International Conference in UMRAH University Maritime Fisheries Compiled - Hal. 1-53

Lubis and Pujiyati.
Influence of Addition of Salt Levels Against Study of Bio-Acoustic Sound Stridulatory Movement Fish Guppy
(Poecilia reticulata), pp. 0107. The 1st International Conference on Maritime Development Proceeding. Tanjungpinang,
September 46, 2015
Influence of Addition of Salt Levels Against Study of Bio-Acoustic Sound

Stridulatory Movement Fish Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Muhammad Z. LUBIS1 and Sri PUJIYATI2
Student of Marine Sciences and Technology, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia
2
Lecturer of Marine Sciences and Technology, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia *Email :
lubiszainuddin@gmail.com
1
Abstract
Study of bio-acoustic learns about range of sound frequency from fish, intensity of sound amplitude,
sound fluctuation, and sound patterns of fish. Bio-acoustic is a multi-discipline science that combines
biology and acoustic science that usually refer to sound production research, sound dispersion through
the elastic medium, and sound reception in animal; include in Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). In this
research, salt level about 2 g/mol was added in the water/medium until the salinity is 30 ppm. Firsthighest sound intensity of Guppy fish is after added of salt level at 3th and 7th day, with the average
of sound intensity is -44 dB at 40-50 seconds of time range. This research shows that Guppy fish can
survive in salinity 30 ppm with sound intensity -48 dB and frequency 0-19.6 kHz.
Keywords: Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata), Salt level, Study of Bio-acoustic
1. Introduction
According to Subani and Barus (1989), the food is tuna fish, sardines, trevally, mackerel, and
lolosi. Tuna is very happy with a very prominent color in fish, thus bait alternatives should be made to
resemble the characteristics of the fish bait. The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is a small fish that have the
pregnancy in the short term. This fish gestation period ranges from 21-30 days (average 28 days),
depending on water temperature. The water temperature is most suitable for breeding is around 27 C (72
F). The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in the aquarium can reach a length of 6 cm, but in nature mostly only
grow to about 3 cm. This size is too small to prey on mosquito larva. When the fish is found to various
places in the archipelago, and may have been the most abundant fish in Java and Bali (Wirjoatmodjo,
1993). The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) males have a color pattern of the body and fins are very bright and
have a very economical price compared with other ornamental fish (Arfah 1997); (Suwarsito et al. 2003).
Pictures male parent fish Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) can be seen in Figure 1.
Study of Bio-acoustic studies voice frequency range, the intensity amplitude of the sound, the
sound fluctuations, and form sound patterns of fish. Bio-acoustic is a cross-disciplinary science that
combines biology and acoustics usually refers to a study on sound production, dispersion through elastic
media, and reception in animals, including humans. This involves neurophysiology and anatomy for the
production and detection of sound, as well as an acoustic signal relationship with the dispersion medium.
The findings in this area provide evidence for us about the evolution of the acoustic mechanism, and from
there, the evolution of animal use. On underwater acoustics and fisheries acoustics, this term also means
that the impact of plants and animals in the sound propagates under water, which is usually related to the
use of sonar technology for biomass estimation (Simmonds and MacLennan, 2005).
Sullivan (1994) summarized the findings of various researchers on the effects of temperature and
salinity on the distribution of fish, and discusses the role of the mechanism of central nervous system
receptors in the reaction temperature and salinity. He stated that the fish chose certain temperature and
salinity because the same effect on movement (activity) them, and concluded that changes in temperature
and salinity typically work on fish:
(1) As a nerve stimulus,
(2) Modifier metabolic processes, and /or,
(3) Modificated body activity
According to Simmonds and Maclennan (2005); Greene (1997), there are three groups of animals
that produce sounds with different characteristics of various types: (1) the type of crustaceans, especially
shrimp, (2) fish toleostei (fish vertebrates) which has a swim bladder, (3) mammals waters such as whales
and dolphins. Tilapia included in the group of bony fish back that can produce sound through the bubble
bathing. The sound is a form of communication among human beings produced voice grew stronger as
gathered like at mealtime. Lugli et al. (2003), stating the results of his research on fish Padogobius
martensii that emit sounds when interacting with the opposite sex that is generated by the swim bladder.
Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is a type of fish that is small, with attractive colors (Figure 1), this fish
while moving produce noise spectrum resulting from flapping fins (Stridulatory).
1
2015 Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Tanjungpinang, Indonesia.
Figure 1. Poecilia reticulata

Source: www.aquaticcommunity.com
2. Research purposes
The purpose of this study is to analyze the activities of the characteristic sound of fish guppy
(Poecilia reticulata) using Bio-acoustic, during acclimatization.
3. Research methods
The research activities carried out from April 16 until July 2013. The data collection activities
carried out in the laboratory of Marine Acoustics Instrumentation (AIK), which is housed in a water tank.
Data capture and recording activities undertaken during the two weeks from April 20 to May 4, 2013. The
data processing will be carried out in the laboratory of Marine Acoustics Instrumentation (AIK),
Department of Marine Science and Technology, FPIK, IPB. The tools used are the aquarium measuring
40 cm long, 30 cm wide and 30 cm high; aerator to assist in the circulation of oxygen in the aquarium;
refractometer to measure the salinity of the water; Dolphin EAR 100 hydrophones DE989505 serial
number which is a sound sensor; Wavelab dam MATLAB software is used to process the data; and a set
of computers that are used for the storage and processing of data directly recorded sound.
Materials used are 65 fish Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), which is an object to be observed, small
size with a length of 5 cm; fresh water as the medium of live fish in an aquarium; cardboard, and glue
as a material for making environmental noise damping layer; clear glass for observation manhole cover.
Figure 2 is a set of voice recording device, while Figure 3 is a flow diagram of the study.
Figure 2. A set of tools voice recorder: (a) hidrofone, (b) headphone,

(c) the power supply/battery, and (d) computer for data logging and data processing.
2
Figure 3. Research flow
4. Stages of Preparation
4.1.1. Preparation and Modification Aquarium
The measures undertaken in the preparation stage the aquarium is:
(1) Making the recorder wall noise, wall absorbers mounted at the bottom of the aquarium, the 4th side of
the aquarium, and the aquarium lid.
(2) Modify the aquarium lid; aquarium perforated lid 5 x 2 cm and fitted with glass for observation.
(3) The final stage of the design of the aquarium is to decorate aquariums, and therefore also included
pieces of pipe to the bottom of the aquarium. Lastly is the inclusion of water that has been added into
the aquarium salinity observations. Result of design modifications to the aquarium can be seen in the
illustration Figure 4.
Figure 4. Sketch recording (set up) the sound of fish guppy (Poecilia reticulata).
4.1.2. Addition Salt Levels In Fish

(1) Addition of salt levels every day i.e. after the fish had finished eating and salt levels will be increased
as much as 2gram/mole.
(2) Addition of salt levels held until the salinity of the water salinity reaches 30 ppm.
(3) Before entering salt water solution of 2 grams/mole there will be a reduction in the mass of water, as
much as the total water to be put into the aquarium.
4.1.3. Data retrieval Sound Fish

3
Sound recording fish done by using hydrophone then channeled to the amplifier, once that is done
by using a voice verification seaphone. The recording process using software Wavelab 6.01b. The result
data is stored in the form of voice recordings * .wav.
Target data to be retrieved for analysis ie 14 times observation. Data records are stored in the hard
disk for further analysis. Data recording is done whenever the addition of salt content. While also
conducted video observation to determine Fish Behaviour (TLI) using the camera.
5. Results and Discussion

Acclimatization is an attempt physiological adjustments or adaptations of an organism to a new
environment that will be entered (Hazarika 2003). Acclimatization process salt content in fish Guppy
conducted for 14 days to raise 2 g/mol per day. Measurable salinity is 30%. Initial acclimatization process
Guppy fish totaled 65 tails with an average weight of 1.1 grams and a total length of 2.5 cm. During the 8
days of observation (18%), the fish are able to adapt to its environment. But after day 8 fish there are
dying of 0.02% - 0.05%. In total until the end of the observation, the relatively smaller fish deaths,
namely nine tails (0.13%). Physical observations of fish in general during the acclimatization process fish
change color to red. According to Brett (1999), this is due to the metabolic system damaged in fish, and
things like this will cause the death of the fish. The factors that cause the effects of death, namely the
regulatory factor. Regulatory factors for each fish must be controlled, which is in the process of
metabolism of the fish. If the system is broken then the fish metabolism reddish color will arise in the
fish's body and over time will cause death. Total mortality in fish Guppy with salinity can be seen in
Table 1.
Table 1. Salinity with the amount of fish for 14 days
Days
Salinity (ppm)
The number of fish (tails)
to
Before
After
Life
Dead
1
2
4
65
0
2
4
6
65
0
3
6
8
65
0
4
8
10
65
0
5
10
12
65
0
6
12
14
65
0
7
14
16
65
0
8
16
18
65
0
9
18
20
64
1
10
20
22
61
3
11
22
24
60
1
12
24
26
58
2
13
26
28
57
1
14
28
30
56
1
From Table 1, shown greater mortality, ie on day 10 with a salinity of 20% before adding salt and
22% after the added salt. This is due to the reduced immune system of fish and fish decreased appetite.
According to Brett (1999), this is due to the metabolic system damaged in fish, which will cause the death
of the fish. The factors that cause the effects of death, namely regulatory factors. The number of fish that
live in salinities below 19% still have the same number, which is 65 fish. The final results at a salinity of
30% only 55 guppy fish that live, it is clear that Guppy fish are able to adapt to sea water conditions
according to the results of observations made in the waters of the Scout Island, Thousand Islands.
6. Interpretation Salinity Relationship With Intensity Range

The addition of salinity in an aquarium filled with fish Guppy leads to changes in the intensity and
spectrum of the sound very different. It is clear that there is a reaction that occurs in the movement of
fish, shortly after the addition of salt the fish will have a sound intensity lower than, before adding the salt
content in fish. After the addition of salt shows the results of a larger movement than before added salt,
this is due to the fish feel uncomfortable so that the movement of fish guppy faster than before adding salt
2 gram/mole. According to Lugli et al. (2003) Swim bladder of fish is part of the body that serves for
sound amplification. Some species of fish have a sonic muscle that put pressure on the swim bladder. This
happens because the swim bladder of fish guppy will work faster. Results after the addition of salt 2
grams/mole have a smaller range intensity than the intensity range before adding salt 2 gram / mol (Table
2).
4
Day
to
Salinity
()
Before
After
Table 2. Salinity with intensity range

Early intensity
intensity End (dB)
(dB)
Before
After
Before
After
Range
intensity
Before
After
-25.57
-29.76
-55.02
-53.79
29
24
-26.86
-55.79
-53.89
32
27
-23.77
-26.08
-24.34
-56.10
-48.36
30
24
10
-25.29
-23.29
-49.31
-44.34
24
21
10
12
-25.69
-21.26
-51.75
-42.44
26
21
12
14
-28.42
-20.35
-48.47
-38.41
20
18
14
16
-23.77
-24.31
-52.84
-51.41
29
27
16
18
-26.65
-25.36
-56.72
-53.43
30
28
18
20
-26.84
-25.58
-58.93
-55.66
32
30
10
20
22
-28.32
-26.87
-60.46
-56.91
32
30
11
22
24
-30.24
-29.23
-62.28
-59.27
32
30
12
24
26
-32.05
-31.42
-65.12
-62.55
33
31
13
26
28
-33.68
-30.49
-66.81
-61.58
33
31
14
28
30
-36.73
-34.62
-69.82
-65.71
33
31
Figure 5. Graph Relations Frequency-Intensity Before Day 1 In After Day 2 up to 5

Results from this study are sound data derived from software Wavelab (www.steinberg.net) in the
form of 3D graphics are exported in the form of .txt (viewable in appendix 4), and conducted anti logs
and processed using Matlab software (www.mathworks.com) so as to produce a graph of sound intensity
to frequency. The recorded frequencies are ranging from 0 to 19.6 kHz. Data shown on the graph is data
ping of 300 to 900. The following shows four graphs fish sound intensity difference by the number of
different (Figure 5).
Based on the graph in Figure 5, the intensity of the sound after the added salt fish on day 2 had a
higher intensity than the intensity after kadagar added salt on days 3, 4, and 5 with intensity values that is
-42.1 dB. The intensity value before adding salt at day 1 have a very low intensity values, compared to
the intensity values after adding salt. The value of the intensity before being added salt has an initial value
and the final value of -45.2 dB to -47.9 dB final value of the frequency is 19.6 kHz. The following graphs
show differences in sound intensity five fish with a different number. Intensity., Sound fish before on day
1 is shown by the graph in red dashed, After the addition of salt on day 6 is blue, having added salt in the
7th green, after the added salt on day 8 is black , and the latter after the addition of salt at day 9 are
yellow. The results shown in Figure 6.
5
Figure 6. Frequency-Intensity Graph Relations Prior Day 1 In After Day 6 Up to 9.

Based on the graph shown in Figure 6, it is clearly visible intensity value after the salt is added on
day 6 and to 8 have almost the same intensity so it looks like override the line generated by the MATLAB
figure. Intensity values on day 9 have the stability of the intensity with the period ranging from seconds to
14- 58 with the final value of the frequency is 19.6 kHz. While on day 7 after the addition of salt has a
very high intensity value is the initial value and the final value of -43.7 dB -46.8 dB.
The following graphs show differences in sound intensity six fish with a different number.
Intensity., Sound fish before on day 1 is shown by the graph in red dashed, After the addition of salt by
day 10, namely blue, having added salt on the 11th green, after the added salt on day 12 black, salt is
added after the 13th day is yellow, and the latter is after the salt added at day 14 magenta. The results
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Graph Relations Frequency-Intensity Before Day 1 In After Day 10 to 14.

Based on Figure 7, it is seen the intensity values before adding salt at day 1 is much different. The
intensity value before adding salt after salt is added on days 10,13, and 14 have almost the same value
with the initial intensity value of -48 dB and the final value is -48.5 dB. The intensity value before adding
salt at day 1 value at the beginning of -45.8 dB intensity intensity values but the end result has a value of 47.2 dB. While the value added salt to the intensity after 12 days seem to have the intensity values that
are in the middle. While the value of the intensity after day to 11 have the lowest intensity value with a
20-60 second period that the initial intensity value is -49 dB and the final value is -49.8 dB with a
frequency of 19.6 kHz that end. It is clearly seen that the guppy fish do very little movement, causing the
intensity of the sound of fish guppy has little value. According to (Syahroni 2012) the large number of
real berperangaruh fish with a value of intensity and frequency generated so that the value of the intensity
and frequency is proportional to the amount of fish, and according to (W. P. Sri Mahendra and 2012) fish
which have high productivity has a range of frequencies and intensities narrower, compared with fish that
have lower productivity and intensity with a frequency range wider. The guppy has a range of intensity
after the final value added salt which is a high intensity range, thus adding to the salt levels can cause fish
Guppy Guppy fish have a lower productivity than before adding salt.
6
7. Conclusion
The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are able to live and still able to emit sound spectrum for 14 days
Addition of salt content of 2 gram/mol up to day 14 with changes in salinity up to 30 ppm. Guppy fish
can survive in waters that are very vulnerable condition with death.
In general, fish decreased the intensity range after the addition of salt content. Range intensity, 29
dB up to 33 dB before the addition, and 24 up to 31 dB after the addition of salt levels, with a frequency
range from 0 to 19.6 kHz.
References
[1] Arfah, H. 1997. Efektivitas Hormon 17-Metiltestoteron dengan Metode Perendaman Induk
terhadap Nisbah Kelamin dan Fertilitas Keturunan pada Ikan Guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters).
[Tesis]. Program Studi Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 42 lembar.
[2] Brett, J. R. 1999. Environmental Factors and Growth. p. 599-675. In: W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall and
J. R Brett (editors), Fish Physiology. Vol. VIII, Academic
[3] Emberlin, J. C. 1983. Introduction to Ecology. Mac Donald and Evans. Estrover, Plymouth.
[4] Greene, P. L. 1997. Optimal Processing and Performance Evaluation of Passive Acoustic Sistems.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston.
[5] Lugli, M., Yan, H. Y., Fine, M. L. 2003. Acoustic communication in two freshwater gobies: the
relationship between ambient noise, hearing thresholds and sound spectrum. Journal of Comparative
Phisiology A, 189 : 309320.
[6] Pratt, Mary M. 1975. Better Angling With Simple Science: The White Friars Press. London.
[7] Popper, A.N. dan C.Plat. 1993. Inner Ear and Lateral Line P. 116 117. In David H. Evans. (ed).
The Physiology Of Fishes. CRC Press. Boca Raton.
[8] Simmonds J. & MacLennan D. (2005). Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice, second edition.
Blackwell.
[9] Subani W dan HR. Barus. 1989. Alat Penangkap Ikan Dan Udang Laut Di Indonesia (Fishing Gears
for marine Fish and Shrimp in Indonesia). No.50 Tahun 1998/1989. Edisi khusus. JPPL. Balai
Penelitian Perikanan Laut. Badan Penilitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Departemen Pertanian.
Jakarta. 248 pages.
[10] Sullivan, H. S. (1994). The psychiatric interview. New York: Norton.
[11] Syahroni. 2012. Perekaman dan Analisis Spektrum Suara Ikan Nila [skripsi]. Fakultas Perikanan dan
Ilmu Kelautan IPB Bogor. 30 sheets.
[12] W. Mahendra I ., Pujiyati, Sri. 2012. Spionase bawah air, 104 inovasi Indonesia prospektif 2012.
BIC, Bogor.
[13] Winn, H.E. 1972. Acoustic Discrimination By The Road FishWith Comments On Signal System. P
361 381. In Howard E. Winn. Dan Bori J. Olla. (ed) Behavior Of Marine Animals Vol 2:
Vertebrates. Plenum Press. New York.
[14] www.aquahobby.com/gallery/e_Fancy_Guppy_Poecilia_reticulata.php (retrieved on November 14,
2013)
[15] www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?id=3228 (retrieved on November 14, 2013)
[16] www.mathworks.com (accessed on Mei 12, 2013)
[17]
www.steinberg.net (accessed on Mei 12, 2013)
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Hidir. Poverty Alleviation Model of Laut Tribe in Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province, pp. 0819. The 1st International
Conference on Maritime Development Proceeding. Tanjungpinang, September 46, 2015
Poverty Alleviation Model of Laut Tribe in Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau

Province
Achmad, HIDIR
Riau University, Indonesia
email: achmad.hidir@lecturer.unri.ac.id
Abstract
The life of fisherman is always synonymous with poverty. There are many causes of poverty in the
life of fisherman, such as, the lack of access to capital sources, access to technology, access to market
and low participation of the community in the management of natural resources. Social stratification
and capital penetration among fishermen also cause poverty and conflict potential among them
becomes more complicated. This study analyses interrelation pattern among fishermen in the context
of social stratification and identifies adaptation strategies of traditional fishermen in dealing with
problem of fish catching and surviving in the middle of environmental change in their region. The
objective of this study is to formulate the right pattern to eliminate conflict potential among level of
fishermen and to recommend the right poverty alleviation model to develop in their region. This study
uses mixing method approach by combining descriptive quantitative approach and qualitative
approach as well as participatory approach. The target of this study is laut tribe fishermen in
Panglima Raja village (Concong luar), community figures, village government officer and sub district
government officer in Indragiri Hilir regency. Collected data will be analyzed with interactive
analysis model. Research result shows that the low selling value and catching result of fishermen are
caused by the limit of technology and high cost fare that make traditional fishermen are still
struggling with poverty. The low human resources quality of traditional fishermen has implication to
all sides of fishermens life especially adaptation ability to the changes in aquatic ecosystems.
Therefore, the efforts of community empowerment through education actualization, allignments on
marginal fishermen communities and government commitment need to get attention.
Keywords: fishermen, poverty, traditional
1. Introduction
Riau province is known as one of provinces which has good and complete natural resources. Riau
province also has wide forest and plantation areas as well as sea area which absorb many people to work
as fishermen. Therefore, each natural resources in this province has similarity and has different pronlem.
Between the similarity is that Riau people who work in forestry, plantation and fishery still struggling
with poverty.
Sea area in Riau is included into area of Malacca strait which is known as place which has many
problems. One of the sea areas is located in Indragiri Hilir regency. This regency is located in the east
coast of Sumatera island. Becase of the position, one side of sea area in Indragiri Hilir is potential to be
developed, however on the other side there are many problems on it.
Problem that arise from fishery condition in this regency is the low quality of human resources
who works in marine sector, especially caused by poverty and very contrast social gap among modern
fishermen, traditional fishermen and fishermen laborer. Stratification pattern among fishermen absolutely
affected good social relationship in form of cooperation and competition among them.
Furthermore, if it seen from the classification of fishingcommunities, basically, social
classification can be seen from several point of view:
1. From authorization side of production tools or fishing tools (boat, nets and other tools), fishermen
community structure is divided into fishermen who own production tools category and fishermen
laborers. Fishermen laborers do not have production tools. In one production activity, fishermen
laborer only donate their services and get very limited rights. In farming community, fishermen
laborers are similar to farming laborers.
2. From business capital investation scale side, fishermen community structure is divided into big
fishermen and small fishermen categories. It is called big fishermen because the number of
invested capital in fishery business is a relatively large amount, while small fishermen are the
opposite.
3. From technology level of fishing tools that are used side, fishermen community is divided into
modern fishermen and traditional fishermen categories. Modern fishermen use more sophisticated
tools technology compared to traditional fiehermen who only use simple tools.
8
The number of modern fishermen is less than traditional fishermen. These traditional fishermen
especially in Concong sub district, generally are from laut tribe. Those differences bring implications in
their income level and their social economy ability as small and or traditional fishermen, usually each of
them included into the same social economy category, with different business orientation and attitude.
Nevertheless, in fact each categorization of those fishermen in using sea resources has the same
point of view. They still adhere to the old paradigm. Sea is still considered as common property, that is
why everyone can use it (open access). This paradigm in the community makes many fishermen exploit
resources uncontrolled so there are theft and conflict among them. This conflict enables the existence of
exploitation between them, especially strong fishermen to weak fishermen.
That is why fishermens lives are always identical with poverty. There are many causes of poverty
in fishermen community, such as lack of access to capital resources, access to technology, access to
market and low participation of community in managing natural resources. Because of low quality of
human resources, generally fishermen cannot sell their fishing product in form of thing that has economic
value. They generally sell fishing product in form of raw material whivch has low economic value.
Consequently, they have very low margin.
Besides factors that have been mentioned above, there is also social stratification among fishermen
who also cause poverty and conflict potential among them become more complicated. In other word,
there are structural poverty pattern and exploitative from big fishermen to small fishermen. To reveal that,
this study is important to be done.
This study frames fishermen poverty problem in frame of social stratification by taking the setting
in Indragiri hilir regency. Indragiri Hilir regency as fishermen area, has characteristic which is not much
different from the fishermen condition in other region. But so far, it has not been revealed much about
social stratification phenomenon that cause their poverty. To fulfill the emptiness above, this research is
done to reveal the pattern of stratification, penetration and conflict among them. It is expected that this
study can give benefit in form of development and improvement of marine fisheries sector to realize Riau
people who are prosperous and to eliminate inherent conflict potential between social level of fishermen
for future anticipation as concrete way to know problem potential that exist.
2. Methods
This research uses mixing method approach by combining descriptive quantitative and qualitative
also participatory approach. Descriptive quantitative approach is based on field study by using frequency
table and cross table which describe the condition of existing area and existing fishermen life. This
approach is used to analyze theoritical aspects that support the searching and finding of fishermen poverty
alleviation model. Except that, this approach is also used to analyze the structure of village people and
regulation concerning with it. Qualitative approach is to understand their urgency in environmental
changes and penetration in their areas.
The next is, participatory approach or can be called Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PRA
method is operated by involving people to participate in assessing, recognizing and understanding
something that is needed fast and together in making assesment and finding solution for encountered
problems.
PRA method is meant to improve mutual learning in understanding the condition of community
itself so there is same and synergies perspective. The design of fishermen empowerment and poverty
alleviation program in using this approach is more based on joint findings by the research subjects in the
field about potential, support and obstaacle that they meet in actualizing their own condition. This
approach is considered more empirical because it is based on potential of social political, economy and
culture of concerned community. Those four principles are participation, openness, direct involvement
and joint evaluation.
This research is done in Indragiri hilir regency on Concong sub district. The location determination
is based on the fact that in this sub district there is problem complication of fishermen poverty and there is
origin people, laut tribe. The target of this research is laut tribe fishermen in panglima raja village
(Concong Luar), community figures, village government officer and sub district government officer in
Indragiri Hilir regency. Technique of analyzing data that is used in this research is by using interactive
analysis model. In this analysis model, there are three components, they are data reduction, data
representation, and conclusion (Miles and Huberman, 1992).
9
3. Results
There is a tale about the fate of fishermen is not proportional with their hardworks. The
powerlessness of fishermen has been clasic phenomenon during the history of Indonesia. From old orde
period, new orde period until reformation era, the existence of fishermen is still marginalized. The
fishermen are unceratin in poverty syndrome. Even in many areas, a big number of fishermen are in debt
because difficulties in flfilling their life needs. The persistence of fishermen that struggle for their
families makes them strong personal figure. The spirit of their persistence is not comparable with their
life that is until now is still in situation and condition of concern. If there are some of them who life in
prosperous conditon, the number is very less than the number of fishermen who lives under poverty line.
3.1. Social Economy Structure of Laut Tribe

In every community there will be something that is appreciated, something that is appreciated is an
embrio for the existence of social stratification in the community. Systematic definition about social
stratification is stated by Pitirim A. Sorokin. He stated that social stratification is differentiator of people
or society into classes hierarchically. The manifestation is the existence of stratification in the society,
there is high stratification and stratifications below it. Each stratification is called social stratification., P.
J. Bouman used term of kevel or in dutch is called stand, it is human faction that is marked with a way of
life in awareness of some certain special rights and according to social prestige. The term of stand is also
used by Max weber.
Likewise with laut tribe in Panglima raja village which can be divided according to stratification
based on the ownership of fishing transportation, where people of laut tribe who are in the high
stratification is for those who have popmpong boat (small troll), middle stratification is for fishermen who
have motor boats and low stratification is for fishermen who do not have fishing transportation (fishermen
laborers).
Table 1
The Number of Laut Tribe Households Based on Social Economy Stratification in Panglima Raja
Village
No
Level/stratification
Number of
Percentage
Note
Household
1
High
3
0,81
Has small troll
2
Middle
185
49, 05
Has motor boat
3
Low
181
50, 14
Laborers
Total
369
100, 00
Source: 2012 Panglima Raja Village Secretary
Based on social stratification indicator and data in the table, then most of the households of laut
tribe are in the middle stratification with the indicator is the ownership of fishing transportation, motor
boats. The price of motor boats in laut tribe according to the explanation of Panglima Raja village head
is about 9-10 million rupiah. Then from 185 hoiseholds which have motorboats can be divided as in the
table below.
Table 2. The Purchasing Source of Motorboats Owner
Purchasing source
Number
Percentage
Government aid
6
3, 24
Own fund
31
16, 76
Owe it from toke
148
80, 00
Total
185
100, 00
Source: Village office, 2013
From the fact in the table, it can be seen that most purchasing source to get fishing transportation
for laut tribe fishermen is from owing to tauke (broker) in the Panglima Raja village especially in
Concong Luar village. In the debts relationship between laut tribe people and tauke, laut tribe
people have some obligations:
1. They have to sell the fishing catch to tauke, and if they do not sell it to tauke and sell it to
another broker usually they are considered DISHONEST by the member of the community and
it is considered act that violating norm. They believe that people who violate the norm will get
punishment from God. That is why very rarely people who sell fishing catch to other people.
No
1
2
3
10
2. For :laut tribe people who owe to tauke will get cheaper price than laut tribe peope who do
not have debt. For example, price gab for grade A shrimp is between IDR. 4000,- to IDR. 5000,per shrimp and price gab for scallop is between IDR. 500,- to IDR. 1000,- per kilograms.
3. Besides selling fishing catch with differen price from non-debt fishermen, they have to pay their
debts to tauke
Most of laut tribe people who have debt to tauke do not have record of their debts and how
much money that they have paid. They really trust tauke about the rest of the debts and the amount of
installment. They also considered that getting debt from tauke is a help and it is a generousity from
tauke.
Most of laut tribe people who live under the poverty line live in very modest houses and even far
from feasible. Most of their houses are made from wood or board and the condition of their houses are
very concerning because their houses are very old.
Figure 1. Laut Tribes House in Panglima Raja Village

The fishermen condition are closer to poverty because their fishing catches are decrease, fish
resources are decrease, the number of fishermen are increase and the climate change also weather
disturbance. laut tribe people in Panglima Raja village are group of people who most of their incomes
are from fishing. Poverty in laut tribe people is shown from the income level, education access, health
and food endurance. It can be seen from the table below.
Table 3. Income of Five Fishermen Families of laut Tribe in Panglima Raja Village in 2012
Income
Number of income
Number of
Respondend
average
No.
household
total
note
number
per
husband
wife
children
member
capita
3 kgs
1
R1
3
0
12.000
0
12.000
4.000
scallop
Shrimp
2
R2
6
97.500
10.000
0
107.500
17.916
and fish
Not
3
R3
5
0
0
0
0
going to
0
sea
Helping
2
4
R4
7
52.000
0
52.000
7.428
in the sea
shrimp
Shrimp
5
R5
4
52.000
0
0
52.000
13.000
and fish
25
201.000
22.000
223.500
9.312
Source: Interview Result on October 31st, 2012
From above information, it can be seen that average icome number of laut tribe people in
Panglima Raja village in a day is less than $1 per day. Fishermen poverty problem is a multidimension
problem, so to solve it, we need comprehensive sollution, not partial sollution (Suharto, 2005). That is
why, we need to know that what the root problem is that become the cause of poverty. There are two
11
main factors that cause people become poor, they are cultural cause and structural cause. Culturally,
poverty is trigerred by the weak of wrk ethic, fatalist way of life, false way in understanding the meaning
of fortune, lazy sought including lazy to dimprove self ability and also trap into poverty culture itself.
Structurally, poverty is trigerred by individualistic social setting. It is the condition where rich people
with their ego are ignorant to the poverty around them. It includes there is no awareness that there are
many people around them who need help. These kinds of people are busy with themselves, they are too
busy to fulfill all what their unlimited desires, while people around them are having difficulties to feed
themselves. However, the main point is that poverty is product of capitalistic eonomic system that create
unfair wealth distribution. What makes the distribution is very bad? Because of the system and the policy
maker who make this condition happen.
While, wealthy people with the capital they have can add their wealth easily, in Concon village
which is located across from Panglima Raja village, there is shrimp processing industry. The workers
there are young people from laut tribe. They have to work 9 hours a day and their fees are IDR.
900.000,- per month, and the worst thing is that they can not enter to control local government.
That is why there are several aspects that can make poverty still exist in laut tribe fishermen as
coastal community, they are:
1. Many top down policies concerning with poverty alleviation of laut tribe. One of them is in
2011 government gives 10 pompong aid (6 for laut tribe) which is given for 6 groups. This
condition create struggling in using the aid. Then the condition makes them sell pompong.
There is also fiber stick aid as transportation tool for scallop catching, while the condition is that
although the number of scallop is increase but the welfare of laut tribe is not increasing
because scallop price fluctuation is too high (in harvest season price of scallop is IDR. 1.500,- to
IDR. 2.000,- and in non harvest season price of scallop is IDR. 4.500,- to IDR. 6.000,-).
Therefore what is needed by laut tribe is to keep the price stability of their catching.
2. The condition that is depend on the season is very affects on the welfare level of fishermen.
Sometimes, fishermen do not go to the sea for some weeks because unstabil season.
Based on the interview with some fishermen from laut tribe in Panglima Raja village, there are
several seasons of sea catching as shown in the table below.
Table 4. Several Seasons of Sea Catching in Panglima Raja Village
Kind of catching
Season
Harvest season
Transition season
Famine season
1
Shrimp
November
April
May
Desember
October
June
January
July
February
August
March
September
2
Scallop
April
March
November
May
October
December
June
January
July
February
August
september
Source: interview with Mr. Amri in 2012
Above table shows that fish catching season that is done by laut tribe in Panglima Raja village.
From 2 kinds of main catching for harvest season there are 5 months in a year, November, December,
january, february, March, while for scallop is in April, may, june, july, august, September, and October is
famine period, where March and april are transition period. Therefore in transition period, most of laut
tribe people do not go to sea. However they fulfill their household needs by borrowing money from
tauke
Low quality of human resources and tools that are used by fishermen affect on the way in catcing
fish. Limited understanding of technology makes the quality and the quantity of catching do not improve.
It is rarely found in Panglima Raja village fishermen that catch cra because they only stuck to catch
scallop and shrimp. The habbit to find crab in Panglima Raja village is only done by malay community
with tool called pento. This tool is not owned and mastered by laut tribe.
No
12
Besides those aspects, there are also 2 complex and mutual factors, they are:
a. Limited quality of human resources
laut tribe people in Indragiri Hilir regency is about 6.000 household (Riau Pos on january 9th,
2012). Average number of each household is 4 people. So it is estimated there are 24.000 people
of laut tribe. From that number according to Mr. Asmawi (community figure of laut tribe in
Tembilahan) there are only 10 people who have bachelor degree, as well as in panglima raja
village, there are only 4 laut tribe people who can finish senior high school. Most of laut tribe
children stop study at school on the third grade of elementary school. For parents of laut tribe,
children asre economic asset, therefore when their children have not able to help them to go to sea,
they prefer to put their children at school so as if school is a day care.
b. Limited Business capital and catching technology
As described in the discussion about social economy structure of laut tribe in Panglima Raja
village where most of laut tribe people only have motor boats and they get those motor boats by
owing from tauke (broker) in Concong luar village. It can be concluded that most of laut tribe
people in this village have limited capital. This limited capital makes them always be the
aggrieved party in relation with tauke. This limited capital problem becomes the cause of their
difficulties to get out of poverty.
3.2. Working relationship (fishermen owner-fishermen laborer) in catching organization

that is considered less beneficial for fishermen laborer
Seeing rule in relationship between fishermen who do not have fishing transportation and capital
owner in Panglima Raja village is really malign fishermen. Some commodities resulted by fishermen,
such as shrimp has different selling price between fishermen who owe tauke and fishermen who do not
owe tauke, for example:
Syarif from laut tribe on Monday gets grade A shrimp 2 pcs, rade B 3 pcs and grade C pcs and
some fish, then rebate because he still owes tauke is Rp. 23.000,-. Syarif goes to sea with his
friend who is fisherman laborer and his friend do not owe tauke in giving capital for boat, but
because he goes with syarif who owes tauke then his income on Monday is also been cut.
Panglima Raja village is divided into 2 villages, the first is Panglima raja village (village I) and the
second is Sungai Condong village (village II). Most of the people in sungai Condong vilage work in
farming sector (coconut and oil palm plantation). Head of the village is one of them who tries to farm
while the others rely on their job as fishermen.
Lavish life style so future orientation is very less. According to explanation from some community
figure of laut tribe in Panglima Raja village, about a quarter of the housewife of laut tribe like
to play gambling.
Fishery development policy that more oriented on producyivity to support economic development,
partial and not in favor with traditional fishermen, for example fixing fishermen economic
organizational, maintaining stable fluctuative price in harvest season.
Marketing system of fish catching that is more beneficial for broker.
Owing habbit since childhood. School guard who open canteen in Elementary school 011
Panglima Raja village says that many students of this school who owe snacks that he sells in the
canteen, so to memorize it, he writes it down. According to him almost all of these students are
from laut tribe families and the number is more than other tribes.
3.3. Development and Empowerment Model of Traditional Fishermen

Based on the finding and existing data of above condition, this study tries to offer develo pment
strategy forms of traditional fishermen by using economic aspect as an entry point. The strategy is by
developing fishermen cluster based on each qualifications, along with encouraging the development of
local business and the emergence of new business which is sought to encourage the emergence of
investation climate improvement for lokal business, to encourage investation on infrastructure and this
becomes important part of local economic development and fishermen capacity development. Ideally,
fishermen development needs synergy between related stakeholders to develop fishery world.
13
Role and function
Program support:
1. local government
commitment
2. local government
business agency
3. banking
Inhil government
1. Program funding
2. Fishermen
training
facilitator
3. Business
commissioners
4. Supporting
program
regulation
5. Program development
partner
BAPPEDA Inhil
1. Program conceptor
2. Training facilitator
3. Program developer
Department of fishery and
marine
1. Training implementer
2. Fishermen guidance
partner
partner
Banking (micro business
organization)
1. Consultant : financial
management
empowerment and
marketing
partner
3. Fishermen business
credit facilitator
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Objectives:
Open jobs field
Add fishermen skill
Attitude pattern and
fishermen lives
change
Fishermen family
wealth
Fishermen
independency
Fishermen
Empowerment
Program
Program participant :
Traditional fishermen
community
Program implementation stage:
Stage I: fish catching fishermen
Characteristic: good fish catching
Stage II: processing fishermen
Characteristic: can process fish
catching
Stage III: cultivation fishermen
Characteristic: can cultivate fish
Stage IV: cooperative fishermen
Characteristic: can manage
cooperative
Program aid:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Equipment
Fish catching tools
Training and
guidance for fish
catching
The formation of
joint venture body
Program benefits:
1. Fish catching skill
2. Income generating
3. Family welfare
4. Moral guidance
Stage V: guidance fishermen

Characteristic: can be role model
and can guide other fishermen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Program partner:
Province government of Riau
Bank of Riau/capital owner
Private businessman/enterprises
Insurance service
Competent NGO
From above scheme can be seen that fisherman community empowerment program is not as
simple as imagined. Community empowerment process by only giving money cannot solve everything.
Many president instruction projects that focus on giving material aid to village people will be shut up
community self help, even otherwise it will make community relies on aid. Empowerment pattern by only
giving aid in form of money or project to village people will not stimulate community participation to
involve in he development.
In certain case, in the community development concept, material aid is needed, but the more
imprtant is community self help development to develop community itself. The characteristic of self help
activity is large amount of donation which is taken from resources that are owned by individual or group
in the community. Therefore, empowerment approach considerably done with participative
emanticipatorist by referring to amny relevant components. The empowerment needs to pioneered with
shared vision such as the realization of resource management of coastal areas with environmental
conception and sustainable which is supported by the improvement of human resources quality, law
management and law establishment and also space management for the realization of peoples welfare
14
improvement. Referring to that vision then the strategy for coastal area integrated and sustainable
management must concern about human resources aspect, law, layout and welfare as well as described
above.
Next, there are some fishery business alternative in Riau Province that may be developed based on
field finding by sttill referring to schematic flow of empowerment above are:
1. Sea cultivation business by using floating net and stick net. Commodities that can be cultivated in
floating net are many species of seafish, while rafting system is for seaweed cultivation. Things
that need to be considered in this sea cultivation are the availability of seeds to support the
cultivation. The simplest cultivation technology and that can be done by most fishermen is
seaweed cultivation.
2. Development constraints; in many cases this kind of pattern is quite succeed but somehow there
are some constraints especially the difficulty in securing captivity and cultivation location because
the position is in the middle of the sea. This condition makes people are difficult to guard it by
making security post and hire guard. Then the concequence is that the cost becomes very
expensive, however the result is very good. This has been tested and it is proven that the result is
satisfying.
3. Muddy water condition makes the sea cultivation pattern must be done in the middle of the sea,
but for sea farming
4. Other constraint: shrimp and scallop cultivation case have been tested and succeedeed. However
the cultivation also need high cost because the area making are using some tools and technology.
5. Post fishery harvest business. Fish processing includes frozen service and cold storage, canning,
fish flour making and other fish processing is important because considering that fish commodities
are seasonal and fast decaying. Post fishery harvest business is upstreaam activity that is directed
to processing products which can give extra value, widespread marketing range and
competitiveness in marketing.
Some of important activity in fish processing business are product development,
diversification,quality improvement and product durability. Seasonal characteristic of fish will make the
price is low in the peak season of fish catching. Abundance of fish catching will make its selling price
very low, while fish is a rapid commodity quality decline.
Simple fish processing such as salted fish making, fish curing, shredded fish making, boiled fish
making, etc are some alternatives that can be done by small fishermen and they do not need high cost.
Fish catching that is done by most fishermen by using floating chart will result in the variety of fish type
and size.
Drying and salted fish making are expected to give extra value to the fish catching. Socialization
and counselling about simple technology for post fish harvest must be done by related agency in order to
increase fishermen income and women role.
1. Partnership pattern in the management of fishermen sea resource which generally have low living
standard. Limited capital in fishery sector business is constraint in management of fish and sea
resources. Alternative solution is the implementation of partnership pattern between businessman
and small fisherman in the management of fish nd sea resources. Partnership pattern between
businessman and fisherman must be truly designed so it can be mutual for both sides.
2. Government of Riau and local government of Indragiri Hilir have to find investor who is interested
in fishery business a main side because partnership pattern in order to empowerment and
improvement of fishermen income need to be developed. Besides that, one of important thing is
banking supporting infrastructure because until now in the study location there is no bank at all.
This condition makes them difficult to save, apply credit etc. They have to use traditional way to
save their money, even they have to go outside their village to go to the bank. Difficult access to
credit agency, cooperation and high price of gasoline because there is no gas station and also ban
for the use of formalin for preservation make production cost of fishermen is high and it is not
equal with the result. Therefore the formation of banking agency or community-based savings and
loan agency (LSPBM) is needed. The formation can be done with below pattern:
15
1.
Survey and
selection for
potential people and
area
8.
Sustainability
monitoring- group
admission and
performance
8.1
management record
2.
Meeting
/socialization with
local official and
local people
7.
Loan follow up
8.2
Award and
incentive for good
performance
3.
Motivation for
savings and loans
group formation
4.
Selection for
prospective group
members and group
formation
6.
Group weekly
meeting and loan
service
6.1
View exchange
about business, etc
5.
Savings collection,
group weekly
meeting and
training
6.2
Savings collection
and loans
installment
Fishermen Micro-Economic Organization Development
Figure 2.
Methodology Design-Financial Service (Savings And Loan) With Fishermen Approach System
16
Framework Diagram
Instrument for Stimulating Fishermen Rural Economic Growth
Fishermen Village Economic
sea and fishery

potential product
Marketing and business

management training
Business funding
resources
Fishermen
economic
development input
Identification of
product which
already has
market value
Identification of
product which
can be developed
and has market
value
Widen business
and job
opportunity in
the village
Marketing &
business
management
training and
consultation
Efficient
use of cost
facilitation
Village household
income
improvement and
poverty alleviation
Village
economic
organization
development
facilitation
Business funding
access from other
resources
facilitation
Strengthen buying power

and request for goods and
services to stimulate
development
The farming impact from the formation of farming group and village micro organization in form of
village economic growth will be measured from : household savings, consumptions and investation
4. Conclusion
Based on the explanation/discussion about fishermen empowerment pattern then can be drawn
some conclusions as follow:
1. Sea and fishery development in Riau province include development of human resources,
technology, infrastructure,organizational regulation, laws, partnership and the neeed of monitoring
in every sectors that related with sea resources so that in the future will give solutions for the
problems.
2. Low selling value and fish catching of fishermen because limited technology and high cost make
fishermen still have to deal with poverty.
3. Low quality of human resource of traditional fishermen has implications to all sides of fishermen
lives especially the ability to adapt with aquatic ecosystem change. Therefore, community
17
empowerment through education actualization, allignments on marginal fishermen community and

government commitment need to get attention.
4. Development of business management and local economic organizational among fishermen in
Riau does not run as expected and banking agency has not been available well yet.
5. Participative approach in fishermen organizational development is expected can encourage local
economic development which aimed to fishermen poverty alleviation. This pattern is needed for
poverty alleviation program for these reasons: (1) many economic planning that is made
sentralistically, for example regional bugdet (APBD) is established by the elites not by sides who
related with the regional bugdet (APBD), especially for fishermen interests. (20 lack of local
government attention in developing fishery infrastructure in fish center area in Riau Province.
5. Acknowledgment
My sincere thanks and highly appreciation to BAPPEDA Indragiri Hilir, Department of fishery and
marine Indragiri Hilir Regency and all of Panglima Raja Village society.
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19
Irawan. Developing Scientific Interest to Marine Biodiversity as Part of Coastal Tourism and Conservation, pp. 2024. The 1st
International Conference on Maritime Development Proceeding. Tanjungpinang, September 46, 2015
Developing Scientific Interest to Marine Biodiversity as Part of Coastal Tourism

and Conservation
Henky IRAWAN
Marine Science Department, Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Indonesia
email: henkyirawan.umrah@gmail.com
Abstract
Coastal areas have been a tourism destination on all nations in Asia that have ocean territorial.
The major attractions in coastal tourism are on the beach such as for swimming and ride fun sport
equipment. The coastal area is also a habitat for the organisms; this biodiversity can be the attraction
for tourism but in scope of specific interest. The biodiversity as an attraction can be the specific
interest because of the phenomena in the tourist often attract curiosity to the unique and the beautiful
shape of the organism there for the tourist also want to know more scientific information about it, this
phenomena were the basic in developing the specific interest which is the scientific interest to marine
biodiversity in coastal tourism, that synchronized with the conservation effort.
The developing scientific interest to the marine biodiversity in the coastal area is by made and
advertising and information poster about the organism that live there. The informations about the
organism is the organism image, the species name and instruction how to handle the organism, so the
tourist can do the exploration activities to find and match the organism that found to the poster, by
knowing the species name the tourist can use it to search more information on the internet. The
effort in conservations is by information in the poster to release and not to harm the organism.
The Developing scientific interest to marine biodiversity as part of coastal tourism and
conservation in the study case at the coastal area in Malang Rapat Village that have biodiversity 15
Echinodermata, 73 Mollusca, and 21 Crustacea shown that this kind of scientific interest having a
positive respond from the tourists.
Keywords: Marine biodiversity, coastal tourism, scientific interest
1. Introduction
Coastal areas have been a tourism destination on all nations in Asia that have ocean territorial. The
major attractions in coastal tourism are on the beach such as for swimming and ride fun sport equipment.
The coastal area is also a habitat for the organisms; this biodiversity can be the attraction for tourism but
in scope of specific interest.
Malang Rapat village in this study case has the sandy beach and flat littoral zone, where the tourist
often swimming and snorkeling the often seeing kinds benthos that make them curios. Several benthos in
Malang Rapat Village already discovered by: Irawan (2012), Irawan dan Yandri (2013), Irawan dan
Yandri (2014), this information become the base information about the biodiversity in Malang Rapat
coastal area.
The biodiversity as an attraction can be the specific interest because of the phenomena in the
tourist often attract curiosity to the unique and the beautiful shape of the organism there for the tourist
also want to know more scientific information about it, this phenomena were the basic in developing the
specific interest which is the scientific interest to marine biodiversity in coastal tourism, that synchronized
with the conservation effort.
2. Method
The research conducted in September 2014 until August 2015, the location is in the Pondok
Sejahtera beach in Malang Rapat Village. The Pondok Sejahtera beach was chosen because the beach
often visited by the tourist.
In developing scientific interest to marine biodiversity as part of coastal tourism and conservation
to Malang Rapat Village several step must be done:
1. First Step
Because the scientific interest is still unpopular among the tourist and the beach keeper, there for
an interactive poster were placed in the beach huts, this poster contain the image of the benthos
and E-book link for the catalog for the tourist.
The benthos image on the poster were from Irawan (2012), Irawan and Yandri (2013), Irawan and
Yandri (2014), the can be seen in table 1.
20
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Filum
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Crustacea
Table 1. The benthos group

Benthos
Number of species
Sea cucumber
5
Sea star
4
Serpent sea star
3
Sea urchin
2
Sand dollar
1
Snail / conch
47
Clam / Oyster
26
crab
11
Swimming crab
2
Hermit crab
3
Shrimp
4
Isopoda
1
Source
Irawan (2012)
Irawan
dan
Yandri (2013)
Irawan
dan
Yandri (2013)
2. Second Step
Socialization to the tourist about the scientific interest to marine biodiversity and show how to use
the information in the posters
3. Result
The developing scientific interest to the marine biodiversity in the coastal area is by made and
advertising and information poster about the organism that live there. The informations about the
organism is the organism image, the species name and instruction how to handle the organism, so the
tourist can do the exploration activities to find and match the organism that found to the poster, by
knowing the species name the tourist can use it to search more information on the internet. The effort in
conservations is by information in the poster to release and not to harm the organism.
Figure 1. Interactive poster of benthos from group Echinodermata
21
Figure 2. Interactive poster of benthos from group Mollusca
Figure 3. Interactive poster of benthos from group Mollusca
22
Figure 4. Interactive poster of benthos from group Crustacea
Figure 5. Interactive poster of benthos from all group
No.
1
2
Table 2. The respond from the E-book download

Benthos
Download count from September
2014 until August 2015
Echinodermata
Sea cucumber
43
Sea star
30
Filum
23
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mollusca
Crustacea
Serpent sea star

Sea urchin and sand dollar
Snail / conch
Clam / Oyster
Crab and Swimming crab
Hermit crab
Shrimp
Isopoda
21
23
44
10
37
16
0
15
Respond from the tourist can be categories to two group:

1. Student group is the tourist that still in education stage such as school and college, this group have
enthusiastic by using the their gadget to search the information based from the poster and they
enjoying searching the benthos and the information, this behavior were assumed based on this
group having curiosity in study and eager to search for new information.
2. Non Student group is the tourist that non in the education stage such as employment adult and nonstudent adult, this group not have enthusiastic, by just looking the poster but not search for the
benthos.
3. Mix group student and non-student, this group is the family consist adult as the parent and children
in education stage. The adult became enthusiastic because they were influence by their children in
searching the benthos and the information in the poster
The Developing scientific interest to marine biodiversity as part of coastal tourism and
conservation in the study case at the coastal area in Malang Rapat Village that have biodiversity 15
Echinodermata, 73 Mollusca, and 21 Crustacea shown that this kind of scientific interest having a
positive respond from the tourists.
4. Conclusion
The developing scientific interest to marine biodiversity as part of coastal tourism and
conservation in case of Malang Rapat Village have positive respond from the tourist and the biodeiversity
in this case the benthos attracting the tourist, although it is still need more promotion to the tourist to
make them attract to scientific interest to the marine biodiversity and conservation
References
[1] Bappeda Kabupaten Bintan.2009. Peta Admin Kab. Bintan. Bank Data Bappeda Bintan. Kabupaten
Bintan.
[2] Irawan, H. 2012. Studi Biologi dan Ekologi Hewan Filum Echinodermata di Perairan Laut Pesisir
Timur Pulau Bintan. Laporan Penelitian.
[3] Irawan, H., dan Yandri, F. 2013. Studi Biologi Dan Ekologi Hewan Filum Mollusca Di Zona
Litoral Pesisir Timur Pulau Bintan. Laporan Penelitian.
[4] Irawan, H., dan Yandri, F. 2013. Studi Biologi Dan Ekologi Hewan Filum Crustacea Di Zona
Litoral Pesisir Timur Pulau Bintan. Laporan Penelitian.
24
Nurdjaman. et al. Water Quality Improvement for Shrimp Aquaculture by Sato Umi Concept, pp. 2530. The 1st International
Water Quality Improvement for Shrimp Aquaculture by Sato Umi Concept

Susanna NURDJAMAN1, Ikrar U. AZMI1 and Suhendar I. SACHOEMAR2
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology
2
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
Abstract
Water quality in ponds can be improved by applying polyculture. This method utilizes four
commodities with shrimp as the main commodity meanwhile other commodities used to improve
water quality. The commodities are tilapia, seaweed, and green mussel. Four ponds used with first
pond (P1) contain only shrimp, second pond (P2) contain shrimp and tilapia. Third ponds (P3) contain
shrimp, tilapia, and seaweed. Fourth ponds (P4) contain shrimp, tilapia, sea grass, and green mussel.
Research conducted at Balai Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau dan Laut located in Karawang, West
Java. Water quality parameters were examined in the present study is temperature, salinity, pH, DO,
turbidity, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate that measured from May 22 nd, 2010 until July 27th, 2010.
Water quality parameters that meet the standards are pH, turbidity, nitrtit, and nitrate. The role of
tilapia are not only lowering pH and DO but also raising ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Seaweed
reverse tilapia role by raising pH and DO meanwhile lowering ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Green
mussel lowers the pH, DO, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and turbidity. The highest growth in shrimp
ponds P4 is 0.43 grams/day. This value raised 114% from P1 that using monoculture. Another
production provided by P4 ponds are tilapia, seaweed, and green mussel. Application of polyculture
showed that water quality and production improved in accordance with the concept of Sato Umi.
Keywords: growth, Karawang, water quality, the role of commodities, polyculture, Sato
Umi
1. Introduction
Aquaculture is an activity that highly dependent on water quality (Pangkey, 2007). To keep water
quality in good condition, many method used and one of them is using another commodities. Another
commodities that added on ponds must have the ability to improve water quality besides its own
economical value therefore we changed the method in that pond from monoculture into polyculture
(Sachoemar and Yanagi, 2011).
Polyculture as we used in this research, is an application from Sato Umi. Sato Umi is a method to
increase production from nature by human intervention (Yanagi, 2008). In this research, we increase the
production of shrimp by adding more commodities in ponds that contained with shrimp. Polyculture can
increase both profit and benefit. Profit increased with many commodities cultured in one pond therefore
much more commodities to be sold. Benefit achieved by good water quality that means this production is
environmentally friendly and become a sustainable aquaculture.
In this paper we will discuss why polyculture method can increase production as well as improve water
quality.
2. Method
This research used four ponds and four commodities. The commodities are black tiger shrimp as
main commodity meanwhile tilapia, seaweed Gracilaria sp., and green mussel used to improve water
quality. Shrimp have the highest profit because shrimp brought the farmers more difficulties compared to
other commodities (Widigdo, 2013). Each pond has their own configuration (Figure 1) to get the role of
each commodity to increase growth of shrimp.
Pond P1
Shrimp
Pond P2
Shrimp
Tilapia
25
Pond P3
Shrimp
Tilapia
Seaweed
Pond P4
Shrimp
Tilapia
Seaweed
Green Mussel
Figure 1. Commodities configuration for each pond

Pond P1 has 600 m2 area contained with 3000 shrimps. Pond P2 with area of 528 m2 area
contained with 2640 shrimps and tilapias each. Pond P3 has area of 496 m2 contained with 2480 shrimps
and tilapias each along with 50 kg seaweed. Pond P4 with area of 512 m2 contained with 2560 shrimps
and tilapias each along with 51.2 kg seaweed and 76.8 kg green mussel. Every commodity not added at
the same time. Seaweed added at May 25th, 2010, green mussel at May 29th 2010, shrimp at June 1st 2010,
and finally tilapia at July 1 st 2010. The different in added time divided the analysis into two part that are
before tilapias and after tilapias.
Water quality parameters in which compared to each other from every ponds are pH, dissolved
oxygen (DO), turbidity that measured three times a day at 06.00, 12.00, and 18.00 Indonesian Western
Time (WIB) and the value used for those parameters are averaged from each day as long as before tilapias
added and after tilapias added. Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate measured at July 16 th 2010
because at that time, configuration for every ponds are complete so we can compare their water quality
and find out why different commodities will affect water quality.

3.1. Role of Commodities to Increase Water Quality and Production of Shrimp Ponds
3.1.1. Role of Tilapia
Tilapias will decrease pH and DO in pond P2 compared to pond P1 that only contain shrimp
(Figure 2) because they increase oxygen demand for respiration so that that increase carbon dioxide
concentration in water column. Carbon reacts to water and make the water more acidic thats why the
increase in carbon concentration will decrease pH.
Figure 2. Tilapias decrease pH and DO in ponds

Another effect of tilapias are increase the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in water
column (Figure 3). Tilapias produced ammonia as result of their body metabolism. Increase in ammonia
will increase nitrite and nitrate because they are product from oxidation by bacteria that needs ammonia
as materials (Boyd, 1998).
26
Figure 3. Increased Concentration of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate by Tilapias

Tilapias have ability to tolerate poor water quality, eat various kind of natural food, and grow
quickly (Kadowaki and Kitadai, 2007). With that ability, tilapias have a stable economical value because
farmers rarely suffered losses if they cultured tilapias.
3.1.2. Role of Seaweed

Seaweed has the ability to decrease carbon dioxide concentration in water column by
photosynthesis. Decrease in carbon dioxide made the pH and DO in this pond have a greater number
compared pond P2 that not contained with seaweed (Fig. 4). Pond P1 that not contained with seaweed and
tilapia have the greatest number of DO and pH because pond P1 only contained with shrimp.
Figure 4. Increase of pH and DO in Pond P3 Caused by Seaweed

Seaweed also acts as a bio filter for nutrients such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate (Kurniawan,
2006). These nutrients absorbed by seaweed in way diffuses through thallus in which owned by seaweed.
Therefore, the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in pond that contained with seaweed will be
lower than pond P2 (Figure 5).
27
Figure 5. Seaweed Decrease Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate
3.1.3. Role of Green Mussel

Green mussel known as filter feeder (Augustine, 2008), that means it get food by filtering the
water so that decreasing turbidity in pond. Not only decrease turbidity, green mussel also decreases
ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate because that nutrient also filtered (Figure 6). We only compare pond P3 and
pond P4 for green mussel because the only different in that two ponds is green mussel contained in pond
P4 but not in pond P3.
Figure 6. Concentration of Turbidity, Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate at all ponds (P1, P2, P3 and P4)
Green mussel added in pond P4 have another effect, that is decreasing pH and DO. These effects
are same when we add tilapia to the ponds. Green mussel increase oxygen demand in pond for its
respiration and so that DO in pond decreased. Number of pH depends on carbon dioxide in pond (Wurts
and Durborow, 1992). In this research we can see in Figure 7 that although DO decrease but pH increase
in P4 compared to pond P3. To answer this we need more water quality parameters such as BOD and
COD. If we had those parameters we may answer why pH increase in pond P4.
28
Figure 7. pH and DO in Pond P4 with contained green mussel compared to other ponds
3.1.4. Growth of Commodities

Growth of commodities varies in every pond (Fig 8) . In this case we learn why different
combination brings different result.
Figure 8. Growth of each commodity at every pond

Based on Figure 8, we can see the growth of shrimp reach its highest point at pond P4 that 0.43
gram/day. This number is 114% higher than pond P1 that using monoculture for shrimp. We knew pond
P4 contained with all commodities in this research that are shrimp, tilapia, seaweed, and green mussel.
Combination in pond P4 made every commodity have their own role to improve growth of shrimp.
Seaweed improves water quality by producing oxygen so DO in pond P4 can be maintained. Oxygen
produced by photosynthesis that require carbon dioxide as material, decrease in carbon concentration in
water column also make pH number wont decrease too far. Nutrient such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate
required by seaweed for its growth. Nutrients come to seaweed by diffusion process so seaweed also
have role to reduce the amount of nutrients so its concentration will be in save amount.
Green mussel is known as bio filter because it gets its own food by filtering water column. Green
mussel cant choose its own food so anything in water column will be filtered. This made green mussel
will filter nutrients such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in anyway green mussel reduce those
concentration in water column. Another role of green mussel is to lower turbidity because anything
filtered. Lower turbidity means more photosynthesis that makes more phytoplankton which means
29
increase the number of zooplankton that role is natural food for shrimp. This statement based on theory
and cant be proved by this research because it lack data such as plankton concentration in water column.
Other interesting things that need more data are concentration of microorganism such as virus and
bacteria. Based on farmer experience, tilapias have the ability to reduce the number of virus and bacteria
that can be a disease for shrimp. Main role of tilapia is not to increase profit by itself but it can increase
profit gained from shrimp because shrimp health can be maintained.
Commodities beside shrimp gave vary result from every ponds depends on the combination in
each ponds. P4 maybe give the best water quality for shrimp but not for tilapia. Tilapia have the lowest
growth in pond P4 that only 2.08 gram/day and it have the highest growth in pond P3 that 2.75 gram/day.
Pond P3 contained with seaweed that increase DO in pond and the reduce amount of ammonia, nitrite,
and nitrate. DO on pond P3 even higher than pond P4 because pond P4 contained with green mussel that
increase oxygen demand in water column.
Seaweed growth better in pond P4 that 1.69 gram/day than pond P3 that showed only 1.55
gram/day. Pond P4 contained with green mussel in which not contained in pond P3. Green mussel have
role to lower turbidity so photosynthesis happened more efficient than pond P3. Green mussel only
contained in pond P4 that showed growth 1.73 gram/day. This number cant be described as good or bad
in this research because it didnt have another combination to be compared.
References
[1] Augustine, Dina. 2008. Akumulasi Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (PAH) Dalam Kerang Hijau
(Perna Viridis L.) di Perairan Kamal Muara, Teluk Jakarta. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
[2] Boyd, C.E. 1998. Water Quality for Pond Aquaculture. International Center for Aquaculture and
Aquatic Environment. Auburn University.Alabama.
[3] Hendrajat EA, Pantjara B, Mangampa M. 2010. Polikultur Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)
dan Rumput Laut (Gracilaria verrucosa). Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau. Maros.
[4] Kadowaki, S. and Kitadai, Y. 2007. Advantages of Environmentally Sound Poly-ecoaquaculture in
Fish Farms. Proceeding of The International Workshop on Innovative Technologies for EcoFriendly Fish Farm Management and Production of Safe Aquaculture Foods. Food and Fertilizer
Technology Center for the Asian and Pasific Region. Bali.
[5] Kurniawan, Dian A. 2006. Studi Kemampuan Penyerapan Unsur Hara (N dan P) Oleh Gracilaria
sp. Dalam Skala Laboratorium. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
[6] Pangkey, H. 2007. Akuakultur: Sebuah Masa Depan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan,
Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Manado.
[7] Popma, T. dan Masser, M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. Southern Regional Aquaculture
Center. USA.
[8] Sachoemar, Suhendar I. dan Yanagi T.2011. Development of Sustainable Aquaculture as a Model of
Satoumi and GAPURA to Improve Productivity of Marginal Brackishwater Pond in the Northern
Coastal Area of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia. Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi.
Jakarta.
[9] Widigdo, B. 2013. Bertambak Udang dengan Teknologi Biocrete. Kompas Media Nusantara.
Jakarta.
[10] Wurts, William A. dan Robert M. Durborow. 1992. Interactions of pH, Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity
and Hardness in Fish Pond. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. USA.
[11] Yanagi, T. 2008. Sato-Umi-A New Concept for Sustainable Fisheries. Research Institute for
Applied Mechanics. Kyushu University. Fukuoka. Japan.
30
La SARA. Eastern Indonesian Fisheries Development to Strengthen Indonesia Toll Maritime, pp. 3137. The 1st International
Eastern Indonesian Fisheries Development to Strengthen Indonesia Toll Maritime

La SARA
Professor in Aquatic Resources Management and Dean of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Halu Oleo
University, Indonesia
E-mail: lasara_unhalu@yahoo.com
Abstract
As the biggest archipelago state, Indonesia has 17,480 islands and shoreline of 81,000 km
length, stretching 5,120 km length from east to west and 1.760 km from north to south. It has 5.8
million km2 (70%) of marine waters, while only 1.9 million km2 of land continent. In the eastern part,
Indonesia has thousands of big and small islands with broad and productive marine waters. It has
direct connecting to Pacific Ocean in northern part and Indian Ocean in southern part. The numerous
of fisheries resources and other marine products and marine services should become the main support
of development of this area. The potential of marine fisheries capture and culture activities, fish
processing and marketing, marine tourism, shipping industry, oil and natural gas, and control of earth
atmosphere and climate change have to be one of the prime pillar developing this eastern Indonesia.
Infrastructure construction which support those sectors may adjust the unbalanced of Indonesia
development which in the past focused in western Indonesia. The different of development in two
regions is very contras which may lead social, economic, and even politics enviousness. The present
government commitment which emphasized on maritime sector development such as the Indonesia
toll maritime constitutes the right policy to fulfil the development slowness in eastern Indonesia and
also to broad market marine fisheries products particularly from fisheries capture and culture. The
main stripe of the Indonesia toll maritime in eastern Indonesia comprise of Makassar, Bitung and
Sorong ports, while in western Indonesia comprise of Kuala Tanjung, Batam, Tanjung Priok, and
Tanjung Perak ports. Those main stripes are supported with several small ports in its surrounding. It
may hold out in eastern Indonesia if the local government know well how to develop sustainable its
regions based on its natural resources, and developing infrastructures which support resources based
maritime. Marine vessel cross the Indonesia toll maritime will sail regularly convey marine fisheries
product, marine product processing, mining, oil and natural gass, human from regions in eastern
Indonesia which supply the main stripe of the Indonesia tollmartime to western Indonesia, vis versa.
This policy is not only to sustain stability economic development of Indonesia, but also all strengthen
NKRI at once.
Keywords: Eastern Indonesia, fisheries, Toll Maritime
1. Background
As the biggest archipelago state, Indonesia has 17,480 islands and shoreline of 81,000 km
length, stretching 5,120 km from east to west and 1,760 km from north to south. It has 5.8 million km2
(70%) of marine waters, while only 1.9 million km2 of land continent with shoreline of 81,000 km. Its
unique of geographic condition is a gift of GOD because there are nothing other countries like Indonesia.
This geographic condition constitutes a dominance prime for our nation economic development. In the
marine forward, these geographic conditions consist of fisheries potential (commercial fisheries,
recreation fisheries including ornamental fish for aquarium), coastal resources, biotechnology, marine
tourism, shipping industry, oil and natural gas, transportation, and control of earth atmosphere and
climate.
If human resources of this nation have ability of understanding and knowledge regarding the
richness of the nations natural resources that it will be suitable and will give a big values if the nation
development plan is directed forward to the maritime development. Among those natural resources,
fisheries resources have been long known and exploited and develop along this country development. Our
experiences had shown (in 1980s and 1997 1998) that if this resources well managed that the fisheries
sector may become a economic giant which has ability to fulfil the need of this nation development. Its
potential to fulfil the Indonesia community welfare may be reached in the short term. The fisheries
experts and economist had predicted that the maritime sector of Indonesia if it managed well - may
contribute on national economy as much of US$ 173 billion.
Based on those reasons, this sector may provide a width job opportunity for mass employee,
particularly in the group of islands which have a width waters area. The total number of human resources
involved in fisheries sector is predicted nearly 12.5 million (Riyadi, 2004). It is ironic that poverty and
unprosperity of coastal community and fishermen right now are still high. They even are very weak to
31
access natural resources in their surrounding. There sometime happens conflict among users (Indonesia
fishermen and other countries fishermen) of resources because our marine waters characteristic is open
access and those users understand that the resources in marine waters is common property.
Because of fiheries resources potential is too big that the idea or the concept of marine and
fisheries development sector to be a development locomotive of local and national is very much
rasionable (La Sara, 1996), particularly for group islands (archipelago) such as Southeast Sulawesi and
other regions in eastern part of Indonesia (La Sara, 2011). This sector can be a leading and prime mover
of development, while others sectors support this main sector. In Southeast Sulawesi had been done
several scientific analysis to support this sector (i.e. La Sara et al., 2002; La Sara et al., 2003a; La Sara et
al., 2003b; La Sara and Hamid, 2003, Bappeda Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, 2003; 2005). There are
several reasons to support those ideas as the following:
(1) Indonesia marine waters have the highest biodiversity in the world and definitely it has high
marine productivity (La Sara, 2003; Bappenas, 2004).
(2) Indonesia marine area reach 5.8 million km2 ( 70% of Indonesia area with shore line of 81.000
km).
(3) Most of coastal community use marine resources and services as a source of income in the form of
fish capture, fish culture, and transportation (La Sara, 2003; 2010).
(4) This sector provides basic need materials, increasing community income, job opportunity, source
of foreign exchange and local development (La Sara et al., 2011; Kusumastanto, -).
(5) Fishery resources constitutes renewable resources if managed well so it may be used in the long
period of time (sustainable use).
(6) Fisheries sector industry may produce other industries which support one and each others.
(7) Fisheries sector has a competitiveness because it use local resources but can produce a commodity
needed by international community, and
(8) Marine and fisheries sector investment have much high efficiency as shown its low incremental
capital output ratio (ICOR) of 3.4 and provide much high job opportunity as shown its incremental
labour output ratio (ILOR) of 7 9 (Dahuri, 2002).
2. The Indonesia and Eastern Indonesia (Archipelago part) Natural Wealth
Indonesia had been known as a nation maritime because it constitutes the largest archipelago
country in the world and its people as superior seaman had been across most of the sea or ocean in the
world to bring goods and trade.
The Indonesia marine waters landscape which located in the center of the Coral Triangle from
Andaman Sea (Nangroe Aceh Darussalam) to Aru Sea and Papua waters (the Pacific Ocean) constitutes
one of the higherst producer fish in the world. It consists of more than 7,000 species of fish (Riyadi,
2004). Marine fish has been traded by Indonesia concentrated in the deep sea, particularly in the
Indonesia eastern waters. In the progress of Indonesia marine fisheries resources exploitation is divided
into 11 fisheries management regions (WPP), namely Andaman Sea (Malaka Strait), Western Sumatera
Sea, southern Java Sea, Java Sea, Karimata Strait, Makassar Strait, Banda Sea, Halmahera Sea, Sulawesi
Sea, Papua Sea, and Aru Sea. According to data, the tuna fish potential has been found in the eastern
Indonesia waters which is divided into 2 fisheries management regions (WPP), namely Halmahera Sea
the Banda Sea (Figure 1).
The maximum sustainable yield of marine fishery resources is predicted as many as 6.4 million
tons per year with total allowable catch (TAC) of 5.12 million tons per year (80% of maximum
sustainable), and it just been exploited as many as 4.0 million tons (78.13%). The other potential is
marine culture development of 2 million ha with 46.73 million tons in volume per year. It consists of fish
culture (snapper, grouper, gobi fish), shrimp, mollusk (shell, oyster, sea cucumber) and seaweed (Riyadi,
2004). Those potential had been used around 0.7 million tons per year (compare with the data in Table 1).
The data published by Masyarakat Perikanan Nusantara (2004) regarding the potential of fish culture is
much higher (Table 3).
32
Figure 1. The Indonesia Map (consisting of islands concentrated in Indonesia eastern region)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Table 1. The Potential and Exploited of Fishery Resources

Type of Potential
Existing Potential
Exploited Potential
Remain Potential
Marine fish
6.4 million tons
4 million tons
1.12 million tons
Marine culture
2 million tons
0.7 million tons
1.3 million tons
(46.73 million
tons/year)
Fresh water fish
550,000 ha
(356,020 tons/year)
Open waters fishery 913,000 ha
393,196 ha
-
Based on data in the Table 2 showed that the value of Indonesia capture marine fishery, fresh
water fishery, brackiswater fishery and shrimp culture were > US$ 15 billion, > US$ 6 billion, and US$
10 billion, respectively. Those data also showed that foreign exchange from fishery sector may reach US$
71 billion/year (almost twice of APBN). This fact is to be the logic reason to make development
reorientation namely shift from land oriented development to marine and fishery development. If this
sector is as a nation economic strength that the policy to shift orientation of development should be
supported.
Table 2. Predicted Economic Values of Fishery Resources Potential
Potential of
Predicted of
No.
Type of Potential
Sustainable
Value (US$
(thousand tons)
thousand)
1.
Marine Fish capture
5,006
15,101
2.
Sustainable Potential in Open Waters
356
1,068
3.
Marine fishery culture
46,700
46,700
4.
Brackiswater fishery
1,000
10,000
5.
Fresh water culture fishery
5,195
6.
Marine Biotechnology
4,000
Total
82,064
Source: Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan, Maret 2004
In 2007, the potential of national fishery was around 6,4 million tons where 70% among them was
originally taken from capture fishery (Kompas, 28/03/2008). In particular of tuna fish production reached
1.2 million ton/year. The value taken in 2009 was > US$ 3.5 billion. In 2005 2006, tuna fish production
33
in Indonesia was around 900,000 tons and from 2007 to 2009 was increase in average of 1.1 tons/year
(Ketua Komisi Tuna Indonesia, 2010). The total number of domestic capture fishery enterprises in 2010
was 2,741 with the total number of fishing boat was 5,417 units (Kementerian Perikanan dan Kelautan,
2010).
Table 3. The Potential of Culture Fishery Economic
The Potential
The Production
Value
No.
Type of Culture
width (ha)
Potential (ton)
(quintillion Rp)
1.
Marine culture
5,200,000
65,000,000
220
2.
Brackishwater culture
800,000
800,000
10
3.
Pond culture
200,000
300,000
1.5
4.
Floating/cage culture
140,000
11,200,000
16
5.
Pady-fish culture
500,000
500,000
2.5
Total
250
Source: Masyarakat Perikanan Nusantara, Maret 2004
3. The Comparative Superiority of Archipelago Region

There are at least 2 factors of superiority of archipelago region, namely human resources and its
unique natural resources. First, human resources of the region is always pouring of its effort to subjugate
the natural resources, particularly the sea where fish (resources) invisible. They have to look for and
maintain marine resources (fish, crustacean, mollusk, and seaweed) to fulfill their livelihood. Aside that
human resources in this region will be subjugated the sea and weather to reach the island destined. There
are tradisional means used by fishermen such as boat with oars, boat with sail or boat with inner macine.
The perseverance and determination of human resources which had been undergone by nature
should become the base forward this human resources to be empowered optimaly in the nation
development. Their potential is always touching with marine that direction of establishment and
development of human reosources in such region is completely pushed to development and exploitation
of natural resources owned creatively, such as exploitation of fisheries resources in off shore, mariculture
using advance new technology, fish processing, marine transportation services, tourism, diving and
surfing, etc. Education institutions built in the region of islands have to match with this condition in order
its human resources have ability to give a big value to its regions resources. The curriculum content
should differ with the education institutions curriculum in the continent or main land which different
development orientation.
Second, natural resources (fisheries) in the archipelago region can be assured high abundance. The
geographic condition which consists of hundred big and small islands stretching from north to south and
from west to east. Those islands generaly spread in the eastern of Indonesia. Those islands are surrounded
by coral reef, seagrass and mangrove indicating that it marine waters is fertile. It is much productive
because it conect to estuarine which high biodiversity, affected by two currents from Pasific Ocean and
Indian Ocean which flow through the Sulawesi Sea, the Banda Sea and Maluku waters and then from
the South China Sea to the Sulawesi Sea and the Makassar Strait. The current water in the surounding
Pasific Ocean has big water flow and high salinity. This phenomenon become a habitat of small and big
pelagic fish, particularly tuna fish. For example, Bitung has been known as one of the center of producing
fish in Indonesia, rely on fish capture in the Tomini Bay, Maluku Sea, Seram Sea, Halmahera Sea, Berau
Strait, Sulawesi Sea, and northern Halmahera Sea with cover of 714 km2, shore line of 143.2 km, and 13
big and small islands. Similarly is found in Tual Island of Maluku where fish capture is fished in the deep
sea with involve thousands of fishermen. In Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera (PPS) of Kendari constitutes
a center of fish landing and fish processing industry. Fish landed in PPS is caught in Banda Sea up to
Papua waters (Arafura Sea).
The straits found in those islands of eastern Indonesia are calm waters which is very suitable for
fish capture and mariculture. Aside straits, there are bays which some connected to the river mouth.
Generaly, bays is a semi close waters that high fertility and high productivity (usualy fresh water flow to
this area form an estuary waters, its surounding grow mangrove vegetation). The waters condition of
bays is usualy calm and suitable for fish capture, marine fish culture, and also for recreation site.
Understanding superiority of this archipelago region that development orientation in all aspects
has to be based on two kinds of those resources of human resources and natural resources. The science
and technology development in long term of sustainability also is pushed in the effort of empowering
those resources.
34
4. Archipelago Region Development Through Fishery Sector: Fish Capture and Fish
Cultivation
La Sara (2011) proposed that marine and fishery sectors become a leading and prime mover of
development, particulary in the eastern part of Indonesia because of several reasons, while other sectors
support this sector. This sector is very important because the exploitation and management obyectives of
fishery resources (UU No.31/2004) consists of: (1) increase in standard of living of small scale fishermen
and fish cultivator, (2) increase of income and foreign exchange, (3) providing a wide of job opportunity
and foreign exchange, (4) increase in availability and consumption of fish protein, (5) optimalizing fish
resources management, (6) increase of productivity, quality, value added, and competiveness, (7) increase
of raw matterial for fish processing material, (8) use of fish resources, fish cultivation area, and fish
resources environment optimaly, and (9) assuring sustainability of fish resources, fish cultivation area,
and zonation. Those obyectives may be achieved if the development plan strategy of the regions is
supported by a real condition of its resources, such as industry development based marine and fishery in
order to have value added in all supply chain.
The eastern of Indonesia should focus on how to build all fishery and maritime infrastuctures
needed to speed up the economic growth in order to reach balance of development with the western of
Indonesia. Technology of fishing capture, fishing cultivation, fish processing, marine tourism industry
and other related to maritime or marine should be strengthened because those create a multiplier effect in
developing social, economic, politics and others. For example, development of fish floating cage/fench
cultivation should be supported by a hatchery facilities to provide seeds. Fish cultivation in this area does
not develop well because of lack of seeds needed they rely on natural seeds which it may destroy the
habitat of organisms or aquatic environment. It is hoped that hatchery may produce all seeds species to
fulfil the need of fishermen. The seeds produced in hatchery may be also used for restocking in the waters
which experience over exploitation. It may also supply the lack of live bait for fishing capture of tuna and
related species. All fish production produced by fishing capture and cultivation will support rish
processing industry so that value added will be gained.
The policy of new national government to strengthen maritime development is a policy which take
side in the entire Indonesia resources development. The program to develop the toll maritime in Indonesia
which covers of port of Kuala Tanjung, Batam, Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Makassar, Bitung and
Sorong (Figure 2). Three of these ports will pass by in the eastern of Indonesia (port of Makassar, Bitung
and Sorong). All the ports will connect regularly each other if local economic activities is continously
available and all passengers, goods and services in all ports grow following the dynamic and demand of
the market. In particular in natural resources, the eastern Indonesia should supply according to main
commodity of the region namely marine product such as fish. Some industries of fishing technology
should be build in this region to support the sustainable of the toll maritime activities. But the most
important with this development is to save our sovereignty ir order to sustain our huge resources
particularly in ZEE of Indonesia. This action is to materialize the community prosperity of all Indonesia
people.
Figure 2. The Traffic Lane of Indonesia Toll Maritime Pass by Seven the Main Ports
35
Table 5. Fishery Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Several Asia Countries
Contribution to
Value
No.
Country
Shore line (km)
GDP (%)
(US $)
1.
South Korea
2,713
37
147 billion (1992)
2.
China
32,000
48.4
17,350 billion (1999)
3.
Japan
34,386
54
21.400 billion (1992)
4.
Indonesia
81,000
20
28 billion (1988)
Source: Riyadi (2004)
It is suggested that each island in eastern Indonesia identify its commodity (product) unique,
supperior, and economic. Some islands which have the same fishery commodity (product) should
collaborate and synergy with other islands forming a cluster to strengthen stock supply, stabilize
marketing, and to avoid speculation of businessmen.
It is no need all islands which suitable for fishing capture will build an integrated canning industry,
but this industry is built in a certain island which has infrastructure and strategic position to supply toll
maritime. The fishing industry in other islands is still maintained and developed to support raw material
of the industry. The same thing is to develop seaweed carrageenan industry, pearl industry and hatchery
industry. This new approach and development strategy of archipelago region should be taken because
limitation of government budget. It should be agreed the commodity (product) cluster region and its raw
material of each industry should be available all year round to assure the demand and high price of the
product. The multiple effects of industry activities will facilitate job opportunities with high income. It is
hoped that the welfare and prosperity of the coastal community, perticularly fishermen will be achieved
and the sovereignty will be stable.
References
[1] Bappeda Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. 2003. Penyusunan Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Marine and
Coastal Resources Management Area (MCMA) Sulawesi Tenggara. Kerjasama Bappeda Provinsi
Sulawesi Tenggara dengan LP3MPK. Kendari.
[2] Bappenas. 2004. Wilayah Kritis Keanekaragaman Hayati di Indonesia: instrumen penilaian dan
pemindaian indikatif/cepat bagi pengambil kebijakan. Bappenas - Deputi Bidang Sumber Daya
Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup, Direktorat Pengendalian Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup.
Jakarta.
[3] Dahuri, R. 2002. Sektor kelautan dan perikanan sebagai prime mover ekonomi nasional. Makalah
seminar sehari Pembangunan Ekonomi Maritim di Indonesia diselenggarakan DMI bekerjasama
dengan DKP dan Center for Marine Economy and Regional Studies (CEMERS), Raddin Hotel
Ancol Jakarta, 10 September 2002.
[4] La Sara. 1996. Arti Strategis Pembangunan Sektor Perikanan Dalam PJP II. Agriplus 16 Th. VI: 7
12.
[5] La Sara, A. Hamid, W.H. Muskita dan Halili. 2002. Identifikasi Sumberdaya Ikan Unggulan di
Sulawesi Tenggara. Kerjasama Dinas Koperasi, UKM dan PMD Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara
dengan Jurusan Perikanan Faperta Unhalu, Kendari.
[6] La Sara. 2003. Rencana Strategis Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut Provinsi
Sulawesi Tenggara. Harian Umum Kendari Ekspres, 2 Juni 2003.
[7] La Sara dan A. Hamid. 2003. Adaptive Research and Extension di Kabupaten Buton. Kerjasama
Bappeda Kabupaten Kendari dan Lembaga Penelitian Unhalu.
[8] La Sara, A. Hamid, A. Manan, Safilu, Yusnaini, La Anadi, Halili, Saediman, W. Widayati, 2003a.
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Skala Kecil di Kabupaten Kendari. Kerjasama Bappeda Kabupaten
Kendari dengan Lembaga Penelitian Unhalu. Kendari.
[9] La Sara, A. Manan, Saediman, A. Hamid, Yusnaini, Safilu, E. Paksi, dan. La Anadi. 2003b. Kajian
PERDA Sektor Kelautan dan Perikanan Sulawesi Tenggara. Kerjasama BAPPEDA Provinsi
Sulawesi Tenggara dengan Jurusan Perikanan Faperta Unhalu. Bappeda Prov. Sulawesi Tenggara.
Kendari.
[10] La Sara, A. Hamid dan Safilu. 2011. Empowering Coastal Community by Implementing Natural
Resources Management (Case Study in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia). Journal of Coastal
Development 14(3): 202 -213.
36
[11] La Sara. 2011. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Perikanan untuk Pembangunan Wilayah Kepulauan. Orasi
Ilmiah Pengukuhan Guru Besar. Disampaikan pada Dies Natalis Universitas Haluoleo XXX,
Kendari, 20 Agustus 2011.
[12] La Sara. 2011. Design Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan Sebagai Model Percepatan
Pembangunan Daerah KepulauanDisampaaikan dalam Seminar Nasional Pengembangan
Perikanan, Pariwisata dan Yacht Rally Secara Terpadu dan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia, Kerjasama
Pemda Wakatobi dan APKASI, Patuno Beach Resort, Wakatobi, 13 14 Desember 2011.
[13] La Sara. 2014. Sumberdaya Alam Mensejahterakan Rakyat dan Sinkronisasi Peran Pusat dan
Daerah: Fokus pada SD Perikanan dan Kelautan. Disampaikan Dalam MUNAS XII KAGAMA dan
Worshop KAGAMA 2014 Revitalisasi Negara Maritim Yang Berdaulat, Mandiri dan
Berkepribadian. Hotel Clarion, Kendari, 6 9 November 2014.
[14] Riyadi, D. M. M. 2004. Kebijakan Pembangunan Sumberdaya Pesisir Sebagai Alternatif
Pembangunan Indonesia Masa Depan. Makalah disampaikan pada Sosialisasi Nasional Program
MFCDP, 22 September 2004.
37
Feliatra and Samiaji. Screening of Probiotic Bacteria for the Bacterial Fish Disease Control in Aquaculture in Riau Province,
pp. 3846. The 1st International Conference on Maritime Development Proceeding. Tanjungpinang, September 46, 2015
Screening of Probiotic Bacteria for the Bacterial Fish Disease Control in

Aquaculture in Riau Province
Nursyirwani, Feliatra and Joko SAMIAJI
Marine Science Department, Riau University, Indonesia
email: nursyirwani_adnan@yahoo.com
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have been applied to control bacterial fish diseases in aquaculture, as an
alternative to the use of antibiotics. Probiotic bacteria have also been found in intestine of both marine
and fresh water fish. The research objective was to isolate bacteria from intestine of cultured marine
fish, and to select isolates which were potential as probiotics based on antagonism against pathogenic
bacteria, and tolerances to pH and bile salts. Two marine fish species (kakap putih, Lates calcarifer
and bawal bintang, Trachinotus blochii), and two freshwater fish species (nila, Oreochromis niloticus
and gurami, Osphronemus gouramy) was used in this research. Three pathogenic bacteria were used
in antagonism test, namely Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus
agalactiae.
Seventy seven isolates grown in TSA and MRS agar medium at different pH was examined
for their antagonism against pathogenic bacteria. Based on the inhibition zone, seven isolates were
selected. Three isolates were selected from kakap putih (codes Kp1, Kp2, and Kp3), two isolates from
nila (codes N4.2 and N6.2), and two isolates from gurami (codes G2.3 and G6.3) were tested for their
tolerances on pH 3, 6, and 9, and bile salts concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %. From the optical
density (OD 600 nm) of MRS broth cultures, all isolates were able to grow at pH 3, 6 and 9. Three
isolates of kakap putih were tolerance to all bile salts concentration, however, four isolate of nila and
gurami were only tolerance to bile salts concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 %. Biochemical identification of
isolates by using API CH50 kit indicated that all isolates were grouped into genus Lactobacillus.
Keywords: Probiotics, screening, fish, antagonism, bile salts
1. Introduction
Aquaculture develops as long as the increase of animal protein for human needs. Production of
fish cage and brackishwater culture in Riau Province in 2012 was 102,000 tons which significantly
increased in comparison to 450.5 tons in 2013 (Anonim, 2013). Species of fish cage-cultured were carp
(Cyprinus carpio), nila (Oreochromis niloticus), gurami (Osphronemus gouramy), and patin (Pangasius
sp.) mostly found in Kampar River of Kampar District. In addition, mariculture has also been developed,
such as in Dumai and Meranti District. Marine species cultured were kakap putih (Lates calcarifer), and
bawal bintang (Trachinotus blochii).
Aquaculture activity highly relates to manipulation and modification of environment, biologyreproduction, density, feed and others. Those conditions effect on pressure and stress of the cultured
commodity which is relatively sensitive to diseases. Diseases syndrome in fish culture is a biological risk
that has to be anticipated (Purwaningsih and Taukhid, 2010). For example, mortality of nila and carp
occurred in cage culture of Waduk Koto Panjang of Kampar District might be due to stress and diseases
as an effect of temperature change in dry season (Anonim, 2011).
Aeromonas hydrophila is one of bacteria cause disease in freshwater fish culture. This species
always found in nila (Hastuti and Kororor, 2007), carp which caused mortality of 80% (Sanoesi, 2008), in
gurami (Tanjung et al., 2011), even more caused mortality of lele up to 100 % within one week (Mulia,
2012). Meanwhile, streptococcosis was bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus sp. which is currently
frequently found in nila culture (Purwaningsih and Taukhid, 2010). This disease caused high mortality (>
50 %) in relatively short period of 3 to 7 days. In addition, disease infection due to Vibrio sp. is one of
problems faced in mariculture. The route of infection could be from water, or direct contact from fish to
fish, which rapidly distributed in fish cultured at high density. In addition to weakens, kakap putih
infected by Vibrio was black in color, and produces excessive slime (Noviardi et al., 2010).
Disease has to be managed in order to prevent disadvantages in aquaculture. Disease control could
be by preventive and curative methods. Prevention by vaccination and use of antibiotics are believed to be
methods to solve the problems. However, both methods have not given optimal result, yet. Antibiotic
application in aquaculture resulted in residues which contaminated aquatic environment (Lalumera et al.,
2004), aquaculture products (Esposito et al., 2007), and stimulate development of resistant pathogenic
38
bacteria (Cabello, 2006). Recently, addition of probiotic in fish feed has been the most promising control
tool in fishery effort (Marzouk et al., 2008).
Use of probiotics is one of solution for fish disease control, and has been intensively studied in
freshwater and marine fish species. Supplementation of Enterococcus faecium ZJ4 in aquarium, and
Bacillus pumilus as probiotics could increase the growth, immune response and resistant of tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) against diseases (Wang et al., 2008; Aly et al., 2008). Probiotic bacteria,
Micrococcus sp. isolated from gonad of healthy tilapia were not harmful to the fish and have antagonistic
effect against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro (Osman et al., 2010). Pseudomonas
cepacia isolated from rearing waters, and Kurthia gibsonii isolated from intestine of lele dumbo (Clarias
sp.) was able to increase the health, survival and growth of the fish after being infected with A.hydrophila
(Agustina, 2007). Three isolates of probiotic candidate isolated from fish intestine inhibited the growth of
Streptococcus iniae (Aryati and Supriyadi, 2010).
This research aimed to isolate potential probiotics bacteria from fish (kakap putih, bawal bintang,
nila and gurami) cultured in several areas in Riau Province. The isolates obtained could be developed for
use in fish culture, partiularly to prevent bacterial diseases, and to increase the fish growth and
production.
2. Material and Methods

2.1. Material
Probiotic candidates were isolated from the intestines of two marine fish species: kakap putih
(Lates calcarifers) and bawal (bintang Trachinotus blochii), and two freshwater fish: nila (Oreochromis
niloticus) and gurami (Osphronemus gouramy). The bacteria were grown on tripticase soy agar (TSA,
Oxoid), and de Mann, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) agar media.
Three pathogenic bacteria were used in antagonism test, namely Vibrio alginonolyticus,
Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The pathogens were obtained from the research
center (BBPBAP) in Jepara of Central Java, and Fish Diseases Laboratory in the Faculty of Fishery and
Marine Sciences of Riau University, Pekanbaru.
2.2. Bacterial isolation and identification

Bacteria were isolated from the intestine of each fish species by scrapping the mucus on internal
wall, diluted in PBS solution of pH 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. 100 L of the dilution was spread on agar plates of
TSA and MRS, incubated at 30oC for 24-48 hours. Colonies grew on the media were re-inoculated on the
same fresh media to get pure colonies, both on TSA and MRS agar. White colonies on MRS agar were
inoculated on GYP+CaCO3 agar medium. White colonies with clear zone surrounding were identified and
stored on slant culture by adding glycerol at -20oC.
Bacteria was identified based on morphology, biochemical and physiological properties of each
bacterial isolate. Colony morphology was referred to Cappucino and Sherman (2001), including shape,
elevation, colour and diameter of colonies, Gram staining, and cell mortality. Biochemical test consisted
of catalase, oxidase, OF, MR-VP, gelatinase, and carbohydrate fermentation (Mac Faddin, 1983).
Isolates grew on MRS agar, and performed probiotic properties were then identified by using API CH50
kit (BioMerieux sa, Marcy IEtoil, France).
2.3. Antagonism Test

Antibacterial activity of bacterial isolates was test against pathogens by using paperdisc diffusion
agar methods (Davidson and Parish, 1989) on double layer agar of 1.5 % and 0.7 % Zobell 2216 agar
(Isnansetyo and Triyanto, 2007), and on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA, Difco). Growth inhibiton of
pathogens was indicated by clear zones surrounding the paper disc, which were measured by using
caliper. Chloramphenicol and MRS broth were used as positive and negative control, alternatively.
2.4. Tolerances to pH and bile salt

Tolerance of bacterial to pH 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 was examined following the procedure of
Hardiningsih et al. (2006). The growth was observed from the optical density (OD) at 600 nm after 24
and 48 hour-incubation. While, tolerance to bile salt was performed by streaking bacterial culture on agar
medium containing bile salt (Oxoid) at concentration of 0, 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 % (Buntin et al., 2008).
2.5. Data analysis

Data of bacterial isolates obtained from each fish species, antagonism to pathogens, tolerances to
pH and bile salts, and bacterial genus/species were presented in tables and figures. The data were then
analyzed descriptively, and were compared to references and researches related.
39

3.1. Characteristics of the bacterial isolates
Seventy seven bacterial isolates was obtained from intestines of fish kakap putih, bawal bintang,
nila and gourami. Thirty six and 41 isolates were grown on media TSA and MRS agar, respectively
(Table 1).
Table 1. Number of isolate obtained from different pH, medium and fish species
Number of isolate
Fish species
pH
TSA
MRS agar
Kakap putih
2
5
4
3
5
2
4
2
2
5
4
3
6
6
4
Bawal bintang
2
3
1
3
3
2
4
4
2
5
2
2
6
2
1
Gurami
2
3
4
3
6
3
Nila
2
3
4
3
6
3
Total of isolates
36
41
Bacterial colonies from different fish, and grew on TSA and MRS agar had different characters.
Round, crme, orange and white colonies with diameter of 0.9-3.7 mm were found on TSA medium.
Twenty six and three of the isolates were Gram and catalase positive, respectively. While round, white,
and crme colonies with diameter of 0.3-3.0 mm were found on MRS agar. The bacteria were rods, Gram
positive, catalase negative, and non-motile. Therefore, these bacteria could be categorized into lactic acid
bacteria.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) had also been found previously (Nursyirwani et al., 2011a) in tiger
grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). This group of bacteria had similar characteristics as reported by
Khalid (2011), that was a group of Gram positive, non-spore, coccus or rods bacteria which ferment
carbohydrate, and produce lactic acid as major end product.
3.2. Antagonism of bacteria isolates to pathogens

Antagonism of bacteria isolates from kakap putih and bawal bintang was examined against V.
alginolyticus (Tables 2 and 3). While, that of isolates from gurami and nila were examined against A.
hydrophila, and S. agalactiae, respectively (Tables 4 and 5).
Table 2 shows that bacteria grown on TSA have inhibition zones vary from 7.6 0.57 mm (isolate
KPBU1 pH 2) to 10.05 1.49 mm (isolate KPBU1 pH 5). Meanwhile, Table 3 indicates that bacteria
grown on MRS agar have inhibition zones from 6.7 0.28 mm (BMU1-3) to 9.5 2.12 mm (KPMU2-4).
The data indicates that bacteria isolated from kakap putih and bawal bintang were able to inhibit V.
alginolyticus, although the inhibition zones were lower than as compared to the positive control,
chloramphenicol (17.52 2.60 mm). The ability of these bacteria to inhibit V. alginolyticus was lower
than that of LAB isolated from kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) as reported by Nursyirwani et
al. (2011a), which showed the inhibition zones from 14.0 0.283 mm 21.5 0.707 mm. In the
meantime, Al-Marzouk et al. (2011) obtained a bacteria isolate of Gram positive (SHPB) from yellow-fin
porgy (Acanthopagrus latus) which indicated highest inhibition zone (25.00 mm) against V. alginolyticus.
Table 2. Antagonism of probiotic bacteria candidate isolated from kakap putih,
and grown on TSA against Vibrio algynoliticus
No.
1.
Isolate code
Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)
Control (+)
17.52 2.60
40
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Control (-)
6.00 0.00
KPBU1-2
7.50 0.57
KPBU1-3
7.80 0.42
KPBU1-4
7.95 1.34
KPBU1-5
7.45 0.35
KPBU1-6
7.55 0.07
KPBU1-2
7.60 0.57
KPBU2-3
8.10 1.56
KPBU2-5
10.05 1.48
11.
KPBU2-6
9.15 3.04
Note: KPBU = intestine of kakap putih from Bengkalis. Diameter of paper disc was 6 mm.
Values were average of triplicate samples stdv.
Inhibition effect showed by LAB could be due to acid or substances such as bacteriocins or
combination of both (Aslim et al., 2005). In addition to bacteriocins as antagonism mechanism of
probiotics, production of organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid are also important. For
example, activity of LAB against pathogen in turbot (Vazquez et al., 2005), and organic acids in
smoked salmon (Tome et al., 2006).
Table 3. Antagonism of probiotic bacteria candidate isolated from kakap putih and bawal bintang,
and grown on MRS agar against V. algynoliticus
No.
Isolate code
1.
Control (+)
17.52 2.60
2.
Control (-)
600 0.00
3.
KPMU1-2
9.10 0.00
4.
KPMU1-3
9.20 0.42
5.
KPMU1-4
8.90 0.42
6.
KPMU1-5
8.60 0.84
7.
KPMU1-6
8.40 0.42
8.
KPMU2-2
8.25 0.07
9.
KPMU2-3
6.80 0.14
10.
KPMU2-4
9.50 2.12
11.
KPMU2-5
8.15 0.21
12.
KPMU2-6
8.10 0.14
13.
BMU1-2
7.15 0.21
14.
BMU1-3
6.70 0.28
15.
BMU1-3
8.00 0.14
16.
BMU1-4
8.15 0.07
17.
BMU1-5
7.55 0.49
18.
BMU1-6
8.2 0.42
41
Note: KPMU = intestine of kakap putih from Meranti; BMU = intestine of bawal bintang from
Meranti. Diameter of paper disc was 6 mm. Values were average of triplicate samples stdv.
One of bacteria isolates from nila (N-4.2) shows highest inhibition zone (22.63 1.85 mm) in
between nine isolates tested, even was higher than positive control (19.50 0.00 mm) against pathogen,
Streptococcus agalactiae. Chemlal-Kherraz et al. (2012) reported that LAB isolates from nila had
inhibition ability against pathogens Escherichia coli (9 0 25 2.82 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12
0 34 1.41 mm), Streptococcus sp. (9 5.65 - 20 1.41 mm), and against Pseudomonas sp. (13 2.82
27 1.41 mm).
Table 4. Antagonism of probiotic bacteria candidate isolated from nila,
and grown on MRS agar against Streptococcus agalactiae
No.
Isolate code
1.
Control (+)
19.50 0.00
2.
Control (-)
6.00 0.00
3.
N-2.1
6.00 0.00
4.
N-4.1
6.00 0.00
5.
N-6.1
6.00 0.00
6.
N-2.2
6.60 0.85
7.
N-4.2
22.63 1.85
8.
N-6.2
6.54 0.97
9.
N-2.3
6.00 0.00
10.
N-4.3
6.00 0.00
11.
N-6.3
6.00 0.00
Note: N-2.1= nila, pH 2, isolate 1. Diameter of paper disc was 6 mm. Values were average
of triplicate samples stdv.
Eight isolates from gurami indicated an ability to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophyla as
pathogen frequently found in freshwater fish. The lowest inhibition (6.30 0.29 mm) was indicated by
isolate G-2.1, and the highest value (11.13 4.91 mm) was found from isolate G-6.2. This result was not
different from the finding of Putra and Hermawan (2014) who obtained three amylolitic probiotic isolates
from intestine of gurami which indicated inhibition zones from 8.30 0.20 mm to 9.22 0.21 mm).
Table 5. Antagonism of probiotic bacteria candidate isolated from gurami,
and grown on MRS agar against Aeromonas hydrophyla
NO
Isolate code
1.
Control (+)
19.50 0.00
2.
6.00 0.00
3.
Control (-)
G-2.1
4.
G-4.1
6.63 0.82
5.
G-6.1
7.45 0.80
6.
G-2.2
6.93 0.55
7.
G-4.2
7.25 0.85
8.
G-6.2
11.13 4.91
6.30 0.29
42
9.
G-2.3
6.00 0.00
10.
G-4.3
8.13 1.06
G-6.3
11.
8.60 1.33
Note: G-2.1= gurami, pH 2, isolate 1. Diameter of paper disc was 6 mm. Values were
average of triplicate samples stdv.
3.3. Tolerance to pH
Based on antagonism to pathogen, three isolates from kakap putih (KPMU1-2, KPMU1-3, and
KPMU2-4) which then were re-coded as Kp1, Kp2, and Kp3; two isolates from nila (N4-2 and N6-2),
and two isolates from gurami (G2-3 and G6-3) were selected for the test of tolerances to pH and bile
salts. All isolates indicated an ability to grow in acid, neutral and base medium MRS broth (Table 6). The
data show an increase of bacterial growth as measured from the OD values at one, 24 and 48 hours of
incubation. Previously, Nursyirwani et al. (2011b) found 20 LAB isolates from kerapu macan which
grew in MRS broth of pH 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Tolerance to low pH is important for probiotic bacteria candidate to survive and grow in fish
intestine. Although in this research pH of fish was not measured, pH of stomach, pyloric caeca and
intestine of kerapu lumpur (E. coioides) were reported be 3.8 0.3, 6.9 0.3, and 7.4 0.3, respectively
(Yu et al., 2007).
Table 6. Growth of probiotic bacteria candidate in MRS broth at pH 3, 6 and 9
for 24 and 48 hour-incubation (OD 600nm)
Iso
Isolate
pH
one hour
24 hours
48 hours
Kp1
3
0.008
0.008
0.076
6
0.021
0.432
0.756
9
1.26
0.200
0.151
Kp2
3
0.007
0.007
0.077
6
0.032
0.282
0.494
9
0.905
0.455
0.081
Kp3
3
0.007
0.012
0.079
6
0.037
0.460
0.905
9
1.18
0.495
0.093
N4-2
3
0.128
0.140
0.159
6
0.134
0.315
0.692
9
0.411
1.142
1.275
N6-2
3
0.143
0.155
0.137
6
0.132
0.470
0.608
9
0.334
1.288
1.428
G2-3
3
0.085
0.101
0.264
6
0.150
0.260
0.410
9
0.625
1.306
1.026
G6-3
3
0.250
0.262
0.260
6
0.114
0.497
0.576
9
0.617
1.352
1.272
Note: Kp1= KPMU1-2; Kp2= KPMU1-3; Kp3= KPMU2-4; N-2.1= nila, pH 2, isolate 1; N-4.1=
nila, pH 4, isolate 1; N-6.1= nila, pH 6, isolate 1; G-2.1= gurami, pH 2, isolate 1; G-4.1= gurami,
pH 4, isolate 1; G-6.1= gurami, pH 6, isolate 1.
3.4. Tolerance to bile salts

Tolerance to bile salts of bacteria isolates from marine fish species and freshwater fish was
different (Table 7). The three isolate from kakap putih were able to grow in MRS agar added with bile
salts each of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 %. However, isolates from nila and gurami grew only in MRS agar
with bile salts of 0.1 and 0.2%.
Table 7. Tolerance of probiotic bacteria isolate to different bile salt concentration
Bacteria isolate
Bile salt concentration (%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Control
Kp1
+
+
+
+
43
Kp2
+
+
Kp3
+
+
N4-2
+
+
N6-2
+
+
G2-3
+
+
G6-3
+
+
Note: Kp1, Kp and Kp3 = bacteria isolate from kakap putih
N4-2 and N6-2 = bacteria isolate from nila
G2-3 and G6-3 = bacteria isolate from gurami
+
+
-
+
+
-
Although there is not commitment on certain concentration of bile salts for the growth of probiotic
bacteria, this finding concludes that bacteria isolates from kakap putih have higher tolerance than isolates
from nila and gurami. Therefore, these isolates have an opportunity to be selected as probiotic candidate.
Meanwhile, Buntin et al., (2008) found only 43.12 %, 20.00 %, and 11.85 % of 160 isolate examined
could grow on bile salt concentration of 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm (0.2, 0.3, 0.4%), respectively. By
using relatively high concentration, Balcazar et al., (2008) found there was no significant different on
counts of LAB species tested in PBS with fish bile concentrations of 2.5-10%. It was also reported that
bile salt concentration in intestine of salmonid was assumed to be 0.4 - 1.3%.
3.5. Identification of bacteria species

Based on their growth on MRS media, all tested isolates could be categorized into lactic acid
bacteria (LAB). Therefore, all isolates were further biochemically identified by using API CH50 kit. In
comparison to the similarity percentage of bacteria standard in API kit, the result was presented as in
Table 8.
Table 8. Similarity percentage of LAB isolates in comparison to standard bacteria in API CH50 kit
Isolate
Kp1
Kp2
Kp3
Similarity
percentage (%)
88
70
78
Bacteria species
Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917

Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917
Lactobacillus paracasei spp paracasei
NCFB 206
N4-2
82
NCFB 206
N6-2
78
NCFB 206
G2-3
84
Lactobacillus pentosus
G6-3
91
Lacbacillus plantarum
Note: Kp1, Kp and Kp3 = bacteria isolate from kakap putih
N4-2 and N6-2 = bacteria isolate from nila
G2-3 and G6-3 = bacteria isolate from gurami
Data in Table 8 indicates that all bacteria isolates are grouped in genus Lactobacillus. The highest
similarity percentage as indicated by isolat G6-3 was similar to L. plantarum. This species is frequently
found in fish, and is used as probiotic in aquaculture. It is therefore important to identified the isolate
molecularly to prove if it is L. plantarum before being applied as probiotics.
4. Conclusion
This research concludes that probiotic bacteria were found in kakap putih, bawal bintang, nila and
gurami. Based on antagonism to pathogens, tolerances to pH and bile salts, seven bacteria isolates
showed properties as probiotics. However, isolates from kakap putih indicated lower antagonism to
pathogen than antibiotic, chloramphenicol. Therefore, more investigation of bacteria as probiotic
candidate from fish and fish products, and characterization of isolates molecularly are needed in order to
seek the most potential candidate.
44
Acknowledgement
Thank you to the Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Research, Technology
and Higher Education for funding this research through Fundamental Research in the years of 2014 and
2015.
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46
Amin. et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Commonly Consumed Gastropod Collected From Marok Tua Coastal Waters,
Singkep Island, pp. 4753. The 1st International Conference on Maritime Development Proceeding. Tanjungpinang, September
46, 2015
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Commonly Consumed Gastropod Collected From

Marok Tua Coastal Waters, Singkep Island
Bintal AMIN, Irvina NURRACHMI and Nur ATIKAH
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Riau, Indonesia
email: bintalamin@gmail.com
Abstract
Commonly consumed gastropod Strombus canarium known as siput gonggong by local community
and tourists in Riau Archipelago Province collected from Marok Tua coastal waters of Singkep Island
were evaluated for their comcentrations of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to provide a
basis of information on the concentrations of potentially harmful heavy metals present in
commercialized seafood samples from Marok Tua, Singkep Island. The concentrations of the metals
were determined by air- acetylene Perkin Elmer flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS)
model 3110. The mean concentrations in this gastropod samples were 0.1524, 12.2915, 11.4837,
47.1721, 6.1239, 46.6705 and 11.7996 g/g dry weight for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr
respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were found to be different with size of gastropod samples
where lower concentrations were found in smaller size and werehigher in larger size. Simple linear
regression analysis indicates positive correlations between heavy metal concentrations in soft tissues
and size of the gastropod for all metals. Based on the PTWI calculation for each metal it is suggested
that the consumption of this species from this area was still considered to be safe and there would be
no risk for human consumption.
Keywords: Heavy metal, gastropod, size and PTWI
1. Introduction
Water pollution leads to seafood contamination with toxic metals from many sources e.g.
industrial and domestic waste water, natural runoffs and contributory rivers (Marcursen et al., 2007). A
wide range of metals and metallic compounds found in the marine environment pose risks to human
health through the consumption of seafood where the contaminant content and exposure are significant
(Han et al., 1998, Osfar et al., 1998, Chan et al., 1999). Since Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr are widely
distributed in the coastal environment, both from natural geological process and anthropogenic activities,
this study is of much interest to public health.
Asian cultures have traditionally employed seafood as natural source of food. Though seafood
consumption is very common in Riau Archipelago, relatively few studies have reported on the quantities
of heavy metals that some indigenous Singkep seafood contains and or their potential health effect on the
population. This study focuses on the concentrations of common heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn
and Cr) in one of Riau Archipelago indigenous seafood Strombus canarium locally known as Siput
Gonggong which was collected from Marok Tua coastal waters, Singkep Island. This species are
consumed fresh and are also converted into processed products. Singkep island has been used as mining
areas for tin and bauxit by PT. Timah and some other private mining companies. Mining activities on the
island has been conducted since 1887 by the Dutch Government through Singkep Tin Maatschappij under
concessions from Billiton Maatschappij. In the last few years there have also been operating several
private mining companies whose activities are more focused on the sand mining.
Gastropods as also Bivalves provide a cheap source of protein for human consumption (Yap et al.,
2004). However, the consumption of metal-contaminated seafood in high doses may cause toxicity to
human beings, since heavy metals are inorganic chemicals that are non-biodegradable, cannot be
metabolized and will break down into harmful forms (Kromhout et al., 1995). Levels of heavy metals
above the permissible limit would certainly create a notorious image from the public point of view (Yap
et al., 2004). Thus, people who eat large amounts of seafood from estuarine or coastal areas that are
associated with chemical industry are at a risk of heavy metal poisoning (Nawal, 2008). The aim of this
work is to provide a basis of information on the concentration of potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd,
Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr) present in commercialized seafood samples from Marok Tua coastal waters,
Singkep, Riau Archipelago Province.
47
2. Materials and Methods

Samples were collected from their natural habitat in Marok Tua coastal waters, Singkep Island.
The gastropod samples were still alive and were brought back to the laboratory in plastic bags, and kept
frozen at -10 C. Sixty individual sample was dissected to separate the whole body from the shells. The
total soft tissues were dried by using air-circulating oven to a constant dry weight at 80C (Ismail, 1993)
and homogenized prior to analysis.
The direct aqua regia method as described by Ismail, (1993) was employed for the heavy metal
analysis. About 1g of each dried sample was weighed into a digesting tube and digested in concentrated
nitric acid (AnalaR grade, BDH 69%). The samples were then placed in the digesting block, and the
temperature was first set at a low temperature of 40C for 1 hour and later increased to 140C for at least
3 hours. After cooling, the content of each digesting tube was diluted to 40ml with double distilled water,
and then filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper into acid washed pill bottles.
The digests were then determined for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr using an air-acetylene Perkin
Elmer flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model 3110. The data were presented in g/g
dry weight (dw) basis. Calibration curves were generated by analyzing Multiple-level Calibration
standards. Standard solution of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr were prepared from 1,000mg/l (BDH
SpectrosoL) stock solution.
In order to avoid contamination, all glassware were soaked in acid wash (10% HCl) for 24 hours
and later rinsed with double distilled water. The analytical results for standard solution values showed
satisfactory agreement with the recoveries. A quality control sample was analyzed in every ten samples
during AAS metal analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 software for ANOVA test and Post Hoc
Test (Turkey HSD, p< 0.05). Microsoft EXCEL was employed for the graphics illustrations.
3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Water quality parameters
A coastal water of Marok Tua is not only used as an area of marine transportation, is also used as
fishing areas by the surrounding community. Fish and shellfish are very well known as a popular seafood
both by locals and by tourists. The results of environmental parameter measurements in seawater showed
that the temperature range between 29-31 C, pH 7-8, salinity 28.0 to 32.0 , Tranparency 0.70 to 1.20
m and current velocity of 0.25 - 0.45 m/sec.
All those water quality parameters can be considered still in the range of tolerable level by aquatic
biota and were also in the range for the life of the marine organism (Hutabarat and Evans, 1985).
Nybakken (1992) stated that the water temperature will determine the biological activity and their
activeness of marine biota in the water. When compared with the water quality standards for marine biota
(Kep.No.51/MENLH/2004), the average environmental parameters in coastal waters of Marok Tua are
generally still in the range of tolerable level for marine organisms.
3.2. Metal concentrations in S. Canarium

The concentration (dry weight) of heavy metals in soft tissues of the S. Canarium ranged from
0.0855 0.2445 g/g for Cd, 7.0379 20.6854 g/g for Cu, 7.9545 17.7169 g/g for Pb, 30.4475
72.1839 g/g for Zn, 3.9434 9.4319 g/g for Ni, 33.8843 70.6612g/g for Mn, 6.8299 20.6186 g/g
for Cr and the mean concentration of each metal can be seen in Table Table 1.
Yap et al., (2004) reported metal concentrations of P. viridis ranging from 7.76 to 20.1g/g dw
(1.32 3.42g/g ww) for Cu, which is similar range when compared to this study with metal
concentration of 7.0379 20.6854 g/g dw for Cu. However, there is a difference in the case of Zn when
this study was lower compared to that reported by Yap et al., (2004). The wide variation could possibly
be due to the difference in biological sample, site or area of collection, increased development and
continuous human activities, bioavailability and capacity of Zn accumulation by the organisms. The
accumulation of trace elements in living organisms also depends on physiological conditions of the
organisms as well a lipid dynamics of the tissue (Farkas et al., 2003) and on the rate metabolism of the
organisms.
48
Table 1. Mean concentrations g/g (dw) of heavy metal concentrations in soft tissue of S. Canarium
Metal concentration (g/g)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Cd
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ni
Mn
Cr
Mean
53,8364
14,9468
0,1524
12,2915
11,4837
47,1721
6,1239
46,6705
11,7996
Min.
44,6800
9,2550
0,0855
7,0379
7,9545
30,4475
3,9434
33,8843
6,8299
Max.
67,1300
25,7900
0,2445
20,6854
17,7169
72,1893
9,4318
70,6612
20,6186
SDev
5,9872
5,8664
0,0428
4,3490
2,7606
11,9819
1,8796
8,4392
4,2007
Concentrations of the metal analyzed were found to be in the order of Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd

(Figure 1). It may possibly be an interesting thing to note that gastropods accumulate more concentration
of Zn and Cu in this particular habitat, this may be an underestimate of the species ability to accumulate
the metal in question under sediment conditions where metals exhibit greater availability (MacFarlane et
al., 2007), though this is subject for further studies. Although humans can handle proportionally large
concentrations of these metals, their high levels can still cause eminent health problems, such as stomach
cramps, skin irritations, vomiting nausea and anemia. Very high levels of zinc, for example, can damage
the pancreas and disturb the protein metabolism, and cause arteriosclerosis.
Figure 1. Mean metal concentrations in S. Canarium from Marok Tua coastal waters
3.3. Heavy metal concentrations in different size of S. Canarium

The present results showed that larger S. Canarium accumulate more metals than the smaller ones
(Table 2 and Figure 2) and thus size is important variable to consider for metal accumulation. Although
the medium size showed lower concentration than smaller one, the overall mean concentrations of all
metals in larger size of samples from Marok Tua were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the smaller
size. A study on snails by Williamson (1980) suggested that increases in metabolic rates in relation to
different body sizes might affect heavy metal uptake and elimination.
Table 2. Heavy metal concentrations in different size of S. Canarium from Marok Tua coastal waters
Metal concentrations (g/g)
Size
Cd
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ni
Mn
Cr
Small
0,1471
10,8334
10,9091
49,2928
5,3848
46,3421
10,2792
Medium
0,1219
8,8289
9,8799
35,7742
4,6906
40,6359
8,4740
Big
0,1883
17,2121
13,6622
56,4492
8,2964
53,0336
16,6455
49
Figure 2. Heavy metal concentrations in different size of S. Canarium from Marok Tua coastal waters
3.4. Correlation between heavy metal concentrations in S. canarium with size

Regression analysis between metal concentrations and the length and weight showed positive
correlation (r = 0.3619 0.6693 for length and r = 0.5595 0.8815for weight) for all metals in samples
from Marok Tua coastal waters, indicating that increased body length and weight corresponds to
increased metal concentrations (Figure 3a and 3b).
Positive correlations between metal concentrations and size (length and weight) were observed in
samples from Marok Tua with some variation in the correlation coefficients which gave an indication of
metal regulation by the S. canarium. The increase of heavy metal concentrations with the increase of
body size of the organisms have also been found in other molluscan species and their possible causes
were mainly related to the metabolic activities at different ages of the organisms (Boyden, 1977;
Olafsson, 1986; Jones et al., 1992; Swaileh and Adelung, 1994; Kraak et al., 1994; Bilos et al., 1998).
Positive relationships between metal concentrations in whole body tissues and body size have been
reported occasionally from a variety of bivalves and gastropods (Boyden, 1974, 1977; Cossa, 1989;
Odzak et.al., 1994). It is likely that when tissues grow more quickly than the metal can be absorbed, there
will be a reduction in metal concentrations in soft tissue. Since in nearly all species, smaller (younger)
individuals grow faster than the older ones, dilution of metal concentrations by tissue growth should have
a greater effect in smaller individuals than in larger ones, causing a positive slope in the metal
concentration - body size relationship (Strong and Luoma 1981).
Positive relationships observed in some mollusc species have been explained in terms of extremely
slow rates of elimination of a metal from the body of an organism with non-regulatory uptake (Langston
and Zhou, 1987a, 1987b). This suggests that the net accumulation of the metals may occur throughout the
life of the organisms and that higher concentrations in the larger (older) individuals reflect previous
longer-term exposures (Boyden, 1977).
Thus the positive relationships of metal concentration with body size (length and weight) of S.
canarium may be at least in part related to their low growth rate coupled with the long life span in the
coastal area receiving runoff from abandoned tin mining inland. Likewise, the higher concentrations of
metals found in the larger individuals of the samples, was interpreted as an irreversible accumulation of
metal in the older specimens and related to their low rate of growth.
Concentrations of metals in the present study increased with body length and weight. These
results agree with earlier observations of Ch. gazzina (Usero et al. 1996). Concentrations of Pb and Mn
were relatively independent of size. Independence between metal concentration and size occurs when the
uptake and excretion rates of the metals balance.
3.5. Safety limit for human consumption

One of the objectives of this study was to learn, based on their metal pollution, if the species
chosen were suitable for human consumption in the area studied. The safety limits in consuming S.
canarium from MarokTua coastal waters was estimated by calculating PTWI (Provisional Tolerable
Weekly Intake). The maximum level of heavy metals concentrations that can be consumed by humans
were Pb 0.5 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg for Cu and Zn (FAO, 1983). Based on the Decree of the Director
General of Drug and Food Control, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number:
03725/B/SK/1989 stated that standard for heavy metals in biota is 2 ppm for Pb, 20 ppm for Cu and 100
50
ppm for Zn. Therefore, as the present study was based on the dry weight method, the concentrations were
converted to wet weight basis (1:43, based on water content analysis in the soft tissue of this species) for
the calculation of PTWI. Calculated wet weight concentrations of metals in S. canarium from the studied
area are 0.0354, 2.8585, 2.6706, 10.9703, 1.4242, 10.8536 and 2.7441 g/g wet weight for Cd, Cu, Pb,
Zn, Ni, Mn and Cr respectively. With reference to the standards of the Director General of the Republic
of Indonesia (POM, 1989), concentrations of all metals analyzed, except for Pb are still suitable for
human consumption because it is still below the standard value.
PTWI value in the present study was calculated based on Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni for 70 kg body
weight/week respectively (WHO, 1989). The mean metal concentrations of these metals in S. canarium
from Marok Tua coastal waters were equivalent to 0.0354, 2.8585, 2.6706, 10.9703, 1.4242, 10.8536 and
2.7441 g/g wet weight. So, based on Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrations, people with 70 kg body
weight would reach the PTWI value when consumed S. canarium from Marok Tua coastal waters more
than0.1975, 85.7099, 0.6553, 44.6662 and 1.7203 kg/week.
Figure 3. Correlation between metal concentrations in

sofy tissue of S. canarium and length
51
Figure 4. Correlation between metal concentrations in

soft tissue of S. canarium and weight
4. Conclusion
The result of this study showed that larger sizes of S. canarium from Marok Tua coastal waters
accumulates more heavy metals than the smaller ones and thus size is important variable to consider for
metal accumulation. Simple linear regression analyses indicated positive correlations between metal
concentrations and size (length and weight) except Pb and Mn with some variation in their correlation
coefficients. The present study also showed low indication of possible occurrence of acute toxicity of
heavy metals to the consumers of seafood from Marok Tua coastal waters Singkep Island, yet the
considerable high levels of Cadmium and Lead in S. canarium may pose a concern for human health. A
closer monitoring of heavy metal levels in seafood from Marok Tua, Singkep Island is recommended in
view of the possible risk to the consumers health.
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53

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