Chapter 9: Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces

Objectives
1. Which of the following statements is true? Heat transfer by radiation
2.
a. Is negligible in free convection
b. Is a fluid phenomenon and travels at the speed of the fluids
c. Is an acoustic phenomenon and travels at the speed of sound
d. Is an electromagnetic phenomenon and travels at the speed of light
e. Only occurs on outer space
3.

4. The value of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is

9
a. 56.7 10 W / K
b.

56.7 109 W /m2

c.

56.7 109 W /m K

d.

56.7 109 W /m2 K

e.

56.7 109 W m2 K 4

5.
6. Kirchhoffs law of radiation states that
a. The algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero
J i=Ei
b.
c.

i = i ( whatever the temperature )

d.

i = i ( providingthe processes take place at comparable temperatures )

e.

Ei=E b ,i

7.
8. The radiosity
a. J =E

b.

J =G

c.

J =G + E b

d.

J =G + E

e.

J =1

is given by

9.
10. The range of wavelengths over which thermal radiation takes place is
a. 100 nm
b.

100 m

c.

100 mm

d.

100 m

e.

100 km

11.
12. For a concave surface:
Fi , i=0
a.
b.

Fi , i= 0

c.

Fi , i= 0

d.

Fi , i=1

e.

Fi , i=

13. For a convex surface:

Fi , i=0
a.
b.

Fi , i= 0

c.

Fi , i= 0

d.

Fi , i=1

e.

Fi , i=

14.
15. The emissivity of a polished aluminum surface is (approximately)
a. 0.002
b. 0.9
c. 0.7
d. 0.5
e. 0.1
16.
17. Which of the following is the correct formula of Wiens displacement law?
max T =2.8978 mm K
a.
b.

max T 2=2.8978 mm K 2

c.

max /T =2.8978 mm/ K

d.

max /T 2=2.8978mm / K 2

e.

max /T 4=2.8978 mm/ K 4

18.
19. In a four surface enclosure, how many view factors are there?
a. 8
b. 4
c. 12
d. 15
e. 16
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Example No. 1
31. A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 75-mm diameter and
150-mm length, is open at one end to large surroundings that are at 27C.
The sides and bottom may be approximated as blackbodies, are heated
electrically, are well insulated, and are maintained at temperatures of 1350
and 1650C, respectively. How much power is required to maintain the
furnace conditions?

32.
33.
34. Solution:
35.

KNOWN: Surface temperatures of the cylindrical furnace.

36.

FIND: Power required to maintain prescribed temperatures.

37.

SCHEMATIC:

38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Interior surfaces behave as black bodies.
2. Heat transfer by convection is negligible.
3. Outer surface of furnace is adiabatic.

43.
ANALYSIS: The power needed to operate the furnace at the
prescribed conditions must be balanced by the heat losses from the

furnace. Subject to the foregoing assumptions, the only heat loss is

by radiation through the opening, which may be treated as a
hypothetical surface of area A3. Because the surroundings are large,
radiation exchange between the furnace and the surroundings may
be treated by approximating the surface as a black body at T3=Tsur.
The heat loss may then be expressed as
44.
Q=Q 13 +Q23
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

or, from Equation 12-37,

Q A 1 F 13 ( T 14T 34 ) + A 2 F 23 ( T 2 4T 34 )

50.
51.
and
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.

From Figure 12-43, it follows that, with

( )(

L
0.15m
=
=4
,
r1
0.0375m

( )(

F23=0.06

. From the summation rule

F21=1F23=10.06=0.94
And from reciprocity
A2
( 0.075 m )2 /4
F12= F 21=
0.94=0.118
A1
( 0.075 m )( 0.15 m )

59.
60.

r2
0.0375m
=
=0.25
L
0.15m

Hence, since

F13=F 12

from symmetry.

61.
62.
Q=( 0.075 m 0.15 m ) 0.118 5.67
63.

Q=1639 W +205 W

64.

Q=1844 W

108 W (
4
4
(
2
[ 1623 K ) ( 300 K ) ] +
0.075 m ) 0.06 5.67 10
2 4
4
m K

()

65.
66.
COMMENTS: Hence the enclosure rule, is satisfied, indicating
that the view factors have been calculated correctly. Alternatively,
the enclosure rule could have been utilized to determine one of the
view factors used in the problem solution.
67.
68.

69. Similar Problem No. 1

70. A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 50 mm diameter and

150 mm length, is open at one end to large surroundings that are at
27 . The bottom of the cavity is heated independently, as are three
annular sections that comprise the sides of the cavity. All interior surfaces of
the cavity may be approximated as blackbodies and are maintained at
1650 . What is the required electrical power input to the bottom surface
of the cavity? What is the electrical power to the top, middle, and bottom
sections of the cavity sides? The backs of the electrically heated surfaces are
well insulated.

71.
72.
73. Solution:
74.
75.
KNOWN: Temperature of furnace surfaces and surroundings.
76.
77.
FIND: Electrical power required to maintain four sections of
the furnace at the prescribed temperature.
78.
79.

SCHEMATIC:

80.
81.

82.
ASSUMPTIONS:
83.
1. Interior surfaces behave as blackbodies with uniform
radiosity and irradiation.
84.
2. Heat transfer by convection is negligible.
85.
3. Backs of electrically heated surfaces are adiabatic.
86.
87.
ANALYSIS:
88.
Since radiation heat transfer between the furnace and the
surroundings must pass through the opening, the radiation
exchange may be analyzed as if it were between the furnace and a
T 5 =T sur
hypothetical black surface 5 at the opening, with
.
89.
90.

Surface 1:
q1 =A 1 F 15 ( T 14 T 5 4 )= A 5 F 51 (T 14 T 54 )
91.

93.

92.
Surface 2:
q1 =A 2 F 25 ( T 24 T 54 ) =A 5 F 52 ( T 24 T 5 4 )
94.

96.

95.
Surface 3:
q1 =A 3 F 35 ( T 3 4T 54 ) =A 5 F 53 ( T 3 4T 54 )
97.

98.
99.

Surface 4:
4
4
4
4
100. q1 =A 4 F 45 ( T 4 T 5 ) = A5 F54 (T 4 T 5 )
101.

102.
103.

We will determine the view factors by first defining two

hypothetical surfaces A ' and A as shown in the schematic.
m
m)=
( rL )=( jLr )=( 0.025 0.150
r
r
0.167, F =0.0263
. With ( L )=( L ) =(0.025 m/0.100 m)=0.25 ,

From Table 13.2 with

104.

51

5 A } = 0.0557
F
105.

that

so

5 A } - {F} rsub {51} = 0.0557- 0.0263= 0.0294

. Likewise, with
F 52=F

ri
r
= j =(0.025 m/0.050 m)=0.5 ,
L
L

()( )

5 A } = 0.172
F

F53=F 5 A ' F 5 A =0.1720.0557=0.1163

'

. Finally,

so that

F54 =1F 5 A =10.172=0.828

'

. The electrical power delivered to each

of the four furnace surfaces can now be determined by solving

Equations of surface 1 through 4 for the radiation loss from each
( 0.05 m )2
D 2
A
=
=

=0.00196 m2 .
5
surface with
4
4
106.
107.
108.

( 1923 K )4 (300 K ) 4
2
8
2
4
q1 =0.00196 m 0.0263 ( 5.67 10 W / m K )

109.

q1 =39.9W

110.
111.

( 1923 K )4 ( 300 K )4
q1 =0.00196 m2 0.0294 ( 5.67 108 W /m2 K 4 )

112.

q1 =44.7 W

113.
114.

( 1923 K )4( 300 K )4

2
8
2
4
q1 =0.00196 m 0.1163 ( 5.67 10 W / m K )

115.

q1 =177 W

116.
117.

( 1923 K )4 ( 300 K )4
q1 =0.00196 m2 0.828 ( 5.67 108 W /m2 K 4 )

118.

q1 =1260W

119.
120.
121.
122.

COMMENTS:
Adding the view factors corresponding to surface 5 yields
F51 + F51 + F 51+ F 51+ F 51=0.0263+0.0294+ 0.1163+0.028+ 0=1

123.
Hence the enclosure rule, Equation 13.4, is satisfied,
indicating that the view factors
124.
have been calculated correctly. Alternatively, the enclosure
rule could have been utilized to determine one of the view factors
used in the problem solution.
125.
126.
Example No. 2
127.
Determine the view factors F12 and F21 for the following:
128.
1. Sphere of diameter D inside a cubical box of length L = D.
129.
2. One side of a diagonal partition within a long square duct.
130.
3. End and side of a circular tube of equal length and diameter.
131.
132.
Solution:

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.

KNOWN: Surface geometries.

FIND: View factors (F12 and F21).
ASSUMPTIONS: Diffuse surfaces with uniform radiosities.

SCHEMATIC:
146.

147.
148.
ANALYSIS: The desired view factors may be obtained from
inspection, the reciprocity rule, the summation rule, and/or use of
the charts.
149.
150.
1. Sphere within a cube:
151.
F12=1
152.
By inspection,
153.
154.

By reciprocity,

F21=

155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.

163.

A1
D2
F 12=
1
A2
6 L2

2. Partition within a square duct:

From summation rule,

161.
162.

F21=

Where

F11 =0

F11 + F 12+ F 13=1

164.
165.
166.

F12=F 13

By symmetry,

F12=0.50

Hence,

167.
168.

175.

A1
2L
F 12= 0.5
A2
L

F21=0.71

169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.

F21=

By reciprocity,

3. Circular tube:
From Table 13.2 or Figure 13.5, with

( r 3 / L )=0.5 and

( L/r 1 )=2 , F13=0.172

176.
177.

From summation rule,

178.

or, with

F11 =0

179.

F12=1F13

180.

F12=0.828

181.
182.

F11 + F 12+ F 13=1

From reciprocity,

A1
D2 /4
F21= F 12=
0.828
A2
DL
F21=0.207

183.

184.
185.
COMMENT: The geometric surfaces may, in reality, not be
characterized by uniform
186.
radiosities.
187.
188.

Similar Problem No. 2

189.

Long concentric cylinders with diameters and surface areas are given
F12
below. Determine (a) The view factor
and (b) Expressions for the view
factors

F22

and

F21

in terms of the cylinder diameters

190.
191.

KNOWN: Long concentric cylinders with diameters

D2

and surface areas

A1

and

192.
193.

FIND: (a) The view factor

view factors
194.
195.

F22

and

F21

A2
F12

D1

and

.
and (b) Expressions for the

in terms of the cylinder diameters.

SCHEMATIC:

196.
197.
ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Diffuse surfaces with uniform radiosities
A1
2. Cylinders are infinitely long such that

and

A2

form an

enclosure.
198.
199.
ANALYSIS:
F12
(a) View factor
.
200.

Since the infinitely long cylinders form an enclosure with

A1
A2
surfaces
and
, from the summation rule on A1, Eq. 13.4,

201.
202.
203.
204.

F11 +F 12 =1
And since

Eq. (1)
A1

doesnt see itself,

F11 =0

, giving

205.
206.
207.
208.

F12=1

That is, the inner surface views only the outer surface.

(b)View factors
209.

Eq. (2)

F22

and

F21

Applying reciprocity between

A1

and

A2

, Eq. 13.3, and

substituting from Eq. (2),

210.
A 1 F 12= A2 A 21
211.
Eq. (3)
212.

F21=

A1
D1 L
F 12=
1
A2
D2 L

213.

F21=

D1
D2

Eq. (4)

214.
215.
(4)
216.

From the summation rule on

217.

F21 + F 22=1

218.

F22=1F21

219.

F22=1

A2

, and substituting frpm Eq.

D1
D2

220.
221.
COMMENT: The geometric surfaces may, in reality, not be
characterized by uniform
222.
radiosities.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.