years.
Population
Mice
16000
12000
8000
Owls
300
250
200
Time
(years)
b) Describe how the graph shows the relationship between owl and mouse populations.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
16
The angle of elevation between the 6:00 position
and the 12:00 position of a historical buildings
clock, as measured from an observer
.
standing on a hill, is
444
The observer also knows that he is standing
424 m away from the clock, and his eyes are
at the same height as the base of the clock.
The radius of the clock is the same as the
length of the minute hand.
444
If the height of the minute hands tip is

measured relative to the bottom of the
clock, what is the height of the tip at 5:08,
to the nearest tenth of a metre?
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424
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example
Example 17
17
Shane is on a Ferris wheel, and his height can be described
by the equation
Tim, a baseball player, can throw a baseball with a speed

of 20 m/s. If Tim throws a ball directly upwards,
the height can be determined by the equation
hball(t) = -4.905t2 + 20t + 1
If Tim throws the baseball 15 seconds after the ride begins,
when are Shane and the ball at the same height?
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Trigonometry
LESSON FIVE - Trigonometric Equations
Lesson Notes
Example 1
a)
c)
Find all angles in the domain 0 2

that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution.
b)
d) tan2 = 1
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Primary Ratios
Solving equations with
the unit circle.
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 2
a) sin

b) sin = -1
Primary Ratios
Solving equations
graphically with
intersection points
-1
-1
d) cos = 2
c) cos
-1
-2
-1
f) tan = undefined
e) tan
3
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 3

Primary Ratios
Solving equations with a
calculator. (degree mode)
a)
90
0
180
360
270
b)
90
0
180
360
270
c)
90
0
180
360
270
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy

the given equation.
Example 4
a) sin = 1
Intersection Point(s)
of Original Equation
-Intercepts
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
b) cos =
3
-Intercepts
-1
Primary Ratios
Solving equations
graphically with
-intercepts.
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 5
Solve
a) non-graphically, using the

cos-1 feature of a calculator.
Primary Ratios
0 2
b) non-graphically, using
the unit circle.
c) graphically, using the

point(s) of intersection.
d) graphically, using
-intercepts.
-1
Equations with
primary trig ratios
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 6
Solve sin = -0.30

sin-1 feature of a calculator.
Primary Ratios
R
the unit circle.

-intercepts.
-1
Equations with
primary trig ratios
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 7
Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that

satisfy the given equation.
a)
b)
c)
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Reciprocal Ratios
Solving equations with
the unit circle.
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 8
a)

b)
-1
-1
-2
-2
c)
Solving equations
graphically with
intersection points
d) sec = -1
-1
-1
-2
-2
e)
Reciprocal Ratios
f)
-1
-1
-2
-2
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 9

Write the general solution
Reciprocal Ratios
Solving equations with a
calculator. (degree mode)
90
a)
0
180
360
270
b)
90
0
180
360
270
c)
90
0
180
360
270
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 10
a)

-Intercepts
-1
b)
Reciprocal Ratios
Solving equations
graphically with
-intercepts.
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-Intercepts
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 11
Solve csc = -2

sin-1 feature of a calculator.
Reciprocal Ratios
0 2
the unit circle.

-intercepts.
-1
Equations with
reciprocal trig ratios
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 12
Solve sec = -2.3662

cos-1 feature of a calculator.
Reciprocal Ratios
0 360
the unit circle.

-intercepts.
-1
Equations with
reciprocal trig ratios
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 13

satisfy the given equation. Write the general solution.
a) cos - 1 = 0
b)
c) 3tan - 5 = 0
d) 4sec + 3 = 3sec + 1
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First-Degree
Trigonometric
Equations
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 14

a) 2sincos = cos
First-Degree
Trigonometric
Equations
b) 7sin = 4sin
Check the solution graphically.

1
-1
-1
c) sintan = sin
d) tan + costan = 0

1
-1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 15

a) sin2 = 1
Second-Degree
Trigonometric
Equations
b) 4cos2 - 3 = 0
-1
-1
c) 2cos2 = cos
d) tan4 - tan2 = 0

3

1
2
1
-1
-2
-3
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 16

Second-Degree
Trigonometric
Equations
a) 2sin2 - sin - 1 = 0

3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
b) csc2 - 3csc + 2 = 0

3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
c) 2sin3 - 5sin2 + 2sin = 0

3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 17
a)
Solve each trigonometric equation.

0 2
i) graphically:
ii) non-graphically:
-1
b)
0 2
i) graphically:
3
2
-1
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Double and
Triple Angles
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 18
a)
Solve each trigonometric equation.
0 4
i) graphically:
-1
b)
-1
0 8
i) graphically:
-1
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Half and
Quarter Angles
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 19
It takes the moon approximately 28 days to go through all of its phases.
New
Moon
First
Quarter
Full
Moon
Last
Quarter
New
Moon
a) Write a function, P(t), that expresses the visible percentage of the moon as a function of time.
Draw the graph.
Visible %
1.00
0.50
b) In one cycle, for how many days is 60% or more of the moons surface visible?
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14
21
28 t
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 20
Rotating Sprinkler
A rotating sprinkler is positioned 4 m away from the wall

of a house. The wall is 8 m long. As the sprinkler rotates,
the stream of water splashes the house d meters from point P.
Note: North of point P is a positive distance, and south of
point P is a negative distance.
E
S
d
a) Write a tangent function, d(), that expresses the distance

where the water splashes the wall as a function of the
rotation angle .
b) Graph the function for one complete rotation of the sprinkler. Draw only the portion of the
graph that actually corresponds to the wall being splashed.
d
8
4
-4
3
2
-8
c) If the water splashes the wall 2.0 m north of point P, what is the angle of rotation (in degrees)?
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 21
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Enrichment Example
When we solve a trigonometric equation like cosx = -1,

one possible way to write the solution is:
Students who plan on taking university

calculus should complete this example.
In this example, we will explore the inverse functions of sine and cosine to learn why taking an
inverse actually yields the solution.
a) When we draw the inverse of trigonometric graphs, it is helpful to use a grid that is labeled
with both radians and integers. Briefly explain how this is helpful.
y
3
2
2
-6
-5
-4
3
2
-3
-2
-1
3
2
2
-1
3
2
2 x
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
b) Draw the inverse function of each graph. State the domain and range of the original and
inverse graphs (after restricting the domain of the original so the inverse is a function).
y = sinx
y
3
2
-5
3
2
-4
-3
3
2
2
-1
-1
-2
3
2
-6
y = cosx
3
2
2 x
-6
-5
3
2
-4
-3
1
1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-4
3
2
-5
-6
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
c) Is there more than one way to restrict the domain of the original graph so the inverse
is a function? If there is, generalize the rule in a sentence.
d) Using the inverse graphs from part (b), evaluate each of the following:
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3
2
2 x
Trigonometry
LESSON SIX - Trigonometric Identities I
Lesson Notes
Example 1
Trigonometric
Identities
Understanding Trigonometric Identities.
a) Why are trigonometric identities considered to be a special type of

trigonometric equation?
A trigonometric
equation that IS
an identity:
A trigonometric
equation that is
NOT an identity:
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
b) Which of the following trigonometric equations are also trigonometric identities?

i)
ii)
-1
iii)
-1
-2
-2
-1
-3
-3
iv)
v)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
LESSON SIX- Trigonometric Identities I
Lesson Notes
Example 2
Pythagorean
Identities
The Pythagorean Identities.
a) Using the definition of the unit circle, derive the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1.
Why is sin2x + cos2x = 1 called a Pythagorean Identity?
b) Verify that sin2x + cos2x = 1 is an identity using i) x =
and ii) x =
c) Verify that sin2x + cos2x = 1 is an identity using a graphing calculator to draw the graph.
sin2x + cos2x = 1
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
d) Using the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, derive 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x.
e) Verify that 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x are identities for x =
f) Verify that 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x are identities graphically.
tan2x + 1 = sec2x
1 + cot2x = csc2x
3
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 3
a)
Prove that each trigonometric statement is

an identity. State the non-permissible values
of x so the identity is true.
Reciprocal Identities
NOTE: You will need to use a graphing calculator to

obtain the graphs in this lesson. Make sure the calculator
is in RADIAN mode, and use window settings that match
the grid provided in each example.
3
Rewrite the identity so it is absolutely true.
(i.e. Include restrictions on the variable)
2
1
-1
-2
-3
b)
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 4

Reciprocal Identities
a)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
b)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 5

Pythagorean Identities
a)
1
-1
b)
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c)
1
-1
d)
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 6

a)
1
-1
b)
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c)
2
d)
1
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 7

Common
Denominator
Proofs
a)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
b)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c)
Common
Denominator
Proofs
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
d)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 8

Common
Denominator
Proofs
a)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
b)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Common
Denominator
Proofs
c)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
d)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 9
Prove each identity.
For simplicity, ignore NPVs and graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted
Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 10
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted
Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 11
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted
Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 12
Exploring
a Proof
Exploring the proof of
a) Prove algebraically that
c) State the non-permissible values

for
.
for .
3
b) Verify that
d) Show graphically that

Are the graphs exactly the same?
1
y1 = sinx
-1
1
y2 = tanxcosx
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 13
Exploring
a Proof
for .
3
b) Verify that
c) State the non-permissible values
for
3
2
1
y1 =
-1
-2
-3
3
2
1
y2 =
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 14
Exploring
a Proof
for .
2
b) Verify that
.

c) State the the non-permissible values
for
3
2
1
y1 =
-1
-2
-3
3
2
1
y2 =
-1
-2
-3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 15
Solve each trigonometric equation

over the domain 0 x 2.
a)
Equations With Identities
b)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
c)
d)
4
2
-2
-4
-6
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 16

a)
b)
10
2
1
-1
-2
-3
-10
c)
d)
-1
-2
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 17

a)
b)
10
3
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-10
c)
d)
2
1
-1
-2
-3
-1
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 18
a) If the value of
b) If the value of
c) If cos =
Use the Pythagorean identities to

find the indicated value and draw
the corresponding triangle.
and Finding an Unknown
find the value of cosx within the same domain.
, find the value of secA within the same domain.
7
, and cot < 0, find the exact value of sin.
7
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 19
Trigonometric Substitution.
Trigonometric Substitution
a) Using the triangle to the right, show that

can be expressed as
Hint: Use the triangle to find a trigonometric expression equivalent to b.
b) Using the triangle to the right, show that

can be expressed as
Hint: Use the triangle to find a trigonometric expression equivalent to a.
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Trigonometry
LESSON SEVEN - Trigonometric Identities II
Lesson Notes
Example 1
a)
Evaluate each trigonometric

sum or difference.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
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Sum and Difference Identities
Trigonometry
LESSON SEVEN- Trigonometric Identities II
Lesson Notes
Example 2
Write each expression as a

single trigonometric ratio.
a)
b)
c)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 3

each expression.
a)
b)
c)
d) Given the exact values of cosine and sine for 15, fill in the blanks for the other angles.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 4
a)

each expression.
For simplicity, do not rationalize
the denominator.
b)
c)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 5
Double-Angle Identities
Double-angle identities.
a) Prove the double-angle sine identity, sin2x = 2sinxcosx.
b) Prove the double-angle cosine identity, cos2x = cos2x - sin2x.
c) The double-angle cosine identity, cos2x = cos2x - sin2x, can be expressed as cos2x = 1 - 2sin2x
or cos2x = 2cos2x - 1. Derive each identity.
d) Derive the double-angle tan identity,
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 6
Double-angle identities.
a) Evaluate each of the following expressions

using a double-angle identity.
b) Express each of the following expressions using a double-angle identity.
c) Write each of the following expression as a single trigonometric ratio using a double-angle identity.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 7
Prove each trigonometric identity.

Note: Variable restrictions may be
ignored for the proofs in this lesson.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 8
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 9
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 10
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 11
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 12
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 13
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Proofs
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 14

a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Equations
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 15

a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Equations
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 16

a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Equations
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 17

a)
b)
c)
d)
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Assorted Equations
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 18
Trigonometric identities and geometry.
a) Show that
b) If A = 32 and B = 89, what is the value of C?
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 19
Trigonometric identities and geometry.
Solve for x. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

x
57
176
104
B
A
153
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 20
If a cannon shoots a cannonball
degrees above the horizontal,
the horizontal distance traveled
by the cannonball before it hits
the ground can be found with the function:
d ( ) =
v i 2 sin cos
4.9
The initial velocity of the cannonball is 36 m/s.

a) Rewrite the function so it involves a single trigonometric identity.
b) Graph the function. Use the graph to describe the trajectory

of the cannonball at the following angles: 0, 45, and 90.
c) If the cannonball travels a horizontal distance of 100 m,

find the angle of the cannon. Solve graphically, and round
your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 21
An engineer is planning the construction of a road
through a tunnel. In one possible design, the width
of the road maximizes the area of a rectangle
inscribed within the cross-section of the tunnel.
The angle of elevation from the centre line of the
road to the upper corner of the rectangle is .
Sidewalks on either side of the road are included
in the design.
70 m
sidewalk
road width
sidewalk
a) If the area of the rectangle can be represented by

the function A() = msin2, what is the value of m?
c) For the angle that maximizes the area:

i) What is the width of the road?
ii) What is the height of the tallest
vehicle that will pass through the tunnel?
iii) What is the width of one of the sidewalks?
Express answers as exact values.
b) What angle maximizes the area

of the rectangular cross-section?
A
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 22
The improper placement of speakers for a home theater system may
result in a diminished sound quality at the primary viewing area.
This phenomenon occurs because sound waves interact with each other
in a process called interference. When two sound waves undergo
interference, they combine to form a resultant sound wave that has
an amplitude equal to the sum of the component sound wave amplitudes.
If the amplitude of the resultant wave is larger than the component
wave amplitudes, we say the component waves experienced constructive interference.
If the amplitude of the resultant wave is smaller than the component wave amplitudes,
we say the component waves experienced destructive interference.
a) Two sound waves are represented with f() and g().
i) Draw the graph of y = f() + g() and determine the resultant wave function.
ii) Is this constructive or destructive interference?
iii) Will the new sound be louder or quieter than the
original sound?
6
g() = 4cos
f() = 2cos
0
-6
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
b) A different set of sound waves are represented with m() and n().
i) Draw the graph of y = m() + n() and determine the resultant wave function.
ii) Is this constructive or destructive interference?
iii) Will the new sound be louder or quieter than the
original sound?
6
m() = 2cos
0
2
n() = 2cos( - )
-6
c) Two sound waves experience total destructive interference if the sum of their wave
functions is zero. Given p() = sin(3 - 3/4) and q() = sin(3 - 7/4), show that these
waves experience total destructive interference.
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 23
Even & Odd Identities
a) Explain what is meant by the terms even function and odd function.
b) Explain how the even & odd identities work.

(Reference the unit circle or trigonometric graphs in your answer.)
c) Prove the three even & odd identities algebraically.
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Even & Odd Identities
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 24
Proving the sum and

difference identities.
Enrichment Example
Students who plan on taking university
calculus should complete this example.
a) Explain how to construct the diagram shown.
C
F
b) Explain the next steps in the construction.

D
C
H
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
c) State the side lengths of all the triangles.
D
D
F
F
+
A
d) Prove the sum and difference identity for sine.
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n!
P
=
n r
(n - r)!
Example 1
LESSON ONE - Permutations
Lesson Notes
Permutations
Introduction to Permutations.
Three letters (A, B, and C) are taken from a set of letter tiles
and arranged to form words. In this question, ACB counts
as a word - even though its not an actual English word.
a) Use a tree diagram to find the number of unique words.
B
C
b) Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the number of unique words.
c) Use permutation notation to find the number of unique words. Evaluate using a calculator.
d) What is meant by the terms single-case permutation and multi-case permutation?
e) Use permutations to find the number of ways a one-, two-, or three-letter word can be formed.
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Lesson Notes
Example 2
a) 4!
e)
5!
3!
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Factorial
Notation
Evaluate each of the following factorial expressions.

b) 1!
f)
8!
7!2!
c) 0!
g)
n!
(n - 2)!
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d) (-2)!
h)
(n + 1)!
(n - 1)!
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 3
Lesson Notes
Permutations with
Repetitions NOT Allowed.
(Finite Sample Sets)
Single-Case
Permutations
Simple Permutations
a) A Grade 12 student is taking Biology, English, Math, and Physics in her first term.
If a student timetable has room for five courses (meaning the student has a spare),
how many ways can she schedule her courses?
i) Fundamental Counting Principle
One Possible Timetable
ii) Permutation Notation
Block
Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Block 4
Block 5
b) A singing competition has three rounds.

In each round, the singer has to perform
one song from a particular genre.
How many different ways can the performer
select the genres?
Course
Math 30-1
Spare
Physics 30
English 30-1
Biology 30
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Rock
Metal
Punk
Alternative
Pop
Dance
Country
Blues
Folk
c) A web development team of three members is to be formed from a selection pool of 10 people.
The team members will be assigned roles of programmer, graphic designer, and database analyst.
How many unique teams are possible? You can assume that each person in the selection pool
is capable of performing each task.
d) There are 13 letter tiles in a bag, and no letter is repeated. Using all of the letters from
the bag, a six-letter word, a five-letter word, and a two-letter word are made.
How many ways can this be done?
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Lesson Notes
Example 4
Permutations with
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Single-Case
Permutations
Repetitions NOT Allowed
a) How many ways can the letters in the word SEE be arranged?
i) Tree Diagram
ii) Fundamental Counting Principle
b) How many ways can the letters in the word MISSISSAUGA be arranged?
c) A multiple-choice test has 10 questions. Three questions have an answer of A, four questions
have an answer of B, one question has an answer of C, and two questions have an answer of D.
How many unique answer keys are possible?
B
d) How many pathways exist from point A to point B
if the only directions allowed are north and east?
A
e) How many ways can three cars (red, green, blue)
be parked in five parking stalls?
f) An electrical panel has five switches. How many ways can the switches
be positioned up or down if three switches must be up and two must be down?
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One possible
switch arrangement.
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 5
Lesson Notes
Permutations where
Repetitions ARE Allowed.
(Infinite Sample Sets)
Repetitions ARE Allowed
a) There are three switches on an electrical panel. How many unique

up/down sequences are there?
Single-Case
Permutations
One possible
switch arrangement.
b) How many two-letter words can be created using the letters A, B, C, and D?
c) A coat hanger has four knobs, and each knob can be painted any color. If six different
colors of paint are available, how many ways can the knobs be painted?
d) A phone number in British Columbia consists of one of four area codes (236, 250, 604, and 778),
followed by a 7-digit number that cannot begin with a 0 or 1.
How many unique phone numbers are there?
e) An identification code consists of any two letters followed by any three digits.
How many identification codes can be created?
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Lesson Notes
Example 6
Permutations with
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Constraints and
Line Formations
Six people (Andrew, Brenda, Cory, Danielle, Eliza, Frank) are going
to be seated in a line. How many unique lines can be formed if:
a) Frank must be seated in the third chair?
b) Brenda or Cory must be in the second chair, and Eliza must be in the third chair?
c) Danielle cant be at either end of the line?
d) men and women alternate positions, with a woman sitting in the first chair?
e) the line starts with the pattern man-man-woman?
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Single-Case
Permutations
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 7
Lesson Notes
Permutations with
Constraints
and Words
How many ways can you order the letters from the word TREES if:
a) a vowel must be at the beginning?
b) it must start with a consonant and end with a vowel?
c) the R must be in the middle?
d) it begins with exactly one E?
e) it ends with TR?
f) consonants and vowels alternate?
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Single-Case
Permutations

Lesson Notes
Example 8
Permutations with
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Objects ALWAYS Together
Single-Case
Permutations
a) How many ways can 3 chemistry books, 4 math books, and 5 physics books
be arranged if books on each subject must be kept together?
b) How many arrangements of the word ACTIVE are there if C&E must always be together?
c) How many arrangements of the word ACTIVE are there if C&E must always be together,
and in the order CE?
d) Six people (Andrew, Brenda, Cory, Danielle, Eliza, Frank) are going to be seated in a line.
How many unique lines can be formed if Cory, Danielle, and Frank must be seated together?
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n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 9
Lesson Notes
Permutations with
Objects NEVER Together
Single-Case
Permutations
a) How many ways can the letters in QUEST be arranged

if the vowels must never be together?
i) Use a shortcut that works for separating two items.
ii) Use a general method.
b) Eight cars (3 red, 3 blue, and 2 yellow) are to be parked in a line. How many unique lines can be
formed if the yellow cars must not be together? Assume that cars of each color are identical.
i) Use a shortcut that works for separating two items.
ii) Use a general method.
c) How many ways can the letters in READING be arranged if the vowels must never be together?
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Lesson Notes
Example 10
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
More Than One Case. (At Least/At Most)
Multi-Case
Permutations
a) How many words (with at most three letters) can be formed from the letter tiles SUNDAY?
b) How many words (with at least five letters) can be formed from the letter tiles SUNDAY?
c) How many 3-digit odd numbers greater than 600 can be formed using the
digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, if a number contains no repeating digits?
d) Six vehicles (3 different brands of cars and 3 different brands of trucks) are going to be parked
in a line. How many unique lines can be formed if the row starts with at least two trucks?
e) Six vehicles (3 different brands of cars and 3 different brands of trucks) are going to be parked
in a line. How many unique lines can be formed if trucks and cars alternate positions?
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n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 11
Lesson Notes
Permutation Formula:
Solve each of the following without using a calculator.
a) Evaluate 4P3
b) Evaluate 12P3
c) Write
5!
3!
as a permutation.
d) Write 3! as a permutation.
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P =
n r
n!
(n - r)!
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Lesson Notes
Example 12
a)
c)
n!
(n - 2)!
n!
10
= 5n
n-1 n-3
Equations with Factorials and Permutations.

b) (n + 2)! = 12n!
d)
(2n + 1)!
(2n - 1)!
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= 4n + 2
P =
n r
n!
(n - r)!
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Example 13
a) nP2 = 56
c)
P = 20
n+3 2
Lesson Notes
Equations with Factorials and Permutations.

b) 6Pr = 120
d)
P = 2n - 4P1
n-3 1
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P =
n r
n!
(n - r)!

Lesson Notes
n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 1
LESSON TWO - Combinations
Lesson Notes
Introduction to Combinations.
Combinations
There are four marbles on a table, and each marble is a different

color (red, green, blue, and yellow). Two marbles are selected from
the table at random and put in a bag.
a) Is the order of the marbles, or the order of their colors, important?
b) Use a tree diagram to find the number of unique color combinations for the two marbles.
c) Use combination notation to find the number of unique color combinations.
d) What is meant by the terms single-case combination and multi-case combination?
e) How many ways can three or four marbles be chosen?
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Lesson Notes
Example 2
Combinations with
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
Single-Case
Combinations
Sample Sets with NO Subdivisions
a) There are five toppings available for a pizza (mushrooms, onions, pineapple,
spinach, and tomatoes). If a pizza is ordered with three toppings, and no topping
may be repeated, how many different pizzas can be created?
b) A committee of 4 people is to be formed from a selection pool of 9 people.

How many possible committees can be formed?
c) How many 5-card hands can be made from a standard deck of 52 cards?
5
d) There are 9 dots randomly placed on a circle.

i) How many lines can be formed within the circle by connecting two dots?
ii) How many triangles can be formed within the circle?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 3
Lesson Notes
Combinations with
Sample Sets with Subdivisions
Single-Case
Combinations
a) How many 6-person committees can be formed from 11 men and 9 women
if 3 men and 3 women must be on the committee?
b) A crate of toy cars contains 10 working cars and 4 defective cars.

How many ways can 5 cars be selected if only 3 work?
c) From a deck of 52 cards, a 6-card hand is dealt. How many distinct hands are there if
the hand must contain 2 spades and 3 diamonds?
d) A bouquet contains four types of flowers:
Flower Type
Examples
Focal Flowers: Large and eye-catching flowers

that draw attention to one area of the bouquet.
Roses, Peonies, Hydrangeas,

Chrysanthemums, Tulips, and Lilies
Fragrant Flowers: Flowers that add a

pleasant fragrance to the bouquet.
Petunia, Daffodils, Daphnes,

Gardenia, Lilacs, Violets, Magnolias
Line Flowers: Tall and narrow flowers used to

establish the height of a floral bouquet.
Delphiniums, Snapdragons,
Bells of Ireland, Gladioli, and Liatris
Filler Flowers: Unobtrusive flowers

that give depth to the bouquet.
Daisies, Baby's Breath, Wax Flowers,

Solidago, and Caspia
A florist is making a bouquet that uses one type of focal flower, no fragrant flowers, three
types of line flowers and all of the filler flowers. How many different bouquets can be made?
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Lesson Notes
Example 4
Combinations with
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
More Sample Sets

with Subdivisions
Single-Case
Combinations
a) A committee of 5 people is to be formed from a selection pool of 12 people.

If Carmen must be on the committee, how many unique committees can be formed?
b) A committee of 6 people is to be formed from a selection pool of 11 people.

If Grant and Helen must be on the committee, but Aaron must not be on the committee,
how many unique committees can be formed?
c) Nine students are split into three equal-sized groups to work on a collaborative assignment.
How many ways can this be done? Does the sample set need to be subdivided in this question?
d) From a deck of 52 cards, a 5-card hand is dealt. How many distinct 5-card hands are there
if the ace of spades and two of diamonds must be in the hand?
e) A lottery ticket has 6 numbers from 1-49. Duplicate numbers are not allowed, and the order
of the numbers does not matter. How many different lottery tickets contain the numbers
12, 24 and 48, but exclude the numbers 30 and 40?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 5
Lesson Notes
Combinations with
Permutations and
Combinations Together
Single-Case
Combinations
a) How many five-letter words using letters from TRIANGLE can be made if
the five-letter word must have two vowels and three consonants?
b) There are 4 men and 5 women on a committee selection pool. A three-person committee
consisting of President, Vice-President, and Treasurer is being formed. How many ways can
exactly two men be on the committee?
c) A music teacher is organizing a concert for her students. If there are six piano students and
seven violin students, how many different concert programs are possible if four piano students
and three violin students perform in an alternating arrangement?
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Lesson Notes
Example 6
Combinations with
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
Handshakes, Teams,
and Shapes.
Single-Case
Combinations
a) Twelve people at a party shake hands once with everyone else in the room. How many
handshakes took place?
b) If each of the 8 teams in a league must play each other three times, how many games
will be played? (Note: This is a multi-case combination)
c) If there are 8 dots on a circle, how many quadrilaterals can be formed?
d) A polygon has 6 sides. How many diagonals can be formed?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 7
Lesson Notes
Combinations where Repetitions ARE Allowed.

(Infinite Sample Sets)
Single-Case
Combinations
a) A jar contains quarters, loonies, and toonies. If four coins are selected from the jar,
how many unique coin combinations are there?
b) A bag contains marbles with four different colors (red, green, blue, and yellow).
If three marbles are selected from the bag, how many unique color combinations are there?
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Lesson Notes
Example 8
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
More Than One Case (At Least/At Most).
Multi-Case
Combinations
a) A committee of 5 people is to be formed from a group of 4 men and 5 women.

How many committees can be formed if at least 3 women are on the committee?
b) From a deck of 52 cards, a 5-card hand is dealt. How many distinct hands can be formed
if there are at most 2 queens?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Lesson Notes
c) From a deck of 52 cards, a 5-card hand is dealt. How many distinct hands can be formed if
there is at least 1 red card?
d) A research team of 5 people is to be formed from 3 biologists, 5 chemists, 4 engineers,

and 2 programmers. How many teams have exactly one chemist and at least 2 engineers?
e) In how many ways can you choose one or more of 5 different candies?
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Lesson Notes
Example 9
Combination Formula.
n
a) Evaluate 7C5
b) Evaluate 3C3
c) Evaluate
d) Write
e) Write
6!
4!2!
5!
4!
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
as a combination.
as a combination.
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Cr =
n!
(n - r)!r!
n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 10
Lesson Notes
Solve for the unknown algebraically.
a) nC2 = 21
b) 4Cr = 6
c)
d)
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Cr =
n!
(n - r)!r!
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
Lesson Notes
Example 11
a)
c)
C
n 4
C
n-2 2
b)
=1
P =2
n-1 3
Solve for the unknown algebraically.
n-1
C2
d)
C
n r
C
n n-r
n+1
=1
C2 =
C
2 n+2 3
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Cr =
n!
(n - r)!r!
n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 12
Lesson Notes
Assorted Mix I
a) A six-character code has the pattern shown below,

and the same letter or digit may be used more than once.
How many unique codes can be created?
Letter
Digit
Digit
Digit
Digit
Assorted Mix I
STRATEGY: Organize your thoughts

with these guiding questions:
1) Permutation or Combination?
2) Single-Case or Multi-Case?
3) Are repetitions allowed?
4) What is the sample set?
Are there subdivisions?
5) Are there any tricks or shortcuts?
Letter
b) If there are 2 different parkas, 5 different scarves, and 4 different tuques, how many winter
outfits can be made if an outfit consists of one type of each garment?
c) If a 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards, how many hands have at most one diamond?
d) If there are three cars and four motorcycles, how many ways can the vehicles park in a line
such that cars and motorcycles alternate positions?
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Lesson Notes
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
e) Show that nCr =nCn - r.
f) There are nine people participating in a raffle. Three $50 gift cards from the same store are to
be given out as prizes. How many ways can the gift cards be awarded?
g) There are nine competitors in an Olympic event. How many ways can the bronze, silver,
and gold medals be awarded?
h) A stir-fry dish comes with a base of rice and the choice of five toppings: broccoli, carrots,
eggplant, mushrooms, and tofu. How many different stir-fry dishes can be prepared if the
customer can choose zero or more toppings?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 13
Lesson Notes
Assorted Mix II
Assorted Mix II
a) A set of tiles contains eight letters, A - H. If two of these sets are combined, how many
ways can all the tiles be arranged? Leave your answer as an exact value.
b) A pattern has five dots such that no three points are collinear.
How many lines can be drawn if each dot is connected to every other dot?
c) How many ways can the letters in CALGARY be arranged if L and G must be separated?
d) A five-person committee is to be formed from 11 people. If Ron and Sara must be included,
but Tracy must be excluded due to a conflict of interest, how many committees can be formed?
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Lesson Notes
e) Moving only south and east, how many unique pathways

connect points A and C?
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
A
B
C
f) How many ways can the letters in SASKATOON be arranged if the letters K and T must
be kept together, and in that order?
g) A 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards. How many hands are possible containing
at least three hearts?
h) A healthy snack contains an assortment of four vegetables. How many ways can one or more
of the vegetables be selected for eating?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 14
Lesson Notes
Assorted Mix III
Assorted Mix III
a) How many ways can the letters in EDMONTON be arranged if repetitions are not allowed?
b) A bookshelf has n fiction books and six non-fiction books. If there are 150 ways to choose two
books of each type, how many fiction books are on the bookshelf?
c) How many different pathways exist between points A and D?

B
D
C
d) How many numbers less than 60 can be made using only the digits 1, 5, and 8, if the numbers
formed may contain repeated digits?
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Lesson Notes
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
e) A particular college in Alberta has a list of approved pre-requisite courses:
Math
Science
English
Other
Math 30-1
or
Math 30-2
Biology 30
Chemistry 30
Physics 30
English 30-1
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Option E
Five courses are required for admission to the college. Math 30-1 (or Math 30-2) and English 30-1
are mandatory requirements, and at least one science course must be selected as well.
How many different ways could a student select five courses on their college application form?
f) How many ways can four bottles of different spices be arranged on a spice rack with holes
for six spice bottles?
g) If there are 8 rock songs and 9 pop songs available, how many unique playlists containing
3 rock songs and 2 pop songs are possible?
h) A hockey team roster contains 12 forwards, 6 defencemen, and 2 goalies. During play,
only six players are allowed on the ice - 3 forwards, 2 defencemen, and 1 goalie. How many
different ways can the active players be selected?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 15
Lesson Notes
Assorted Mix IV
Assorted Mix IV
a) A fruit mix contains blueberries, grapes, mango slices, pineapple slices, and strawberries.
If six pieces of fruit are selected from the fruit mix and put on a plate, how many ways can
this be done?
b) How many ways can six letter blocks be arranged in a pyramid, if all of the blocks are used?
A
B
D
C
E
c) If a 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards, how many hands have cards that are all the
same color?
d) If a 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards, how many hands have cards that are all the
same suit?
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Lesson Notes
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
e) A multiple choice test contains 5 questions, and each question has four possible responses.
How many different answer keys are possible?
f) How many diagonals are there in a pentagon?
g) How many ways can eight books, each covering a different subject, be arranged on a shelf
such that books on biology, history, or programming are never together?
h) If a 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards, how many hands have two pairs?
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n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Example 16
Lesson Notes
Assorted Mix V
Assorted Mix V
a) How many ways can six people be split into two equal-sized groups?
b) Show that 25! + 26! = 27 25!
c) Five different types of fruit and six different types of vegetables are available for a healthy
snack tray. The snack tray is to contain two fruits and three vegetables. How many different
snack trays can be made if blueberries or carrots must be served, but not both together?
d) In genetics, a codon is a sequence

of three letters that specifies a
particular amino acid. A fragment of
a particular protein yields the amino
acid sequence:
Amino Acid
Met - Gly - Ser - Arg - Cys - Gly.

How many unique codon arrangements
could yield this amino acid sequence?
Codon(s)
Arginine (Arg)
CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG
Cysteine (Cys)
UGU, UGC
Glycine (Gly)
GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG
Methionine (Met)
AUG
Serine (Ser)
UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC
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Lesson Notes
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
e) In a tournament, each player plays every other player twice. If there are 56 games, how many
people are in the tournament?
f) The discount shelf in a bookstore has a variety of books on computers, history, music, and travel.
The bookstore is running a promotion where any five books from the discount shelf can be purchased
for $20. How many ways can five books be purchased?
g) Show that nCr + nCr + 1 =
n+1
Cr + 1 .
Note: This question will require more paper than is provided on this page.
h) How many pathways are there from point A to point C,

passing through point B? Each step of the pathway must
be getting closer to point C.
B
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tk+1 = nCk(x)n-k(y)k
Example 1
LESSON THREE - The Binomial Theorem
Lesson Notes
Pascals Triangle
Pascals Triangle
1
Pascals Triangle is a number pattern with

useful applications in mathematics.
Each row is formed by adding together
adjacent numbers from the preceding row.
1
1
a) Determine the eighth row of Pascals Triangle.

1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
15
1
3
6
10
1
4
10
20
First seven rows

of Pascals Triangle.
1
5
15
1
6
b) Rewrite the first seven rows of Pascals

Triangle, but use combination notation
instead of numbers.
c) Using the triangles from parts (a & b) as a reference, explain what is meant by nCk = nCn - k.
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Lesson Notes
Example 2
Pascals Triangle
Rows and Terms of Pascals Triangle.
a) Given the following rows from Pascals Triangle, write the circled number as a combination.
i)
ii) 1
12
28
56
70
56
28
66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220
66
12
b) Use a combination to find the third term in row 22 of Pascals Triangle.
c) Which positions in the 12th row of Pascals Triangle have a value of 165?
d) Find the sum of the numbers in each of the first four rows of Pascals Triangle.
Use your result to derive a function, S(n), for the sum of all numbers in the nth row
of Pascals Triangle. What is the sum of all numbers in the eleventh row?
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Lesson Notes
Use Pascals Triangle to determine the number of

paths from point A to point B if east and south are
the only possible directions.
Example 3
a)
Pascals Triangle
and Pathways
b)
A
c)
d)
A
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Lesson Notes
Example 4
The Binomial Theorem.
The Binomial Theorem
a) Define the binomial theorem and explain how it is used to expand (x + 1)3.
Expand the expressions in parts (b) and (c) using the binomial theorem.
b) (x + 2)6
c) (2x - 3)4
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Example 5
Lesson Notes
Expand each expression.
a) (x2 - 2y)4
b)
c)
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The Binomial Theorem

Lesson Notes
Example 6
Write each expression as a binomial power.
a) x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
b) 32a5 - 240a4b + 720a3b2 - 1080a2b3 + 810ab4 - 243b5
c)
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Condense
to a Binomial
Example 7
Lesson Notes
Use the general term formula to find the

requested term in a binomial expansion.
a) Find the third term in the expansion of (x - 3)4 .
b) Find the fifth term in the expansion of (3a3 - 2b2)8 .
c) Find the fourth term in the expansion of x 2 - .

x
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General Term
tk + 1 = nCk(x)n - k(y)k

Lesson Notes
Example 8
Answer each of the following questions.
a) In the expansion of (5a - 2b)9, what is the coefficient

of the term containing a5 ?
b) In the expansion of (4a3 + 3b3)5, what is the coefficient

of the term containing b12 ?
c) In the expansion of (3a - 4)8, what is the middle term?
d) If there are 23 terms are in the expansion of (a - 2)3k-5,

what is the value of k?
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Finding Specific Values
Example 9
Lesson Notes
a) A term in the expansion of (ma - 4)5 is -5760a2. What is the value of m?
b) The term -1080a2b3 occurs in the expansion of (2a - 3b)n. What is the value of n?
c) A term in the expansion of (a + m)7 is
a
. What is the value of m.
b
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Lesson Notes
Example 10
a) In the expansion of
, what is the constant term?
b) In the expansion of
, what is the constant term?
c) In the expansion of
b , one of the terms is 240x2. What is the value of b?
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Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson One: Degrees and Radians
Note: For illustrative purposes,

all diagram angles will be in degrees.
Example 1:
a) The rotation angle
between the initial
arm and the terminal
arm is called the
standard position
angle.
b) An angle is positive
if we rotate the
terminal arm counterclockwise, and negative
if rotated clockwise.
c) The angle formed

between the terminal
arm and the x-axis is
called the reference
angle.
d) If the terminal arm

is rotated by a multiple
of 360 in either direction,
it will return to its original
position. These angles are
called co-terminal angles.
e) A principal
angle is an angle
that exists
between 0and
360.
420
120
f) The general form of

co-terminal angles is
c = p + n(360) using
degrees, or c = p + n(2)
using radians.
45,
405,
765,
1125,
1485
60
150
45,
-315,
-675,
-1035,
-1395
30
-120
Example 2:
Conversion Multiplier Reference Chart
iii. One revolution is defined

a) i. One degree is ii. One radian is the angle formed when
defined as 1/360th the terminal arm swipes out an arc that as 360, or 2pi. It is one complete
of a full rotation. has the same length as the terminal arm. rotation around a circle.
One radian is approximately 57.3.
degree
degree
57.3
revolution
c) i. 0.79 rad
Example 3: a) 3.05 rad b) 7/6 rad c) 1/3 rev d) 143.24 e) 270 f) 4.71 rad g) 1/4 rev
Example 4:
revolution
1 rev
180
360
1 rev
180
radian
b) i. 0.40 rad ii. 0.06 rev iii. 148.97 iv. 0.41 rev v. 270 vi. 4.71 rad
radian
360
1 rev
1 rev
ii. /4 rad
h) 180 i) 6 rad
Example 5:
90 =
a) r = 30
= 120
b) r = 80
c) r = 56
(or 0.98 rad)
60 =
= 135
d) r = 45
(or /4 rad)
-260
45 =
135
30 =
= 150
45
30
0 =
80
360 =
= 210
Example 6:
a) p = 210, r = 30
315 =
b) p = 225, r = 45
300 =
= 240
51
309
304
330 =
= 225
56
210
= 180
e) r = 51
(or 2/7 rad)
c) p = 156, r = 24
d) p = 120, r = 60
(or p = 2.72, r = 0.42)
(or p = 2/3, r = /3)

120
= 270
24
60
30
Example 7:
156
45
210
a) = 60, p = 60
b) = -495, p = 225
c = -300, 420, 780
c = -855, -135, 225, 585
225
Example 8:
a) p = 93
60
b) p = 148
c) p = 144
d) p = 330
(or 2.58 rad)
(or 4/5 rad)
(or 11/6 rad)
93
148
144
225
c) = 675, p = 315
c = -45, 315
(or c = -0.785, 5.50)
d) = 480, p = 120
c = -960, -600, -240, 120,
840, 1200
120
330
(or c = -16/3,
-10/3, -4/3,
2/3, 14/3,
20/3)
Example 9:
a) c = 1380
b) c = -138/5
315
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c) c = 20
d) c = 2/3
Answer Key
Example 10:
Example 11:
a) p = 112.62, r = 67.38
b) p = 303.69, r = 56.31
112.62
13
12
67.38
-5
56.31
-3
303.69
Example 12: a) i. QIII or QIV ii. QI or QIV iii. QI or QIII
b) i. QI ii. QIV iii. QIII
a) sin: QI: +, QII: +, QIII: -, QIV: b) cos: QI +, QII: -, QIII: -, QIV: +

c) tan: QI +, QII: -, QIII: +, QIV: d) csc: QI: +, QII: +, QIII: -, QIV: e) sec: QI +, QII: -, QIII: -, QIV: +
f) cot: QI +, QII: -, QIII: +, QIV: g) sin & csc share the same quadrant signs.
cos & sec share the same quadrant signs.
tan & cot share the same quadrant signs
c) i. none ii. QIII iii. QI
Example 13:
a) p = 202.62, r = 22.62
b) p = 154.62, r = 25.38
(or p = 3.54 rad, r = 0.39 rad)
(or p = 2.70 rad, r = 0.44 rad)
154.62
3
-12
-5
13
202.62
25.38
22.62
Example 14:
a) p = 323.13, r = 36.87
b) p = 326.31, r = 33.69
3
36.87
-3
33.69
323.13
-2
326.31
Example 15:
a)
If the angle could exist in

either quadrant ___ or ___ ...
The calculator always

picks quadrant
I or II
I or III
I or IV
II or III
II or IV
III or IV
I
I
I
II
IV
IV
b) Each answer is different because the calculator is unaware

of which quadrant the triangle is in. The calculator assumes
Marks triangle is in QI, Jordans triangle is in QII, and Dylans
triangle is in QIV.
Example 16:
Example 17:
Example 18:
Example 19:
a) The arc length

can be found by
multiplying the
circumference by
the sector
percentage.
This gives us:
a = 2r /2 = r.
b) 13.35 cm
c) 114.59
d) 2.46 cm
e) n = 7/6
a) The area of a
sector can be found
by multiplying the
area of the full circle
by the sector
percentage to get the
area of the sector.
This gives us:
a = r2 /2 = r2/2.
b) 28/3 cm2
c) 3 cm2
d) 81/2 cm2
e) 15 cm2
a) 600/s
b) 0.07 rad/s
c) 1.04 km
d) 70 rev/s
e) 2.60 rev/s
a) /2700 rad/s
b) 468.45 km
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Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Two: The Unit Circle
Example 1:
a) i.
c)
b) i. Yes ii. No
ii.
ii.
iii. y = 0
iv.
(0.6, 0.8)
10
10
i.
(0.5, 0.5)
-10
-10
10
10
Example 2: See Video.

Example 3: a)
d)
Example 4: a)
b) -1 c)
e) 0 f) 0 g)
d)
h)
e) -1 f)
b) 1
c)
g)
h)
Example 5:
a)
b)
Example 14:
a) C = 2 b) The central angle and arc length of
the unit circle are equal to each other.
c) a = 2/3 d) a = 7/6
Example 15:
a) The unit circle and the line y = 2
do not intersect, so it's impossible
for sin to equal 2.
b)
Number Line
Range
cos & sin
Example 6:
a)
b)
csc & sec
tan & cot
,
c)
-1
-1
-1
d) 53.13, 302.70
y=2
e)
Example 8:
a) -2 b) undefined c)
d)
e)
f) -1 g) 0 h)
Example 9:
Example 16:
a)
b) 1
c)
a) Inscribe a right triangle with side lengths

of |x|, |y|, and a hypotenuse of 1 into the
unit circle. We use absolute values because
technically, a triangle must have positive
side lengths. Plug these side lengths into
the Pythagorean Theorem to get x2 + y2 = 1.
b) Use basic trigonometric ratios (SOHCAHTOA)
to show that x = cos and y = sin.
c) p = 167.32, r = 12.68
d)
Example 10:
a) 1
b)
c)
d)
Example 11:
a) -1 b)
c) undefined d) undefined

Example 13:
a) P(/3) means "point coordinates at /3".
b)
d)
Example 17:
a) (167, 212) b) (-792, 113)
c)
e) P(3) = (-0.9900, 0.1411)
Example 18:
a) See Video b) 160 m
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1
|x|
|y|
Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Three: Trigonometric Functions I
Example 1:
a) (-5/6, 3), (-/6, -4), (7/6, 1)
b) (-3/4, -12), (/4, 16), (7/4, -8)
c) (-6, 8), (-2, -8), (4, -4)
Example 2: a) y = sin b) a = 1 c) P = 2
d) c = 0 e) d = 0 f) = n, nI g) (0, 0)
h) Domain: R, Range: -1 y 1
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
d) (-3, 10), (3/2, -30), (5/2, -20)
Example 3: a) y = cos b) a = 1 c) P = 2
d) c = 0 e) d = 0 f) = /2 + n, nI g) (0, 1)
h) Domain: R, Range: -1 y 1
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
3
2
-1
-1
Example 4: a) y = tan b) Tangent graphs do not have

an amplitude. c) P = d) c = 0 e) d = 0 f) = n, nI
g) (0, 0) h) Domain: R, /2 + n, nI, Range: y R
y
3
Example 5:
a)
3
3
b)
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
3
3
-1
3
-3
-5
Example 7:
-5
c)
a)
d)
Example 6:
-5
Example 8: a)
Example 9:
b)
a)
d)
-5
-5
-5
a)
c)
-5
-5
d)
c)
b)
-1
d)
-1
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-1
d)
c)
b)
c)
b)
-1
10
Answer Key
Example 10:
Example 13:
a)
b)
a)
b)
1
12
-2
-2
-2
-6
-1
-12
c)
-1
d)
-1
c)
d)
3
2
-2
-1
-2
-2
-1
-3
-1
Example 11:
a)
b)
Example 14:
d)
c)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 12:
a)
Example 15:
b)
1
a)
b)
4
-4
-2
-4
-2
-1
-1
c)
d)
1
-5
-1
c)
d)
2
-2
-2
5
-1
-4
-6
-5
Example 16:
a)
b)
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Answer Key
Example 17: a) y = sec b) P = 2
c) Domain: R, /2 + n, nI; Range: y -1, y 1
d) = /2 + n, nI
y
3
2
y
3
2
2 3
3
2
0
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
5
3
7
4
11
6
-1
2 3
3
-2
-3
-3
Example 18: a) y = csc b) P = 2

c) Domain: R, n, nI; Range: y -1, y 1
d) = n, nI
y
3
2
y
3
2
2 3
3
2
0
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
2 3
3
-1
2
-2
-3
-3
Example 19: a) y = cot b) P =

c) Domain: R, n, nI; Range: yR
d) = n, nI
y
3
1
3
3
11
6
7
4
5
3
3
2
4
3
5
4
7
6
5
6
3
4
2
3
3
3
-1
3
-3
-3
Example 20:
a)
-3
Domain: R, /2 + n, nI;
(or: R, /2 n, nW)
Range: y -1/2, y 1/2
d)
c)
b)
-3
-3
Domain: R, /4 + n/2, nI;

(or: R, /4 n/2, nW)
Range: y -1, y 1
Domain: R, /4 + n, nI;
(or: R, /4 n, nW)
Range: y -1, y 1
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-3
Domain: R, n(2), nI;

(or: R, n(2), nW)
Range: y R
Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Four: Trigonometric Functions II
Example 1:
Example 2:
a)
b)
a)
b)
540
360
180
15
30
45
60 t
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
Example 3:
Example 5:
a)
b)
a)
b)
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
y
75
c)
50
25
-225
-175
-200
-125
-150
-75
-100
-25
-50
25
75
50
125
100
175
150
225
200
275
d)
250
Example 6:
a)
b)
Example 4:
c)
a)
b)
d)
e)
y
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
y
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
120
-3
-2
-1
Example 7:
a)
1
b)
5 x
c)
d)
Example 8:
a)
b) The b-parameter is doubled

when the period is halved.
The a, c, and d parameters
remain the same.
c)
The d-parameter decreases

by 2 units, giving us d = 4.
All other parameters
remain unchanged.
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16
24
Answer Key
Example 9:
Example 13:
a)
a) Decimal daylight hours: 6.77 h, 12.28 h, 17.82 h, 12.28 h, 6.77 h
h(t)
105
b)
75
d(n)
2
c) d ( n ) = 5.525cos
( n + 11) + 12.295
365
24
45
20
12
10
e) 64 days
d) 15.86 h
16
b)
c) If the wind
turbine rotates
counterclockwise,
we still get the
same graph.
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Example 14:
a) Decimal hours past midnight: 2.20 h, 8.20 h, 14.20 h, 20.20 h
Example 10:
a)
b)
h()
h(t)
c)
16
d) 10.75 m
12
e) 32.3%
b)
c) The angle of elevation

increases quickly at first,
but slows down as the
helicopter reaches greater
heights. The angle never
actually reaches 90.
a)
12
16
20
24
b) See Video.
Population
16000
Example 11:
M(t)
12000
8000
300
h(t)
Owls
a)
Example 15:
Mice
90
5.2
O(t)
250
200
4.0
2.8
Time
(years)
b)
c) 2.86 m
d) 0.26 s
Example 16:
2.5 m
h(t)
3.0
(8, 2.5)
1.5
Example 12:
a)
h(t)
15
31
Example 17:
15.6 s and 18.3 s
16
45
60
45
60
h(t)
19
(18.3, 13.1)
0
b)
30
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
10
c) 28.14 m d) 26.78 s
(15.6, 10.5)
1
15
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30
Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Five: Trigonometric Equations
Note: n I for all general solutions.
Example 1:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 2:
a)
b)
c)
-1
-1
-1
d) no solution
e)
f)
2
1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-1
Example 3:
a)
b)
c)
90
150
30
180
45
150
30
30
90
90
0
360
180
30
30
360
45
45
180
0
360
210
225
270
270
270
Example 4:
a)
3
2
b)
Intersection point(s)
of original equation
-1
-intercepts
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
2
-1
3
2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
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-intercepts
Answer Key
Example 5:
a)
b)
c)
120
60
d)
3
60
-1
240
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
Example 6:
a) 197.46 and 342.54
b) 197.46 and 342.54
c) 197.46 and 342.54
The unit circle is not

useful for this question.
17.46
d) 197.46 and 342.54
17.46
197.46
342.54
-1
Example 7:
a)
-2
-2
-3
-3
b)
-1
c)
Example 8:
a) No Solution
b)
c)
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
d)
e)
f)
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
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Answer Key
Example 9:
a)
b)
c)
90
180
90
90
120
120
60
60
360
60
60
60
60
180
60
60
180
360
240
0
360
240
270
270
270
Example 10:
a) No Solution
b)
-intercepts
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-intercepts
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
Example 11:
a)
b)
c)
d)
3
3
1
30
210
30
330
-1
2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
Example 12:
a)
b)
115
The unit circle is not

useful for this question.
65
65
c)
d)
3
2
-1
245
-2
-1
-3
-2
-3
Example 13:
a)
b)
c)
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d)
Answer Key
Example 14:
a)
b)
c)
d)
-1
-1
-1
a)
b)
c)
d)
-1
Example 15:
2
1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-3
a)
b)
c)
-1
Example 16:
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
Example 17:
Example 18:
a)
1
b)
a)
b)
3
2
-1
-1
-1
Example 20: a)
b) Approximately 12 days.
b) See graph. c) 0.4636 rad (or 26.6)

d
4
2
0.50
0.4636
-4
0
14
21
28 t
Example 21: See Video
1.00
-1
Example 19: a)
Visible %
3
2
-8
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Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Six: Trigonometric Identities I
Example 1: a)
Identity
Equation
3
2
1
Not an Identity
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
v)
iv)
iii)
Not an Identity
-2
ii)
-1
b) i)
Identity
Identity
Not an Identity
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-3
Example 2:
b) Verify that the
L.S. = R.S. for
each angle.
a)
Use basic trigonometry
(SOHCAHTOA) to show
that x = cos and y = sin.
c) The graphs of y = sin2x + cos2x and y = 1 are the same.

1
-1
e) Verify that the

L.S. = R.S. for
each angle.
d) Divide both sides of

sin2x + cos2x = 1 by
sin2x to get 1 + cot2x = csc2x.
Divide both sides of
sin2x + cos2x = 1 by
cos2x to get tan2x + 1 = sec2x.
f) The graphs of y = 1 + cot2x

and y = csc2x are the same.
3
-1
Example 3:
a)
b)
-2
-2
-3
-3
a)
b)
-2
1
-1
-3
Example 4:
a)
3
3
2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-1
c)
2
-1
b)
-1
-1
Example 5:
-1
The graphs of y = tan2x + 1

and y = sec2x are the same.
d)
-1
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-1
Answer Key
Example 6:
a)
b)
-1
c)
d)
a)
b)
-1
1
2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
c)
d)
3
2
-1
-2
-1
-3
-2
-3
Example 8:
a)
b)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
c)
d)
3
2
-1
Example 7:
-1
-1
-2
-1
-3
-2
-3
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Answer Key
Example 12:
Example 13:
Example 14:
a) See Video
a) See Video
a) See Video
b)
b)
b)
c)
c)
c)
d)
d)
d)
The graphs
are NOT identical.
The R.S. has holes.
-1
-1
The graphs
are identical.
3
2
The graphs
are identical.
3
2
1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
Example 15:
a)
b)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
c)
d)
6
4
2
-2
-4
-1
-6
Example 16:
a)
b)
10
2
1
-1
Note: All terms from the original

equation were collected on the
left side before graphing.
-2
-3
-10
c)
d)
-1
-2
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Answer Key
Example 17:
a)
b)
10
Note: All terms from the

original equation were
collected on the left
side before graphing.
3
0
-3
-6
Note: All terms from the

original equation were
collected on the left
side before graphing.
-9
-10
-12
c)
d)
3
2
1
-1
-2
-1
-3
Example 18:
a)
b)
c)
-2
-3
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Answer Key
Trigonometry Lesson Seven: Trigonometric Identities II
Example 1:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Example 2:
a)
Example 3:
b)
a)
c)
Example 4:
a)
b)
c)
d) See Video

b)
c)
Example 20:
At 0, the cannonball hits

the ground as soon as it
leaves the cannon, so the
horizontal distance is 0 m.
a)
Example 6:
a) i.
f)
b)
ii. 0 iii. undefined
b) (answers may vary)
c) (answers may vary)
i.
i.
ii.
ii.
iii.
iii.
iv.
iv.
Examples 7 - 13: Proofs. See Video.

Example 14:
Example 15:
a)
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
d)
d)
d
132.2
At 45, the cannonball hits

the ground at the maximum
horizontal distance, 132.2 m.
90
180
270
360
At 90, the cannonball goes

straight up and down, landing
on the cannon at a horizontal
distance of 0 m
-132.2
c) = 24.6 and = 65.4

Example 21:
a)
b)
The maximum area occurs

when = 45. At this angle,
the rectangle is the top half
of a square.
A
4900
45
c) i.
90
ii.
iii.
Example 22:
Example 16:
Example 17:
a)
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
d)
d)
Example 18: 57
a) i.
y = f() + g()
6
b) i.
y = f() + g()
6
-6
ii. The waves experience

constructive interference.
iii. The new sound will be louder
than either original sound.
-6
ii. The waves experience

destructive interference.
iii. The new sound will be quieter
than either original sound.
c) All of the terms subtract out leaving y = 0,

Example 19: 92.9
A flat line indicating no wave activity.
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Answer Key
Lesson One: Permutations
Example 1:
a) Six words can be formed. b) 3 2 1 = 6 c) 3P3
d) See Video e) 3P1 + 3P2 + 3P3
Example 2: a) 24 b) 1 c) 1 d) (-2)! Does not exist.
e) 20 f) 4 g) n2 n h) n2 + n
Example 3: a) 120 b) 24 c) 720 d) 13!
Example 4: a) 3 b) 415800 c) 12600 d) 20 e) 60 f) 10
Example 5: a) 8 b) 16 c) 1296 d) 32 106 e) 676 000
Example 6: a) 120 b) 48 c) 480 d) 108
Example 7: a) 24 b) 18 c) 12 d) 18 e) 3 f) 6
Example 8: a) 103 680 b) 240 c) 120 d) 144
Example 9: a) 72 b) 420 c) 1440
Example 10: a) 156 b) 1440 c) 20 d) 144 e) 72
Example 11: a) 24 b) 1320 c) 5P2 d) 3P2 or 3P3
Example 12: a) n = 6 b) n = 2 c) n = 5 d) n = 1
Example 13: a) n = 8 b) r = 3 c) n = 2 d) n = 5

Lesson Two: Combinations
Example 1:a) The order of
the colors is not important.
b) 6 c) 4C2 d) See Video e) 4C3 + 4C4
Example 2: a) 10 b) 126 c) 2598960 d) 36; 84
Example 3: a) 13860 b) 720 c) 580008 d) 60
Example 4: a) 330 b) 70 c) 1680 d) 19600 e) 13244
Example 5: a) 3600 b) 180 c) 75600
Example 6: a) 66 b) 84 c) 70 d) 9
Example 7: a) 15 b) 20
Example 8: a) 81 b) 2594400 c) 2533180 d) 405 e) 31
Example 9: a) 21 b) 1 c) 6 d) 6C2 e) 5C1
Example 10: a) n = 7 b) 4C2 c) n = 5 d) n = 6
Example 11: a) n = 4 b) All n-values c) n = 4 d) n = 4
Example 12: a) 6760000 b) 40 c) 1645020 d) 144
e) See Video f) 84 g) 504 h) 32
Example 13: a) 16!/(2!)8 b) 10 c) 1800 d) 56
e) 120 f) 5040 g) 241098 h) 15
Example 14: a) 10080 b) 5 c) 8 d) 9
e) 92 f) 360 g) 241920 h) 6600
Example 15: a) 210 b) 720 c) 5148 d) 131560
e) 1024 f) 5 g) 14400 h) 123552
Example 16: a) 20 b) See Video c) 100 d) 1152
e) n = 8 f) 56 g) See Video h) 36

Lesson Three: The Binomial Theorem
Example 1:
a) The eighth row of Pascal's Triangle is: 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1.
b) See Video. Note that rows and term positions use a zero-based index.
c) There is symmetry in each row. For example, the second position of
the sixth row is equal to the second-last position of the same row.
Example 2:
a) 8C0; 12C10
b) 21C2 = 210
c) k = 3 and 8, so the fourth and ninth positions have a value of 165.
d) 1024
Example 3:
a) 20
b) 120
c) 66
d) 54
Example 4:
a) The binomial theorem states that a binomial power of
the form (x + y)n can be expanded into a series of terms
with the form nCkxn-kyk, where n is the exponent of
the binomial (and also the zero-based row of Pascal's Triangle),
and k is the zero-based term position.
b)
c)
Example 5:
a)
b)
c)
Example 6:
Example 7:
Example 8:
a)
a)
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
b)
d)
c)
Example 9:
Example 10:
a)
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
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Math30-1 Workbook Two

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Mathematics 30-1

A workbook and animated series by Barry Mabillard

Copyright 2014 | www.math30.ca

The Unit Circle

Note: The unit circle is

Unit 1: Polynomial, Radical, and Rational Functions

Unit 2: Transformations and Operations

Unit 3: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7:45 (16 days)

4:38 (11 days)

5:55 (12 days)

9:59 (17 days)

1: Degrees and Radians

7:05 (12 days)

Lesson 5: Trigonometric Equations

Unit 6: Permutations and Combinations

4:57 (10 days)

40:19 (78 days)

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Define each term or phrase and draw a sample angle.

a) angle in standard position:

b) positive and negative angles:

Find the reference

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Draw the first positive

Find the principal

f) general form of co-terminal angles:

Find the first four

Find the first four

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Three Angle Types:

a) Define degrees, radians, and revolutions.

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Conversion Multiplier Reference Chart

vi) 0.75 rev

ii) Exact Value:

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Convert each angle to the requested form.

a) convert 175 to an approximate radian decimal.

b) convert 210 to an exact-value radian.

c) convert 120 to an exact-value revolution.

d) convert 2.5 to degrees.

h) convert 0.5 rev to degrees.

i) convert 3 rev to radians.

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

The diagram shows commonly used degrees.

a) Method One: Find all exact-value radians using a conversion multiplier.

b) Method Two: Use a shortcut. (Counting Radians)

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Draw each of the following angles in

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Draw each of the following angles in standard

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

For each angle, find all co-terminal

a) 60, Domain: -360 < 1080

b) -495, Domain: -1080 < 720

c) 11.78, Domain: -2 < 4

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

For each angle, use estimation to

LESSON ONE - Degrees and Radians

Use the general form of co-terminal

a) principal angle = 300

c) How many rotations are required

d) How many rotations are required to find