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FINITE ELEMENTS
Nam-Ho Kim
INTRODUCTION
FEA: determining the response of a given structure for a
given set of loads and boundary conditions
Geometry, material properties, BCs and loads are well defined
EXAMPLE
Design the height h of cantilevered beam with SF = 1.5
E = 2.9104 ksi, w = 2.25 in.
EI
L3
12 6L v2 F
2
6L 4L 2 0
v2
FE solution
v2
4FL
Ewh
,
3
6FL
Ewh
4FL3
Ewh
3
Dallowable
4FL3
EwDallowable
3.66 in
L = 100 in
h
w
F = 2,000 lb
4
EXAMPLE cont.
2) Failure strength = 40 ksi (Need SF)
C1
max
EI
2
2
6
Lv
4
L
6
Lv
2
L
2 FL
1
1
2
3
L
M h2 6FL
I
wh 2
2
SF
wh
6FLSF
w F
4.47 in
4.594 in3
h
6
6
M
max
43.537 ksi
Sold
2I
Snew
allowable
wh 2
6
max
4.594
6Snew
43.537
7.5 in3
26.667
4.47 in
L = 100 in
h
w
F = 2,000 lb
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Selecting design variables easy for beam and truss, but
more complicated for plane or 3D solids
Material property design variable
Varying material properties to find the best material
Not common, but useful for designing composite materials
h
t
w
7
Cx
r
Cy
(a) Initial design
Cx
Cy
Allowable
stress
Acceptable
region
w (in)
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
h (in)
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
max (ksi)
37.5
29.6
24.0
30.0
23.7
19.2
25.0
19.8
16.0
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Parameter study becomes too expensive with many DVs
Unable to capture rapid change in performance locally
Design sensitivity analysis computes the rate of
performance change with respect to design variables
Sensitivity analysis calculates gradient of performance for
optimization
Explicit dependence
Analytical relationship exists between performance and DVs
Weight of circular cross-section beam
W (r ) r 2L
Sensitivity w.r.t. r :
dW
2 rL
dr
10
d d d q
dr
dq d r
Difficult to calculate, time consuming
Easy to calculate from given expression of stress
dQ dF dK
K
Q
db
db
db
Sensitivity
dH ( q(b ), b ) H
db
b
q const
H
q
b const
dq
db
12
db
b
db
2b
(dH/db)4
(dH/db)
3
(dH/db)2
(dH/db)1
b0 b1 b2
b3
b4
b
14
exact
12FL3
Ewh
12 2, 000 1003
7
4.118
Differentiate [K]
12 6L 12 6L 0
12
db { Q } 4Lh 12 6L
4
h
12
6
L
4
L
12
0
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 6
12
F 12L
dF dK
Q
d
b
d
b
4
h
12
15
3 12 6L
4
h
12
6
L
d
v
/
d
b
12
L
2
0
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 d2 / db
12 6L dv2 / db F 12
2 d / db
4
h
0
6
L
4
L
4
db
d
b
Ewh
Ewh 3
Same with the exact sensitivity
16
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
What Is Design Optimization?
To find the best design parameters that meet the design goal and
satisfies constraints.
Structural modeling
Design parameterization
Performance definition
(cost, constraints)
Structural
model update
Structural analysis
(FEM, BEM, CFD)
Design sensitivity
analysis
Optimized?
No
Yes
Stop
18
Clear identification
Independence of designs
t1
t2
2. Objective Function
3. Constraint Functions
Inequality constraints
Equality constraints
Equality constraints must be less than the number of design
parameters
19
STANDARD FORM
Standard form of design optimization
minimize f (b)
subject to gi (b) 0, i 1,
,N
hj (b) 0, j 1, , M
bl L bl blU , l 1, , K
b b1 b2
f (b)
g1 (b), , gN (b)
h1 (b), , hM (b)
bK
bL , bU
: Design parameters
: Objective function
: Inequality constraints
: Equality constraints
: Lower and upper bounds
N , hj (b) 0, j 1,
M
20