Atoll 3.1.2 Measurement Calibration-Libre PDF

Measurement Module
Atoll 3.1.2
Forsk 2012
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
Slide 1
Training Programme
1.
SPM Calibration Concepts
2.
Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys
3.
Working With CW Measurements
4.
Automatic Calibration Method
5.
Analysing the Calibrated Model
6.
Calibration Process Summary
Forsk 2012
Slide 2
1. SPM Calibration Concepts
Purpose of Model Calibration

Introduction to the Standard Propagation Model (SPM)
Requirements
Quality targets
Forsk 2012
Slide 3
Purpose of Model Calibration
The propagation model is the basis of cell planning in mobile networks

Reliability of cell planning is closely related to the propagation model accuracy
A good model calibration is therefore required

To obtain a propagation model consistent with the actual radio environment
To improve the accuracy of coverage predictions
To properly estimate interference
The model calibration process entails three main procedures:

Collecting CW (Continuous Wave) measurement data
Site location
Constructing test platform
Drive test
Post-processing the CW measurement data

Data filtering
Calibrating the model
Forsk 2012
Slide 4
Introduction to the Standard Propagation Model (SPM)
Standard Propagation Model (SPM)

Macrocell statistical propagation model
Well suited for predictions in the 150 to 3500 MHz band
Based on empirical formulas + set of parameters
Lmodel K1 K2 .logd K3 .logHTxeff K4 .Diffraction Loss K5 .logd.logHTxeff

K6 .HRxeff K7 .logHRxeff Kclutter.f clutter Khill,LOS
Numerous elements considered in propagation

Frequency
Distance between TX and RX
Area type (urban, suburban, rural, etc.)
Geography (relief, vegetation, climate, etc.)
Effective height of TX/RX antennas
Default values in new projects !

Calibration is essential to accurately estimate
Coverage predictions
Interference
Forsk 2012
Slide 5
Requirements (1/2)
Accurate and recent geo data

DTM and clutter resolution 25m for urban areas
DTM and clutter resolution 50m for rural areas
Vector map with main roads
CW measurement surveys
Site selection (for each area type frequency band)
8 recommended (6 minimum ) sites for calibration
2 sites for verification
Selection of different area types representative of the studied city

All main clutter classes should be represented
CW surveys must be performed by stringently following guidelines
Forsk 2012
Slide 6
Requirements (2/2)
Drive Test data

Possible but not recommended !
Conversion to CW measurements is needed
Downsides
Real network is measured Interference

Several frequencies are measured
Directional antennas Accuracy of pattern (only a few points are relevant)
Lo sa pli g ate fo ea h
easu ed statio
Lee
ite io
a t e
et
Signal measured over a short distance from the transmitter (model will not be calibrated for interference
evaluation)
It is not recommended to use Drive Test data to calibrate a propagation model !
Forsk 2012
Slide 7
Quality Targets
Overall objective :
Minimize the error between the propagation model and the CW
survey data
Quality targets for calibration sites

Global mean error on calibration sites < 1 dB
Global standard deviation on calibration sites < 8 dB
Mean error on each calibration site < 2.5 dB
Standard deviation on each calibration site < 8.5 dB
Quality targets for verification sites

Global mean error on verification sites < 2 dB
Global standard deviation on verification sites < 8.5 dB
Forsk 2012
Slide 8
Training Programme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Forsk 2012
Slide 9
2. Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys
Site Preselection criteria

Survey route criteria
Radio criteria
Forsk 2012
Slide 10
Site Preselection Criteria
Surrounding
Very representative of area type
Major clutter classes equally represented
No major obstruction within a radius of 150 to 200m from the CW sites

Low diffraction within a 10km radius (rural zones)
Enough roads all around the site
Inspection on site
Possibility to set up omnidirectional antenna
No obstacle on any side
Panoramic photographs
Report site details: precise height, coordinates ...
Forsk 2012
Slide 11
Survey Route Criteria
Distance
Up to noise floor of the receiver
Rural 10kms / Suburban 2kms / Urban 1km
Equal number of samples near and far in all directions
Clutter
Routes through major clutter classes
Avoid forests and lakes between transmitter and receiver
Maps
Supply vector maps of survey routes to import in Atoll
Check that survey routes and roads (vector data or scanned maps) match !
Forsk 2012
Slide 12
Radio Criteria (1)
Frequency
3 contiguous unused channels for GSM
1 unused carrier for UMTS
Only one channel must be measured

Interference must be checked before each drive
Equipment data
Antenna patterns + downtilt + azimuth (if not perfectly omnidirectional)
Antenna height + transmit power + transmission gain (antenna) and losses (feeder)
Receiver height + sensitivity + reception gain and losses
Forsk 2012
Slide 13
Radio Criteria (2)
Signal measurement
Lee criterion: at least 6 sa ples o e
Ma i u
fo f 9
MHz
ehi le speed depe ds o e uip e ts sa pli g ate
Sampling Rate
at 900 MHz
Sampling Rate
at 2100 MHz
(samples per second)
(samples per second)
45
100
60
68
150
90
90
200
120
113
250
150
A e agi g sa ples o e
Max. Speed (km/h)
aims to remove fast fading effect !
Measurements after averaging

At least 5000 points per site
Typical number: between 10000 and 20000 points
Forsk 2012
Slide 14
Training Programme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Forsk 2012
Slide 15
3. Working with CW Measurements
Creating a CW measurement path
By copying pasting X,Y, measurement
By importing any ASCII format file

Standard import as in Excel
Option of importing any additional information
related to CW measurement points
Definition and storage of import configurations
Forsk 2012
Slide 16
3. Working With CW Measurements
CW Measurements: Table
List of all measurement points with their attributes and additional information
Coordinates of
points
Altitude, Clutter
classes and
heights, Distance,
etc. read from the
Geo data
Signal
Measured
values
Standard content management and tools (filters, copy-paste, etc...)

Forsk 2012
Slide 17
CW Measurements: Properties
For
predictions
along
the
CW
measurement path, you can either use
Existing path loss matrices or recalculate
them by choosing a specific Propagation
model
Forsk 2012
The points can be displayed according

to any data contained in the
measurement Table
Slide 18
CW Measurements: Calculations and Statistics
To calculate the
predicted signal level of
the reference (and any
other optionally added)
transmitter along the
considered path.
Note: This can also be
run from top folders.
To compare statistics
between measured and
predicted signal levels.
Note: This can also be
run from top folders.
Forsk 2012
Slide 19
CW Measurements: Filter (at Folder level)

Distance, Measurements
values and Azimuth
filtering
Advanced filter on additional

survey data
Forsk 2012
Clutter Classes filtering
Slide 20
CW Measurements: Filtering Assistant and Filtering Zones
Tool to filter the data

path in an more
advanced way than in
the Filter dialogue
available at the folder
level (previous slide)
Tool to exclude some points from the measurement path

according to a drawn polygon (all points within the polygon
will be filtered out)
Forsk 2012
Slide 21
BEFORE
CW Measurements: Smoothing
Create a sliding window to smooth the

measured signal strength
AFTER
Smoothing can be used to limit fading effect

Smoothing keeps the number of measurement points unchanged
Smoothing cannot be used to average gross CW measurements
Forsk 2012
Slide 22
CW Measurements: Synchronise the Table, the Map and the CW Measurements Tool
Synchronisation:
- Map
- Table
- CW Measurements Tool
Measured signal level

Analysis of a
specific CW
measurement
path
Predicted signal level
Display of any
attribute related
to a given path
Forsk 2012
Slide 23
Training Programme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Forsk 2012
Slide 24
4. Automatic Calibration Method
CW measurements pre-processing
Calibration / verification stations
Initial model
Calibration wizard
Final model
Forsk 2012
Slide 25
CW Measurements Pre-processing
Correspondence between Measurements and Geo data

Projection checking
Check that CW measurements and roads (from vector maps) match
Routes checking
Check that CW measurements respect planned survey routes
Surrounding checking
Check, with panoramic photographs, that there is no obstacle
Option of setting an angle filter to avoid attenuation due to obstacles
Forsk 2012
Slide 26
Filtering
Available at the Folder level for each site
Will be applied to all the measurement paths in that folder
Distance,
Measurements values
and Azimuth filtering
Advanced filter on additional

survey data
Forsk 2012
Clutter
Classes
filtering
Will permanently remove

the points outside the filter
Slide 27
Distance filtering (Min Distance / Max Distance)

Typical min value: 200 m (not representative of mean propagation)
Typical max value: 10 km (rural area)
Signal filtering (Min Measurement / Max Measurement)

Filtering out the measurements above the receiver overload: typical value -40 dBm
Filte i g out the easu e e ts elo the
typical value: -120 + 8 = -112 dBm
e ei e se siti it + ta get sta da d de iatio
In order to avoid noise saturation effect in statistical results
Azimuth filtering
To remove points in a certain angle
Filtering assistant
In addition to the Filter located at the Folder level, you can define more precise filtering depending on the
CW measurement file
Forsk 2012
Slide 28
Filtering assistant (1/2)

Display of M = f ( 10log(D) )
Selection rectangle simultaneous Signal/Distance filtering
Possibility to keep
the selected points
or to exclude them
Signal/Distance
filtering
according to the
selection
rectangle
Azimuth
filtering on the
measurement
points
Forsk 2012
Selection
Rectangle
Slide 29
Filtering assistant (2/2)
Remaining points after the

Distance, Signal level, Azimuth
and Clutter classes filtering
Remove all previous filters applied
Forsk 2012
Slide 30
Final filtering (1/2)

Display each CW measurement according to their Measured signal level
Check that propagation loss is spatially homogeneous
Forsk 2012
Slide 31
Final filtering (2/2)

Removing which points?
Sudden drop of signal level
Suspicious areas (
Waveguide effect!)
How?
Delete from the CW measurement table
Draw Filtering zones
Forsk 2012
Slide 32
Calibration / Verification Stations
Calibration stations
Stations so that measurements cover the whole area
Avoid keeping stations with a lot of common points
Verification stations
Stations so that measurements are inside covered area (not at edges!)
Major part of their covered areas are also covered by calibration stations
How many ?
If 7-8 measured stations:
6 for calibration; 1-2 for verification
If < 7 measured stations:

All stations used for calibration
Verification performed with same stations
Forsk 2012
Slide 33
Initial Model
General SPM formula

Ki values
Lmodel K1 K2 .logd K3 .logHTxeff K4 .Diffraction Loss K5 .logd.logHTxeff

K6 .HRxeff K7 .logHRxeff Kclutter.f clutter Khill,LOS
Let K6 = 0
Others will be calibrated
Effective antenna height

Choose method according to terrain relief
Modify height from transmitter properties
Can be selected by the calibration process
Recommendation if terrain is hilly:

E ha ed slope at e ei e
Hill te ai
o e tio
ethod
-YE
Recommendation if terrain is flat:

Height a o e a e age p ofile
Hill te ai
Forsk 2012
o e tio
ethod
-NO
Slide 34
Initial Model
Max distance
Forced to 0 during calibration
If >0 no continuity ensured
KClutter
= 1 is recommended
Multiplying factor of clutter losses
Minimum loss
= Free space loss
Avoid unrealistic values
Profiles
Radial optimisation
Quicker
Forsk 2012
Slide 35
Initial Model
Heights of Clutter taken or not into account in Diffraction:

If you have a Clutter Heights file
The put
-YE i the o
If you only have a Clutter classes File

2 approaches:
If Clutter Classes file has a very fine resolution
You a put -YE a d the tool ill take i to a ou t
the average heights defined in your clutter classes file
You should keep all the losses per clutter class to Zero
If Clutter Classes file resolution is low
Do not take into account the average heights defined in
ou lutte lasses file -NO , ut i stead add a Loss
per Clutter class type
Receiver on top of clutter

B default No
Only useful for fixed receivers
Forsk 2012
Slide 36
Initial Model
Clutter Classes Losses can be calibrated

You need to define the Max distance from the Receiver (towards the Transmitter) for which the different
clutter classes will be considered (typically 5X the clutter resolution)
Choice between 4 types of Weighting functions (Uniform, Triangular, Logarithmic, Exponential)
f clutter Li w i
n
i 1
wi=f(d'i)
Uniform
Triangular
Logarithmic
Exponential
wi
d'i
Forsk 2012
Slide 37
Initial Model
Reference model
Create a Reference model containing all the previous settings
Duplicate this Reference model for each calibration, and give it a relevant name
When duplicated, choose an appropriate name and pay specific attention to:
Methods used for Diffraction and Effective Antenna Height calculation
Value of Kclutter
Hilly terrain correction
Heights of Clutter considered or not in Diffraction
Clutter Range and associated Weighting function
Start from the Reference model for each calibration trial
Forsk 2012
Slide 38
Calibration Wizard
Automatic calibration overview

Algorithm based on solving a least-squares problem
Calculation of the best solution in terms of root mean square :
RMS
M
2
Simple, fast and reproducible procedure
First Step
Selection of calibration stations
Forsk 2012
Slide 39
Calibration Wizard
Second step (1/2)

Selection of the Parameters to calibrate
Possibility to modify their ranges
Forsk 2012
Slide 40
Calibration Wizard
Second step (2/2)

Recommended ranges
Constant
Min
Max
K1
100
K2
20
70
K3
-20
20
K4
K5
-10
K7
-10
It is recommended to leave K6 to 0
Forsk 2012
Slide 41
Calibration Wizard
Final step
Display of Befo e and Afte
pa a ete s values and statistics (Mean error, Standard Deviation, RMS)
Commit will update the model you are calibrating with the new values of Ki, height and diffraction
methods as well as the Clutter Losses
Forsk 2012
Slide 42
Final Model
Extrapolate non-calibrated clutter losses (1/2)

Non-calibrated clutter classes must not have their clutter losses left to 0
Could lead to high error where these classes are present
Must be extrapolated from

Calibrated clutter losses (from other propagation model)
Typical losses (here centred on the Urban class)
Forsk 2012
Clutter class
Typical loss
Dense Urban
from 4 to 5
Woodland
from 2 to 3
Urban
Suburban
from -5 to -3
Industrial
from -5 to -3
Open in urban
from -6 to -4
Open
from -12 to -10
Water
from -14 to -12
Slide 43
Final Model
Extrapolate non-calibrated clutter losses (2/2)

Centre clutter losses
Relative difference between clutters kept unchanged
Use K1 to balance
Example:
After calibration, model centred on suburban:
K1=17.4
Losses: Dense Urban = 6.5
Wood = 5.7
Urban = 3.5
Suburban = 0
After centring, new values:

K1=20.9
Losses: Dense Urban = 3
Wood = 2.2
Urban = 0
Suburban = -3.5
Apply scaling factor

Adapt typical losses (or calibrated ones coming from other model) to the calibrated model
-12
Open
-8
Extrapolated
Forsk 2012
C
0
e
n
t Urban
r
e
d 0
calibrated
4.5
Typical Losses
Dense Urban
M Model Losses
3
calibrated
Define Scaling Factor

Slide 44
Training Programme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Forsk 2012
Slide 45
5. Analysing The Calibrated Model
Statistics (1/2)
Apply the new calibrated propagation model to your CW sites
Forsk 2012
Slide 46
Statistics (2/2)
Check the Quality Targets (Std Deviation and Mean Error values) on the Calibration and Verification sites
Statistics available
Globally,
per Clutter class,
per Transmitter, and per Measurement path
Possibility to run the

Statistics on all the
Measurement paths, or
on specific ones
Forsk 2012
Slide 47
Correlation (to be checked on the Calibration sites)

Through the Assisted Calibration Wizard
Displays, for each parameters to be calibrated (K1, K2, K3, etc.), the correlation of the variables log(D),
log(Heff), Diff, etc. with the global Error
Check if the Correlation values are between -0,1 and +0,1
The calibration wizard will

attempt to bring the correlation
as close to zero as possible. The
results will be a correction
value that will be added or
subtracted to the initial Ki value
in the model
Commit will apply the Correction values to the corresponding Ki values

Notes: This will not take into account the Ki Ranges
Forsk 2012
Slide 48
Display Error
Recalculate the Predicted signal values (P) according to the calibrated propagation model
Display the Error (P M) between the CW Measurements values (M) and the Predicted values (P)
Forsk 2012
Slide 49
Display CW Measurements & associated Signal Level study

Use the same shading on both displays to be able to compare them
For each site, one by one Check the global behaviour of calibrated model
Forsk 2012
Slide 50
CW measurement and Profile windows

Analysis along the path
Forsk 2012
Slide 51
Training Programme
1.
2.
3.
Post-process the CW Measurements Data
4.
5.
6.
Forsk 2012
Slide 52
Before starting...
Check Geographical Database quality & accuracy (DTM, clutter, vectors...)
Define environments (hilly, flat / urban, rural...) to specify the required number of propagation models to
be calibrated
Measurements preparation
Sites selection
Survey roads
Fulfil radio criteria
Make & Average measurements

Create Transmitters used for measurements in the Atoll document
With exact configuration (coordinates, antenna type & height, EIRP, losses)
Analyse & Filter measurements ( Pre-processing)

Keep representative points and remove suspicious ones
Choice of calibration / verification sites

Forsk 2012
Slide 53
Run the automatic calibration

Display statistics and compare results with target values (Std deviation and Mean error)
for calibration sites: Global and Individual checking
for verification sites: Global checking
Extrapolate non-calibrated clutter losses

Analyse calibrated model
Display statistics
Check correlation
Maps displaying Error(P-M), Measurements & Signal Level Study, etc.
Apply the calibrated model

Apply resulting standard deviation per clutter in the clutter class description
Appl the ali ated
Forsk 2012
odel to et o ks t a s itte s T a s itte P ope ties\Propagation tab)
Slide 54
Thank you
Forsk 2012
Slide 55

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Measurement Module

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

SPM Calibration Concepts

Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys

Working With CW Measurements

Automatic Calibration Method

Analysing the Calibrated Model

Calibration Process Summary

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

1. SPM Calibration Concepts

Purpose of Model Calibration

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Purpose of Model Calibration

The propagation model is the basis of cell planning in mobile networks

A good model calibration is therefore required

The model calibration process entails three main procedures:

Post-processing the CW measurement data

Calibrating the model

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Introduction to the Standard Propagation Model (SPM)

Standard Propagation Model (SPM)

Lmodel K1 K2 .logd K3 .logHTxeff K4 .Diffraction Loss K5 .logd.logHTxeff

Numerous elements considered in propagation

Default values in new projects !

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Accurate and recent geo data

Vector map with main roads

Selection of different area types representative of the studied city

CW surveys must be performed by stringently following guidelines

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Drive Test data

Real network is measured Interference

It is not recommended to use Drive Test data to calibrate a propagation model !

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Quality targets for calibration sites

Quality targets for verification sites

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

SPM Calibration Concepts

Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys

Working With CW Measurements

Automatic Calibration Method

Analysing the Calibrated Model

Calibration Process Summary

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

2. Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys

Site Preselection criteria

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Site Preselection Criteria

No major obstruction within a radius of 150 to 200m from the CW sites

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Survey Route Criteria

Equal number of samples near and far in all directions

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Radio Criteria (1)

Only one channel must be measured

Confidential Do not share without prior permission

Radio Criteria (2)

ehi le speed depe ds o e uip e ts sa pli g ate

(samples per second)

(samples per second)

Max. Speed (km/h)

aims to remove fast fading effect !