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Abstract
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Acknowledgements
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Dedication (if included)

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Table of Contents
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Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................ii
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Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................ii
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List of Tables.............................................................................................................................ii
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Lecture No.1
The Binomial Probability distribution

The Binomial Probability Distribution

Definition: A binomial experiment is one that has these five characteristics:
1. The experiment consists of n identical results.
2. Each trial results in one of two outcomes: one outcome is called a success, S, and the other
a failure, F.
3. The probability of success on a single trial is equal to p and remains the same from trial to
trial. The probability of failure is equal to (1 - p) = q.
4. The trials are independent.
5. We are interested in x, the number of successes observed during the n trials, for x = 0, 1, 2,
, n.

Example 1
Suppose there are approximately 1,000,000 adults in a country and an unknown proportion p
favor term limits for politicians. A sample of 1000 adults will be chosen in such a way that
every one of the 1,000,000 adults has an equal chance of being selected, and each adult is
asked

whether

he

or

she

favors

term limits. (The ultimate objective of this survey is to estimate the unknown proportion p, a
problem that we will discuss in Chapter 8 ). Is this a binomial experiment?
Solution
Does the experiment have the five binomial characteristics?
1. A trial is the choice of a single adult from the 1,000,000 adults in the country. This
sample consists of n = 1000 identical trials.

2.

Since each adult will either favor or not favor term limits, there are two outcomes that
represent the successes and failures in the binomial experiment.
3. The probability of success, p, is the probability that an adult favors term limits.
Does this probability remain the same for each adult in the sample? For all
practical purposes, the answer is yes. For example, if 500,000 adults in the
population favor term limits, then the probability of a success when the first
adult is chosen is 500,000 / 1,000,000 = 1/ 2. When the second adult is chosen,
the probability p changes slightly, depending on the first choice. That is, there will
be either 499,999 or 500,000 successes left among the 999,999 adults. In either
case, p is still approximately equal to 1/ 2.
4. The independence of the trials is guaranteed because of the large group of adults
from which the sample is chosen. The probability of an adult favoring term limits
does not change depending on the response of previously chosen people.
5. The random variable x is the number of adults in the sample who favor term
limits.

Example No.2
A purchaser who has received a shipment consisting of 20 personal Computers, want to
sample 3 PCs to see whether they are in working order before accepting the shipment.
The nearest three Pcs are selected for testing and afterward are declared either defective
or non-defective unknown to the purchaser .Two of the PCs in the shipment of 20 are
defective. Is this a binomial experiment?
Solution:
Does the experiment have the five binomial characteristics?
1. n=3 is the identical
2. Each trial results in one of two outcomes i.e. pc is defective or non-defective i.e. S or F.
3. Probability of draw is a defective from 20 is 2/10.
4. The condition of indecencies between trials is not satisfied. For example, the first trial
results in a defective Pc, then there is only one defective left among 19 in the
shipment there p/ defective in the remaining PC is =1/19

Rule of thumb:
If the sample size is large relative to the population size, in particular, if

n
0.05 , then the
N

resulting experiment is not binomial.

There are two set.

Population set (utility of whole the observation)

Sample ( a subset of population)

Binomial probability distribution:

A binomial experiment consists of n identical trials with probability of success p on each trial.
The probability of k successes in n trials is
n

nk

p ( x=k )=C k p q

n!
k nk
p q for k=0,1,2 ; , 4
k ! ( nk ) !

=np , =npq

Example
Find

P( x=2) for a binomial random variable with n=10 and

Solution:

=np=10 ( 0.1 )=1

2

=n . p . q=10 ( 0.1 )( 0.9 ) =0.9

Population mean =
Sample mean x =

xi
where N represent the no . of element
N

xi
n

Population varience

( x i )
=

( x ix )
Sample varience S =
2

Where N=Number of elementsa population

p=0.1 .

n=number of element inasample