WIRE ROPE SLINGS

GENERAL INFORMATION

2
Figure 1.

NOMINAL SLING STRENGTH is based upon the nominal (catalog) rope strength of the wire rope used in the
sling and other factors which affect the overall strength
of the sling. These other factors include splicing efficiency, number of parts of rope in the sling, type of hitch
(e.g., straight pull, choker hitch, basket hitch, etc.), diameter around which the body of the sling is bent (D/d) and
the diameter of pin used in the eye of the sling (Figure 1).

Figure 4.

Figure 2.

SLING ANGLE is the angle measured between a horizontal line and the sling leg or body. This angle is very
important and can have a dramatic effect on the rated
capacity of the sling. As illustrated (Figure 2), when this
angle decreases, the load on each leg increases. This
principle applies whether one sling is used to pull at an
angle, in a basket hitch or for multi-legged bridle slings.
Sling angles of less than 30 degrees are not recommended.

Figure 3. Choker hitch rated capacity adjustment. For wire

rope slings in choker hitch when angle is less than 135.

CHOKER HITCH configurations affect the rated capacity

of a sling. This is because the sling leg or body is passed
around the load, through one end attachment or eye and
is suspended by the other end attachment or eye. The
contact of the sling body with the end attachment or eye
causes a loss of sling strength at this point. If a load is
hanging free, the normal choke angle is approximately 135
degrees. When the angle is less than 135 degrees an
adjustment in the sling rated capacity must be made
(Figure 3).

As can be seen, the decrease in rated capacity is dramatic.

Choker hitches at angles greater than 135 degrees are not
recommended since they are unstable. Extreme care
should be taken to determine the angle of choke as accurately as possible.
NOMINAL SPLICE EFFICIENCY is the efficiency of the
sling splice. Any time wire rope is disturbed such as in
splicing an eye, the strength of the rope is reduced. This
reduction must be taken into account when determining
the nominal sling strength and in calculating the rated
capacity. Each type of splice has a different efficiency,
thus the difference in rated capacities for different types
of slings. Nominal splice efficiencies have been established after many hundreds of tests over years of testing.
D/d ratio is the ratio of the diameter around which the
sling is bent divided by the body diameter of the sling
(Figure 4). This ratio has an effect on the rated capacity
of the sling only when the sling is used in a basket hitch.
Tests have shown that whenever wire rope is bent
around a diameter, the strength of the rope is decreased.
Figure 5 illustrates the percentage of decrease to be
expected. This D/d ratio is applied to wire rope slings to
assure that the strength in the body of the sling is at least
equal to the splice efficiency. When D/d ratios smaller
than those listed in the rated capacity tables are necessary, the rated capacity of the sling must be decreased.
RATED CAPACITY is the maximum static load a sling is
designed to lift. The tables give rated capacities in tons
of 2000 pounds. Rated capacities contained in all the
tables were calculated by computer. Each value was calculated starting wth the nominal component rope
strength and working up from there. Due to computer
rounding of numeric values, rated capacity values for 2, 3
or 4 leg slings may not be even multiples of single leg values and may differ by a small amount. This represents
the state-of-the-art technology and tables found in other
publications which differ by this small amount should
not be construed to be in error. The difference is generally no more than one unit for any sling diameter.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Figure 5.
When a wire rope is bent around any sheave or other circular
object there is a loss of strength due to this bending action. As
the D/d ratio becomes smaller this loss of strength becomes
greater and the rope becomes less efficient. This curve, derived
from actual test data, relates the efficiency of a rope to different D/d ratios.This curve is based on static loads only and
applies to 6x19 and 6x37 class ropes.

damaged during the proof load.

EYE DIMENSIONS are generally eight (8) sling body
diameters wide by sixteen (16) body diameters long.
Whenever possible thimbles are recommended to protect
the rope in the sling eye. Eye dimensions for thimbles are
contained in table 2. Table 2 contains only dimensions
for thimbles used in standard single part slings. Other specialized thimbles are available. Consult your sling manufacturer for details.
PIN DIAMETER should not be any greater than the natural width of the sling eye. For any sized eye and type of
sling body, the maximum allowable pin diameter may be
calculated as follows:
Maximum pin diameter = (2L + W) x 0.2
Where
L = length of eye
W = width of eye
The minimum pin diameter should never be smaller than
the nominal sling diameter.
GRADE & CONSTRUCTION of wire rope for slings is
generally accepted to be bright Improved Plow Steel or
Extra Improved Plow Steel grade 6x19 or 6x37 classification regular lay. IWRC rope has a higher rated capacity
than Fiber Core rope for mechanically spliced slings, but
the same rated capacity for hand tucked slings. This is
because when making a hand tucked splice, the core
(IWRC) of the rope is cut in the splice area and doesnt
add to the overall strength of the sling. Rated capacities
of slings using galvanized rope depend on the method of
galvanizing. The sling manufacturer should be consulted
regarding rated capacities for these types of slings.

Figure 6.

Figure 7. For bridle slings with legs of unequal length, use the
smallest horizontal angle for rated capacity calculations.

PROOF LOAD is a specific load applied to a sling or

assembly in a non-destructive test to verify the workmanship of the sling. All swaged socket or poured socket
assemblies should be proof loaded. The proof load is
generally two (2) times the vertical rated capacity for
mechanical splice slings. The maximum proof load for
hand tucked slings is 1.25 times the vertical rated capacity. Care should be taken to assure that sling eyes are not

MINIMUM SLING BODY LENGTH is the minimum

length of wire rope between splices, sleeves or fittings.
Generally the minimum body length is equal to ten (10)
times the sling body diameter. This allows approximately
one and one half (1 1/2) rope lays between splices. For
multi-part slings the minimum body length between
splices is equal to forty (40) times the component rope
diameter.
LENGTH TOLERANCE is generally plus or minus two (2)
body diameters, or plus or minus 0.5% of the sling length,
whichever is greater. The legs of bridle slings, or matched
slings are normally held to within one (1) body diameter.
Tolerances on poured or swaged socket assemblies are
generally much closer. Tolerances should always be specified to the sling manufacturer before the order is placed.
This eliminates a lot of frustration and confusion later.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

HAND TUCKED SPLICE

A HAND TUCKED splice is made by passing the wire rope
around a thimble or forming an eye and splicing the dead
end (short end) into the live end (long end) of the rope.
Normally, each dead end strand is given one forming tuck
and three full tucks around the same strand in the body
of the rope. One additional full tuck is made when splicing more pliable wire ropes such as 6x37 classification.
A forming tuck is made by prying two adjacent strands
apart, inserting a dead end strand into the opening and
passing the strand under one, two, or three adjacent
strands in the body of the rope. The dead end strand is
set or locked tightly.
A full tuck is made by inserting a dead end strand under
and rotating it one full 360 degrees turn around a strand
in the body of the wire rope. The tucked strand is set or
locked tightly. Each subsequent full turn of the dead end
strand around the live end strand constitutes an additional full tuck.
Setting or locking of a dead end strand is accomplished by pulling the strand end in under considerable
force. A marlin spike is inserted in the same opening in
the body of the rope ahead of the tucked strand and is
rotated about the axis of the rope back to the start of the
splice or toward the previous tuck. This helps set the
tuck.

Certain end usages may indicate the desirability of special

splices such as the Navy Admiralty Splice or logging
splice. Splices made by these special methods may also
attain the efficiencies used in calculating the rated capacity tables where the rope quality and number of tucks are
equivalent to that outlined above. Development of such
efficiencies should be confirmed by the sling fabricators
making such splices.
Serving or wrapping of wire rope sling splices does not
affect the spicing efficiencies nor rated capacities. Such
servings are optional, although unserved splices are preferred because they permit visual inspection of the
spliced area.
NOMINAL SPLICE EFFICIENCIES are measured in
terms of efficiency (where efficiency = actual breaking
strength of spliced termination divided by actual breaking strength of rope). This efficiency will change from
splice to splice because of the many variable factors
involved in producing the splice. Splice efficiencies given
in table 3 were established so that these normal variations are accommodated. The design factor used in
establishing the rated capacities further assures that the
sling will lift the load even in those rare instances when
the splice efficiency falls slightly below the values given
in the tables. Rated capacities shown in this manual have
met with the most exacting test, that of the test of time
and use in over fifty years of actual field experience.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS for hand tucked slings are

about the same as for any other type of sling. The use of
a swivel on single leg lifts as well as free hanging loads
which may rotate is not recommended. A tag line should
always be used to prevent rotation of the sling body.
When the sling body of a hand tucked splice is allowed
to rotate, the splice could unlay and pull out, thus causing
the load to drop.

Flemish eye splice.

MECHANICAL SPLICE
MECHANICAL SPLICE slings come in two basic types.
One being the Returned Loop and the other the Flemish

Eye or farmers splice. In either case, the splice is completed by pressing (swaging) one or more metal sleeves over
the rope juncture.
The returned loop is fabricated by forming a loop at the
end of the rope, sliding one or more metal sleeves over
the short end of the loop eye and pressing these sleeves
to secure the end of the rope to the sling body. This
makes an economical sling and in most cases one that
will give satisfactory service. A drawback to this type of
sling is that the lifting capacity of the sling depends 100%
upon the integrity of the pressed or swaged joint. Should
the metal sleeve(s) fail, the entire eye will also fail.
The flemish eye splice is fabricated by opening or unlaying the rope body into two parts, one having three
strands and the other having the remaining three strands
and the core. The rope is unlayed far enough back to
allow the loop or eye to be formed by looping one part
in one direction and the other part in the other direction
and laying the rope back together. The strands are rolled
back around the rope body. A metal sleeve is then
slipped over the ends of the splice and pressed (swaged)
to secure the ends to the body of the sling. Nominal
splice efficiencies expressed in table 4 and in the rated
capacity tables are based on this splicing method. Splice
efficiencies for other splicing methods should be confirmed by the sling manufacturer.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Notice that the splice efficiency factor plays no role in

the calculation of the Choker Hitch rated capacity. This
is because as the rope passes through the eye of the sling
in a choke, the weakest part of the sling is in the body of
the sling at the choke point. Thus the splice being higher in efficiency, has no effect on the rated capacity,
because the efficiency factors are not additive.
Rated capacities for single part, choker and basket hitches are calculated exactly the same as for hand tucked
slings except for the nominal splice efficiencies. The
rated capacities adjustment table 1 for choker hitches
also applies for mechanical splice slings. Minimum D/d
ratio for basket hitches is 25. This larger D/d ratio is
required because the Nominal Splice Efficiency is higher.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS are no different from other
slings except care should be taken not to deform or damage the sleeve.
Stainless Steel slings which have sleeves made of a different grade or type metal than the rope body may experience accelerated deterioration due to an electro chemical
reaction between the two metals.This is particularly evident in salt water or brackish conditions.
ZINC OR RESIN POURED SOCKET
TYPE TERMINATIONS
While some people may debate whether zinc or resin
poured sockets are truly slings, they are generally included in the sling category. This type of termination has traditionally been the method for determining the ropes
actual breaking strength.All other types of end terminations have been compared to poured sockets. Their efficiency is therefore established to be 100% for all grades
and constructions of rope.
Choker hitches are not used as much with poured sockets as with the other more general types of slings. When
such slings are used in a choker hitch, the rated capacity
adjustment table 1 applies.
Rope assemblies with poured attachments are generally
used as a straight tension member where the rope body
does not contact the load and is otherwise kept free from
distortion or physical abuse. In such cases the minimum
recommended design factor is 3.0. If the assembly is used
as a sling then a design factor of 5.0 should be used to
calculate the rated capacity. Rated capacities for these
slings used in basket hitches are the same as mechanical
spliced slings and use the same D/d ratio factors.
Length tolerances for poured attachments can be somewhat more stringent than other types of slings. The manufacturer should be contacted and agreement reached
before the order is placed. Tolerance as small as plus or
minus 1/8 is not out of the ordinary for this type of
assembly. Specifications such as type of fitting, pin orientation, whether zinc or resin is to be used and type of
application should also be supplied to the manufacturer
when ordering these types of assemblies. Those inexperienced in the socketing process should not try to fabricate assemblies without first getting expert training. It is
far better to leave fabrication of this type of assembly to
the experts. The following socketing methods are general in nature and have withstood the test of time. Slight
variations to these methods will produce equal results.

The two procedures, while achieving the same end

result, differ significantly. It is highly recommended that
all poured sockets whether they be zinc or resin, be
proofloaded.
CABLE-LAID WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Cable-Laid Slings are fabricated from a machine made
rope comprised of seven small wire ropes. The cable-laid
body is typically 7x7x7, 7x7x19, or 7x6x19 Classification
IWRC. This construction makes for a pliable rope and
sling. These slings are used where flexibility and resistance to kinking and setting are more important than
resistance to abrasion. Since the rope is made up of many
smaller wire ropes, the slings can bend around smaller
diameters without taking a permanent set or a kink. The
many small wires are susceptible to abrasion.
The rated capacity adjustment Table 1 for choker hitches
applies to cable-laid slings as well. Note the difference in
the efficiency factor for calculating vertical choker hitch
rated capacities.
Rated capacity for a basket hitch is based on a D/d ratio of
10, where d is the diameter of the cable-laid fabric.
Tolerances and minimum sling lengths are also figured
using the cable-laid fabric diameter.
BRAIDED MULTI-PART SLINGS
Multi-part braided slings or Multi-Parts as they are known,
are generally hand fabricated slings which are braided
from 2, 3, 4 and up to as many as 48 pieces or parts of rope.
Generally 4, 6, 8 & 9 parts are the more common.They can
be either flat or round and offer the ultimate in flexibility
and versatility. These are truly the heavy weights of the
lifting industry. This book covers only the round type
slings. They snug up tightly to the load in a choker hitch
and resist kinking and setting. Loads in excess of 4000 tons
have been lifted with multi-part slings.
Nominal Splice Efficiency for multi-part slings is 0.70 for
component ropes 3/32 through 2 diameters. For larger
component rope slings, consult the sling manufacturer
for splice efficiencies.
Because of the multi-rope component construction, multipart slings react differently than standard wire rope slings
in a choker hitch therefore the nominal splice efficiency
is present in the equation. The adjustment Table 1
applies to multi-part slings also.
Rated Capacity for a basket hitch is based on a minimum
D/d ratio of 25, where d = component rope diameter.
Length tolerances for component ropes of 3/8 diameter
and smaller are plus or minus 10 component rope diameters, or plus or minus 1.5% of the sling length whichever
is greater. The legs of matched slings shall be within 5
component rope diameters of each other. For component
rope diameters 7/16 and larger, the tolerance is plus or
minus 6 component rope diameters, or plus or minus 1%
of the sling length whichever is the greater. Legs of
matched slings shall be within 3 component rope diameters of each other.
Minimum Sling Length between loops, sockets or sleeves
is recommended to be 40 times the component rope
diameter of the braided body.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

GROMMETS
Grommets are a unique type of sling. They form a complete circle and automatically double the number of lifting legs. Several types are available, such as strand laid
hand tucked, strand laid mechanical, cable laid hand
tucked and cable laid mechanical. Grommets work well
in basket and choker hitches and general applications
will find them used in this manner. Another unique
advantage to grommets is that the load contact points
may be rotated or moved around the sling to even out
the wear points. The only area that should not come into
contact with the load is the splice area. The sling manufacturer will usually mark the area of hand tucked grommets with paint to help the user more easily identify the
splice area.
Tolerances for grommets are generally plus or minus 1%
of the circumferential length or 6 body diameters
whichever is greater.
A minimum circumference of 96 body diameters is recommended. This measurement is normally an inside circumferential measurement. The requirement for a minimum circumference of 96 times the body diameter for
grommets and endless slings was based on the require-

ment to have at least three free rope lays on either side of

the tuck of a hand spliced endless grommet prior to
being bent around a hook or pin five times the body
diameter. To eliminate the possibility of confusion, this
requirement was adopted for mechanically spliced endless grommets as well. Consult the sling manufacturer for
smaller circumferences.
The same general precautions apply to grommets as
apply to all other types of slings. However, it should be
noted that since a grommet is a continuous circle, the
D/d ratio becomes a very important consideration. The
D/d ratio must be applied to the lifting pins as well as to
the load. Normally the lifting pins will be the smallest
diameter in the system other than the diameter of the
grommet. No loads should be handled on D/d smaller
than 5 times the sling body diameter. If they must, consult
the sling manufacturer. Rated capacities covered in this
section are based on a D/d ratio of 5.
STRAND LAID HAND TUCKED GROMMET
A Strand Laid Hand Tucked Grommet is made from one
continuous length of strand. No sleeves are used to make
the joint. This results in a very smooth circular sling.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Because of the sling body construction, grommet slings

react differently than standard wire rope slings in a choker type hitch therefore the presence of the nominal
splice efficiency factor in the equation. Rated capacity
adjustment Table 1 applies.
STRAND LAID MECHANICAL SPLICE GROMMET
Strand Laid Mechanical Splice grommets are made from
one continuous length of wire rope joined by pressing or
swaging one or more sleeves over the rope juncture.This
type of grommet is not as smooth as the hand tucked, but
offers economy and ease of manufacture. An advantage is
that the swaged sleeves give clear indication of the splice
area.

CABLE LAID HAND TUCKED GROMMET

Cable Laid Hand Tucked Grommets are fabricated in the
same manner as strand laid hand tucked grommets
except one continuous length of wire rope is used. This
makes for a flexible smooth sling. The body diameters
are somewhat odd sized because the grommet body is
built up from a standard diameter component rope.
CABLE LAID MECHANICAL SPLICE
(See Rated Capacity Tables Section)
Cable Laid Mechanical Splice Grommets are fabricated
from one continuous length of cable laid wire rope fabric
with the ends joined by one or more mechanical sleeves.
They are similar to strand laid mechanical splice grommets, but offer greater flexibility.

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2-7

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

GUIDELINES FOR THE RIGGER

Some Useful Guidelines For the Rigger

On the following pages are some useful tips to help the
rigger do his job more efficiently and safely. Prevailing
work rules and government regulations place full responsibility for proper performance upon the rigger, so it is
his duty to be familiar with the condition and capability
of all tools and equipment used, as well as techniques
employed. One basic rule always applies: Always
knownever guess.
Each lift may be divided into three parts, providing a convenient plan for proceeding:
1. The Lifting DeviceKnow its capability and limitations, and its condition. When was it last inspected? If
in doubt about capacity, check the placard.
2. The HitchHere is where the rigger can exercise
ingenuitybut its also the easiest place to make a
mistake.
3. The LoadThe weight must be known. But you must
also protect the load from possible damage by the
slingsand protect the slings from damage by the
load.

Type of Hitch Determines Choice of Sling

Is the lifting device adequate?

Check the placard on the crane or hoist, and then answer
three questions:
1. Is capacity adequate for this lift?
2. Will it lift high enough?
3. Is horizontal reach adequate?

Before you select a sling for a specific lift, determine the

most effective hitch to do the job, protect the load, and
protect the sling. One of three basic hitches will usually
do the job.
The type of hitch you select may determine the type of
sling body that will best do the job, as well as the length
of sling that will be needed. Lifting height, overhead clearance and hook travel will affect choice of hitch and
length of sling.
Choose a sling body type which will best support the
load while providing adequate rated capacity. The proper
choice will provide:
1. Lifting capacity needed.
2. Proper D/d Ratio.
3. Handling characteristics needed for rigging.
4. Minimal damage to the sling.
5. Minimal damage to the load.

Check the hook and reeving.

1. Are sheaves properly rigged? If multi-part reeving, will
it support the load?
2. Is the hook the right size so sling eye wont be distorted when put over the hook?
3. Check for cracks in bowl of the hook, and for evidence of point loading or bending to one side of 15%
or more.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Protect the sling during the lift with blocking or padding

at sharp corners or where the sling body would be bent
severely.

Use blocking or padding to protect hollow vessels, loose

bundles and fragile items from scuffing and bending.
Remember that blocking becomes part of the lift, and
must be added to total weight on the sling.

Use a spreader bar between legs of a sling to prevent

excessive side pressure on the load by the sling during
the lift.

When lifting crates or wooden boxes with a basket hitch,

be sure load can withstand side pressure as tension is
applied to sling. Use spreader bars and corner protectors
to prevent damage to contents.

When attaching a sling to eye bolts, always pull on line

with the bolt axis.When hitching to bolts screwed into or
attached to a load, a side pull may break the bolts.
When lifting a bundled load with a single sling near the
center of gravity, a choke is more effective than a basket
hitch to prevent unbalance and slipping of the load in
the sling.

Use a shackle in the sling eye during a choke to protect

sling body against excessive distortion. Always put shackle pin through sling eye, rather than against the sling
bodysince sliding movement of sling body could rotate
pin, causing it to come loose.

Some riggers will use a double wrap around the load, for
360 gripping of the load, to prevent slippage during the
lift.

A sliding hook choker is superior to a shackle or unprotected eye, since it provides a greater bending radius for
the sling body.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

You can reduce the angle of a choke with a wooden

block, or blocks, between the hitch and the load This
also increases the angle between the two legs to improve
sling efficiency.

Anytime a load is lifted beyond arms reach with a singlepart load line or straight eye-and-eye sling, use a tagline to
prevent load rotation. If a wire rope is permitted to
rotate, the strands may unlay and the ropes capacity will
be reduced.

When rigging two or more straight slings as a bridle,

select identical sling constructions of identical length
with identical previous loading experience. Normal
stretch must be the same for paired slings to avoid overloading individual legs and unbalancing the load during
the lift.

Single-part hand-spliced slings must not be permitted to

rotate when rigged in a straight, vertical hitch. Rotation
can cause the splice to unlay and pull out, resulting in
dropping of the load.

Two basket hitches can be rigged with two slings to provide better balance for long loads. Be sure that slings cannot slide toward one another along the load when the lift
is made.

Use an equalizing bar with double basket hitches to

reduce tendency of slings to slide together, and to keep
loads level. By adjusting the hook point and using a comealong or chain block to support the heavy end, the load
can be kept level during the lift.

WARNING
Hand-spliced slings should not be used
in lifts where the sling may rotate and
cause the wire rope to unlay.

Proper Use of Cribbing

Incorrect

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

To turn from side (A) to (B) in 1 & 2 above, attach on

side (B) above the Center of Gravity and on side (D) at
the Center of Gravity, then lift both hoists equally until
load is suspended. Lower auxiliary until turn is completed; detach sling at (B) before lowering load completely.

Proper Use of Cribbing

Correct

To turn or reposition a load, either one or two lifting

devices may be employed. Always use a choker hitch or
a single-leg direct attachment. Never attempt to turn a
load with a basket, since the load will slide in the hitch,
against the sling bodyresulting in damage to both the
sling and the load, and possibly a dropped load.

One Hook Load Turning

To turn a load with one hook, attach the sling directly to
the load ABOVE the Center of Gravity. The lifting hook
must be able to move, or travel, in the direction of the
turn to prevent sliding of the pivot edge of the load just
as the load leaves the ground. It may be necessary to lift
the load clear to reposition it after the turn is completed,
and irregular shapes sometimes will require blocking for
support during and after the turn.

To turn from side (B) to (C) in 3 & 4 above, lift balanced

load at (D) directly above the Center of Gravity; then
attach auxiliary at (B) and lift to desired position. Lower
both hooks simultaneously until side (C) is in desired
position.

Turning with double choker gives good control, with

weight always applied against a tight sling body and no
movement between sling and load. To rig, place both
eyes on top of load, pointing opposite direction of turn.
Body of sling is then passed under load, through both
eyes and over lifting hook. Blocking should be used
under load to protect sling and facilitate removal.
Lifting unbalanced loads when exact length slings are not
available can be accomplished by rigging a choke on the
heavy end, as right. Length can be adjusted before weight
applies, but once the load comes onto the sling, the hitch
is locked in position for the lift.

Two-hook turning is employed when it is desired to turn

the load freely in the air. Main and auxiliary hoists of a
crane can often be used, or two cranes can be used.
Center of Gravity of a rectangular object with homogenious characteristics will usually be below the junction of
lines drawn diagonally from opposite corners. When a
rectangular object has weight concentrated at one end,
Center of Gravity will be situated toward that endaway
from the intersection of diagonal lines. To avoid an
unbalanced lift, the lifting hook must be rigged directly
above the Center of Gravity.

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WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Kink

Eye
Deformation

Dogleg

To locate the approximate Center of Gravity of an irregularly shaped article, visualize it enclosed by a rectangle.
Where diagonals from opposite corners intersect will
usually provide a lift point near the Center of Gravity.

Overturning a heavy object onto cribbing, using one lifting hook and chainblock. To upend the object, chainblock A and the sling B should exchange positions.

Doglegs, Sets and Kinks

When a loop is pulled through, it forms a kink which
permanently deforms a wire rope by freezing or locking
wires and strands. This prevents them from sliding and
adjusting, and reduces rope strength.
A dogleg is a set which occurs when a wire rope sling is
pulled down snug against a load. A dogleg usually can be
rolled back or turned inside out, and usefulness of the
sling restored, since strands can still adjust.
Eye deformation is ordinarily not deterimental to sling
strength as long as there are no broken wires or gross
distortion of the lay of strands.An eye has two legs, so
has adequate strength for the load the body can carry. A
sling should be retired when distortion locks the strands
or flattens the rope in the eye so strands cannot move
and adjust.
Riggers Check List
1. Analyze and MeasureDetermine the total weight to
be moved as well as exactly how far it is to move and
how high it must be lifted.
2. Determine the HitchDecide how the load is to be
connected to the lifting hook and how the sling will
grip, or be attached to, the load.
3. Select the SlingIn addition to adequate Rated
Capacity for the angles and hitch involved, the sling
body should be of the type and style best suited to
handling this specific load. Select a sling with proper
end attachments or eye protection, as well as attachment hardware such as clevises.
4. Inspect the SlingMake a good visual check of the
sling you select to determine if it is in good condition
and capable of making the lift. Refer to prevailing
OSHA and ANSI regulations for inspection criteria.
5. Rig Up, Not DownAlways attach the sling to the
load first, then attach it to the hook.
6. Check EverythingBefore attempting a lift, take a
light strain on the rigging, checking to see that blocking, sling and load protection and all safety devices are
in place.
7. Stand Clear and LiftLet the lifting device and rigging
do the jobdont use brute strength to prevent
swinging or movement. Use a tagline, or tether, to control any movement. Keep all hands and toes out from
under the load when it is suspended.
8. Dont Jerk!Lift slowly and with a steady application
of power.
9. Put It Away!After youve completed the job, check
the sling for any damage (If its damaged, red tag it
immediately or advise the sling inspector.), then return
it to the sling storage rack for safekeeping until next
usage.

2-12

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

USA Standard Crane Hand Signals

Use Main Hoist.Tap fist on

head; then use regular signals.

Use Whipline (Auxiliary

Hoist). Tap elbow with one
hand, then use regular signals.

Hoist.With forearm vertical,

forefinger pointing up, move
hand in small horizontal circle.

Lower.With arm extended

downward, forefinger pointing
down, move hand in small
horizontal circles.

Travel. Arm extended forward, hand open and slightly

raised, make pushing motion
in direction of travel.

Swing. Arm extended, point

with finger in direction of
swing of boom.

Travel. (One Track). Lock the

track on side indicated by
raised fist.Travel opposite track
in direction indicated by circular motion of other fist, rotated
vertically in front of body. (For
crawler cranes only).

Travel (Both Tracks). Use both

fists in front of body, making a
circular motion about each
other, indicating direction of
travel; forward or backward.
(For crawler cranes only.)

Raise Boom. Arm extended, fingers closed, thumb

pointing upward.

Raise the Boom and Lower

the Load.With arm extended,
thumb pointing up, flex fingers in and out as long as load
movement is desired.

Lower Boom. Arm extended,

fingers closed, thumb pointing
downward.

Lower the Boom and Raise

the Load.With arm extended,
thumb pointing down, flex
fingers in and out as long as
load movement is desired.

Extend Boom (Telescoping

Booms). Both fists in front of body
with thumbs pointing outward.

Extend Boom (Telescoping

Boom). One Hand Signal. One
fist in front of chest with
thumb tapping chest.

2-13

Retract Boom (Telescoping

Booms). Both fists in front
of body with thumbs
pointing toward each
other.

Retract Boom (Telescoping

Boom). One Hand Signal. One
fist in front of chest, thumb
pointing outward and heel of
fist tapping chest.

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Additional Signals for Bridge Cranes

Stop. Arm extended, palm

down, hold position rigidly.

Move Slowly. Use one hand to

give any motion signal and
place other hand motionless
in front of hand giving the
motion signal. (Hoist slowly
shown as example.)

Trolley Travel. Palm up, fingers

Bridge Travel. Arm extended
forward, hand open and slightly closed, thumb pointing in
raised, make pushing motion in direction of motion, jerk hand
horizontally.
direction of travel.

Emergency Stop. Arm

extended, palm down, move
hand rapidly right and left.

Dog Everything. Clasp

hands in front of body.

Multiple Trolleys. Hold up one

finger for block marked 1 and
two fingers for block marked
2. Regular signals follow.

Magnet is Disconnected.
Crane Operator spreads both
hands apart palms up.

between regular inspections. A rack will also save time

by allowing larger slings to be picked up and returned by
crane, thereby reducing manhandling.

Temperature, Lubrication, Moisture Are Factors In

Proper Storage
Care of Slings
The amount of care and proper maintenance a sling
receives will go a long way in determining its service life.
Following are guidelines which experience has shown
helpful.
Storage: Proper storage requires that slings be kept in an
area where they will not be exposed to water, extreme
heat, or corrosive fumes, liquids, and sprays, of being run
over or kinked.
Slings should never be left beneath loads or lying around
where they may be damaged. All slings, when not in use,
should be kept on a rack. Use of a rack minimizes accidental damage and allows easier monitoring of condition

Effects of Temperature
All wire rope should be protected from extremes of temperature.The accepted rules are: Fiber core slings should
never be exposed to temperature in excess of 200F.
Steel cored slings should never be used at temperatures
above 400F, or below minus 60F.
It is not always easy to detect when wire rope has been
damaged by heat.The most common visual signs are loss
of lubrication and discoloration of wires.
The best practice to follow is that if there is the slightest
suspicion that a sling was subjected to high temperatures, it should be taken out of service immediately. If it is
absolutely necessary to use slings outside of the above
temperature range, the sling manufacturer should be consulted.
Lubrication
Like any other machine, wire rope is thoroughly lubricated at time of manufacture. Normally, for sling use under
ordinary conditions, no additional lubrication is required.
However, if a sling is stored outside or in an environment
which would cause corrosion, lubrication should be
applied during the service life to prevent rusting or corroding.
If relubrication is indicated, the same type lubricant
applied during manufacture should be used.Your sling
manufacturer can provide information on the type of
lubricant to be used and best method of application.

2-14

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

WIRE ROPE SLING INSPECTION & REMOVAL CRITERIA
Basic Inspection Criteria For Wire Rope Slings
The goal of a sling inspection is to evaluate remaining
strength in a sling which has been used previously to determine if it is suitable for continued use.
Specific inspection intervals and procedures are required
by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and by
ANSI B30.9 Regulations, and the responsibility for performance of inspections is placed squarely upon the sling user
by Federal Legislation.
As a starting point, the same work practices which apply to
all working wire ropes apply to wire rope which has been
fabricated into a sling.Therefore, a good working knowledge of wire rope design and construction will be not only
useful but essential in conducting a wire rope sling inspection.
But because wire rope is a rather complex machine, no
precise rules can be given to determine exactly when a
wire rope sling should be replaced. There are many variables, and all must be considered.
OSHA specifies that a wire rope sling shall be removed
from service immediately if ANY of the following conditions are present:
1. Broken Wires: For single-part slings, 10 randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in
one strand of one rope lay. For multi-part slings these
same criteria apply to each of the component ropes. For
this inspection, a broken wire shall only be counted once;
that is, each break should have two ends.
2. Metal Loss:Wear or scraping of one-third the original
diameter of outside individual wires.This is quite difficult
to determine on slings and experience should be gained
by the inspector by taking apart old slings and actually
measuring wire diameters.
3. Distortion: Kinking, crushing, birdcaging or other damage
which distorts the rope structure.The main thing to look
for is wires or strands that are pushed out of their original positions in the rope. Slight bends in a rope where
wires or strands are still relatively in their original positions would not be considered serious damage. But good
judgment is indicated.
4. Heat Damage: Any metallic discoloration or loss of internal lubricant caused by exposure to heat.
5. Bad End Attachments: Cracked, bent or broken end fittings caused by abuse, wear or accident.
6. Bent Hooks: No more than 15 percent over the normal
throat openings, measured at the narrowest point, or
twisting of more than 10 degrees is permissable.
7. Metal Corrosion: Severe corrosion of the rope or end
attachments which has caused pitting or binding of wires
should be cause for replacing the sling. Light rusting usually does not affect strength of a sling, however.
In addition to these seven conditions specified by OSHA,
the following are also important:
8. Pulled Eye Splices: Any evidence that eye splices have
slipped, tucked strands have moved, or pressed sleeves
show serious damage may be sufficient cause to reject a
sling.
9. Unbalance: A very common cause of damage is the kink
which results from pulling through a loop while using a
sling, thus causing wires and strands to be deformed and
pushed out of their original position.This unbalances the
sling, reducing its strength.
Disposition of Retired Slings: the best inspection program
available is of no value if slings which are worn out and have
been retired are not disposed of properly.When it is determined by the inspector that a sling is worn out or damaged
beyond use, it should be tagged immediately DO NOT USE.

This sling should then be destroyed as soon as possible by

cutting the eye and fittings from the rope with a torch. This
will help assure that an employee will not mistakenly use a
sling which has been retired from service.
It should also be obvious that a good inspection program
will not only provide safer lifting conditions, but will also
extend the life of slings and thereby reduce lifting costs.
Federal Work Rules Require Specific Inspection
Intervals
Government regulations are also specific on WHEN to
inspect.
Both ANSI Standard B30.9 and OSHA require that wire rope
slings receive two types of inspections: a DAILY visual
inspection, and additional inspections where service conditions warrant.
Daily visual inspections are intended to detect serious damage or deterioration which would weaken the sling.This
inspection is usually performed by the person using the
sling in a day-to-day job. He should look for obvious things,
such as broken wires, kinks, crushing, broken attachments,
severe corrosion, etc.
Additional inspections should be performed at regular
intervals based on, (1) frequency of sling use, (2) severity of
service conditions, (3) nature of lifts, and (4) prior experience based on service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
It is required that these additional inspections be carried
out by a designated person who must have good knowledge of wire rope. An accurate WRITTEN and dated record
of all conditions observed should be kept. Any deterioration of the sling which could result in appreciable loss of
original strength should be carefully noted, and determination made on whether further use would constitute a safety
hazard.
How to Inspect
Precisely how to make proper, adequate inspections is not
detailed by OSHAyet it is in the HOW of inspection that
the big difference between a good inspection and something less become apparent.
Inspection should follow a systematic procedure:
(1) First, it is necessary that all parts of the sling are
readily visible. The sling should be laid out so
every part is accessible.
(2) Next, the sling should be sufficiently cleaned of dirt
and grease so wires and fittings are easily seen.This
can usually be accomplished with a wire brush or
rags.
(3) The sling should then be given a thorough, systematic
examination throughout its entire length, paying particular attention to sections showing the most wear.
(4) Special attention should also be paid to fittings and end
attachments, and areas of the sling adjacent to these fittings.
(5) When the worst section of a sling has been located,
this area should then be carefully checked against the
OSHA criteria.
(6) Label or identify slings that are inspected.
(7) Keep records of inspections that include dates and corresponding conditions of slings.
(8) Dispose immediately of slings that are rejected.
A knowledgeable inspector will also insist on proper storage for out-of-use slingsto make his job easier if not for
the good of the slings. Inspections are much easierand
probably more thoroughwhen slings are available for
inspection in an orderly arrangement, out of the weather,
away from heat and dirt.

2-15

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Sling Leg Options
Standard End Fitting Combinations
To order sling legs, follow the criteria listed in pages 2-1 to 2-15. Choose the correct size from the tables on
the following pages. Determine the length needed and specify the end fittings required from the list of combinations
shown below.

2
Eye & Eye

Eye and Screw Pin Anchor Shackle

Eye & Thimble

Thimble & Slip-Thru Thimble

Eye & Hook

Eye and Open Swage Socket

Eye & Thimble with

Sliding Choker Hook

Eye & Crescent Thimble

Eye and Closed Swage Socket

Eye & Slip-Thru Thimble

Slip-Thru Thimble & Hook

Eye & Eye with
Sliding Choker Hook

Thimble & Thimble

Slip-Thru Thimble &

Slip-Thru Thimble

Thimble & Hook

2-16

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE
Single Leg Slings

2
EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC
RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

.RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

.RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
.RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
.HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
.Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19 and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-17

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE
2-Leg Bridle Slings
EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC
RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

TH
NG
LE

Standard Style

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19 and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-18

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE
3-Leg Bridle Slings
EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC
RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

TH
NG
LE

Standard Style

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19 and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-19

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE
4-Leg Bridle Slings

TH
NG
LE

EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC

RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

Standard Style

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19 and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-20

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE
Single Leg Slings

Stainless Steel Type 302 or 304 IWRC

Rated Capacity in Tons
Rated Capacities Shown Apply Only tp 6X19 and 6X36 Classification Wire Rope

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 classification wire rope.

2-21

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

CABLE LAID SLINGS/MECHANICAL SPLICE

MECHANICAL TYPE SPLICE

RATED CAPACITIES IN TONS

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d OF 10 OR GREATER

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER.
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED

2-22

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

4-PART BRAIDED SLINGS

Length
of
Sling
(SL)

Length
of
Sling
(SL)

Length
of
Sling
(SL)

EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25 TIMES THE COMPONENT ROPE DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITY IN TONS
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19, 7x19, and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-23

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

6-PART BRAIDED SLINGS

Length

Length

Length

EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC

RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25 TIMES THE COMPONENT ROPE DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19, 7x19, and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-24

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

8-PART BRAIDED SLINGS

EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL IWRC

RATED CAPACITY IN TONS

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25 TIMES THE COMPONENT ROPE DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown for 1/8" through 3/8" apply only to 7x19 galvanized wire rope.
Rated Capacities shown for 3/8" apply only to 6x19, and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-25

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/POURED SOCKETS
RATED CAPACITIES IN TONS

RATED CAPACITIES BASKET HITCH BASED ON D/d RATIO OF 25

RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON PIN DIAMETER NO LARGER THAN NATURAL EYE WIDTH OR
LESS THAN THE NOMINAL SLING DIAMETER
RATED CAPACITIES BASED ON DESIGN FACTOR OF 5
HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES LESS THAN 30 DEGREES SHALL NOT BE USED
Rated Capacities shown apply only to 6x19 and 6x37 classification wire rope.

2-26

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

1-PART SLINGS/SWAGE SOCKETS
Open-Open

Open-Closed

Closed-Closed

2
SINGLE ROPE LEGS AND OPEN
SWAGED SOCKETS

SINGLE ROPE LEGS AND

OPEN/CLOSED SWAGED SOCKETS

SINGLE ROPE LEGS AND CLOSED

SWAGED SOCKETS
BOOM PENDENTS WITH SWAGED
FITTINGS

Length of Pendant is measured

as indicated on sketches.
Note:When ordering, customer
should specify parallel or right
angle (90) socket pins.

Rated Capacity in Tons of 2,000 lbs

Rated Capacities Shown Apply Only To 6x19 and 6x36 Classification Wire Rope

Open-Open

Open-Closed

Closed-Closed

Open-Open

Open-Closed

Closed-Closed

* Values given apply when pendants are used as slings or sling assemblies.When used in a Boom suspension system, other values
apply; consult rope manufacturer.

2-27