Fluid Power Systems For Electromech Prog 9th Term-Introduction

ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering Department
Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Mechanics Branvh.
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9th Term Electromechanical Program

FALL Term (Sept Dec 2012)
Fluid Power Systems
By
Dr. Ihab Gaber Ahmed Adam

Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria University
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Hydraulic Power Systems

Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Basic hydraulic system components and its hydraulic symbols
- Pumps
- Actuators (Hydraulic cylinders and motors)
- Control Valves (Direction - Flow - Pressure)
3. Analysis (construction and operation) of some basic hydraulic circuits
4. Applications on Hydraulic Equipments circuits ( Loader,)
References:
1. Anthony Esposito, "Fluid Power with Applications."
2. F. N. Norvelle, "Fluid Power Technology."
3. Michael J. Pinches and John G. Ashby, "Power Hydraulics."
Fluid Systems
Fluid Transport Systems
Fluid Power Systems
Fluid Power is the technology that deals with generation, control and transmission of power using
pressurized fluids.
Fluid Power Systems

Fluid power system is a mechanism for converting mechanical power into hydraulic power (kinetic
and pressure) in a fluid, transmitting that power through a conduit, control it and then reconverting it
to mechanical power in order to perform work.
Introduction-1
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
9th Term Elctomechanical Program.
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Fluid Power Systems
Pneumatic Power Systems
Hydraulic Power Systems

use incompressible fluid (Liquids)
- Water (freezes, evaporates, is poor
lubricant and rust metal components)
- Oil
use compressible fluid (gases)

Air
Advantages of Fluid Power Systems:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
High torques or forces from compact (small) size unit.

Stepless (infinitely) variable speeds and forces (or torques).
High accuracy of control.
Instantly reversible, eliminating the need to come to a gradual stop.
Self lubrication
Fully adapted to electrical and electronic control.
Provide cushioning to reduce the mechanical effects of impact or shock loads.
Disadvantages of Fluid Power Systems:

1.
2.
3.
4.
High pressure hazards.

Fire hazards.
Possible leakage of the fluid.
Component's wear due to contamination of the fluid.
Applications of Fluid Power System

Hydraulic systems are extremely important to the operation of heavy equipment. Basic hydraulic
principles are used when designing hydraulic implement systems, steering systems, brake systems
and power train systems. An understanding of the basic hydraulic principles must be accomplished
before continuing into machine systems.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fluid power steers and breaks.

Machine tool industry.
Food processing.
Drills teeth.
Control airplanes (flaps, landing gear, and doors).
Cranes.
Lift truck.
Agricultural equipments.
Introduction-2
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
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Hydraulic Power System Components

1. Fluids (usually oil)
- To transmit power.
- To lubricate moving parts.
- To dissipate heat.
- To seals clearances between mating parts.
2. Tanks
- To hold the fluid.
- To allow fluid cooling.
- To allow foam (air bubble) separation.
3. Fluid Conditioning Device

- To keep the fluid clean (Filters)
- To Cool the fluid
4. Positive Displacement Pumps

- The source of the hydraulic power
- Convert the mechanical power to hydraulic power.
5. Prime mover
- Electrical motor, diesel engine and gasoline engine
- To drive the pump
6. Actuators
- Hydraulic cylinder for linear motion
- Hydraulic motor for rotary motion
- To perform work
7. Control Valves
- To control fluid flow rate (Flow Control Valve)
- To control fluid flow direction (Direction Control Valve)
- To control fluid flow pressure (Pressure Control Valve)
8. Conductors
- Pipes or tubes
- To carry the fluid
Introduction-3
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
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Mobile construction machines are designed using various hydraulic components (tanks,
fluids, pumps and motors, valves and cylinders). Some components when used in different parts of
the circuit perform different functions. Although these components may look alike, they may be
given different names. The ability to identify the component, state the components function and
describe the components operation will allow the serviceman to reduce complex circuits to several
simple circuits that may be more easily understood.
Hydraulic Jack
Introduction-4
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Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
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Pumps
Mechanical Power (T)
Hydraulic Power (PQ )
Pump
Non-Positive Displacement Pumps

Hydrodynamic Pumps
-
High flow rate (Q)

Low Pressure (P)
Used in fluid transport
Centrifugal Pump
Propeller (axial) pump
Positive Displacement Pumps

Hydrostatic Pumps
Smooth and continuos flow
Low flow rate (Q)

High Pressure (P)
Used in fluid power
Gear Pump
Vane Pump
Piston Pump
Relatively pulsating flow
Q is inversely proportion to P
No need for pressure relief valve
V N
Q is almost constant Q T D
60
Pressure relief valve must be used to
protect the pump against over
pressure.
Pump's Hydraulic Symbols

Unidirectional Fixed displacement pump
Unidirectional Variable displacement pump
Bi-directional Fixed displacement pump
Bi-directional Variable displacement pump
Pumps do not pump pressure, but they produce fluid flow

Pressure is due to the elevation difference, friction resistance and/or LOADS
Introduction-5
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
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Hydraulic Pumps
Non Positive displacement
Centrifugal (impeller) type
Single suction
Double suction
Axial (propeller) type
Positive displacement
Gear pumps
vane pumps
External
Internal
screw
lobe
Multi stages
Unbalanced
piston pumps
Balanced
Axial
Bent axis
Radial
Swash plate
Gerotor
Introduction-6
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
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Positive Displacement Pumps

With this pump, a definite volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation,
regardless of resistance, as long as the capacity of the power unit driving a pump is not exceeded. If
an outlet is completely closed, either the unit driving a pump will stall or something will break.
Therefore, a positive-displacement-type pump requires a pressure regulator or pressure-relief valve
in the system.
Q Th Vd
Vol
N
60
Q Actual
QTh
Total Vol * mec
Positive Displacement Pump Performance curves
Introduction-7
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
Hydraullic Machines annd Fluid Mechannics Branvh.
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I. Gea
ar Pum
mp
In
ntroductionn-8
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Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
m Elctomechanical Prograam.
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
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II. Vane Pump

p
III.. Piston
n Pump
p
Vd n
D2L
In
ntroductionn-9
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Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
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Hydraulic Actuators
Hydraulic Power
Actuators
Mechanical Power
Hydraulic Cylinders
for Linear Motion
Hydraulic Motors
for Rotary Motion
Linear Hydraulic Actuators (Hydraulic Cylinders)

Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinder
Single acting cylinder can exert a force in only one direction (extension or retraction). Single acting
cylinders do not retract hydraulically; it retracts by gravity or spring.
Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinder
Introduction-10
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Siingle-Endded, Doublle Acting Cylinder
Doouble-Endded, Doub
ble Acting Cylinder
Hydraaulic moto
or's Symb
bols
Uniddirectionall fixed dissplacemen
nt hydrauliic motor
Unidirrectional variable
v
d
displaceme
ent hydrauulic motor
Bi-ddirectionall fixed dispplacementt hydraulic motor
Bi-dirrectional variable
v
diisplacemeent hydrauulic motor
In
ntroductionn-11
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________
____________
_____
Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
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C
Control
Valves
V
1. Dirrectional Control
C
Vaalves (DCV)
2. Preessure Conntrol Valves (PCV)
3. Floow Control Valves (FCV)
(
Diirectionaal Contro
ol Valves (DCV))
Check Valve
V
A check
k valve is a simple onee-way valvee (Non-retu
urn valve) that
t allows fluid to flow
w through itt in
only onne direction and prevennts flow in thhe other direction.
Free Floow Direction
No Flow Direction
The ch
heck valvve applicattions:
1. Faccilitate main
ntenance
2. Preevent backu
up pressuree
3. Byp
pass other component
c
ts (usually pressure
p
or flow
f
controol valves)
4. Safe
fety bypass to provide an alternativve flow path
h around a filter or heaat exchangerr
Pilot-O
Operated Check Valve
It is useed to providde a positivee lock for hoolding suspeended loadss in place.
In
ntroductionn-12
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Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
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Directional Control Valves

Two-Position Directional Control Valves
Four Way Valve
Manual-actuated, two-position, four-way, four

ports, spring-offset Directional Control Valve.
Mechanical-actuated, two-position, four-way, four
Solenoid-actuated, two-position, four-way, four
Three-Position Directional Control Valves

Manual-actuated, three-position, four-way, four
ports, spring-centered Directional Control Valve.
Pilot-actuated, three-position, four-way, four
Solenoid-actuated, three-position, four-way, four
Introduction-13
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Various centeer flow paaths for th

hree-posittion, four--way valv
ves
In
ntroductionn-14
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________
____________
_____
Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
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Pressure Control Valves (PCV)

Pressure Relief Valve
It is used as a safety device to prevent over pressurizing the system.
Pressure Reducing Valve

Pressure reducing valves are used when we need to operate one or more branches of a
fluid power circuit at pressures lower than the maximum system pressure.
Comparison of Pressure Relief Valve and Pressure Reducing Valve

1.
2.
3.
4.
Pressure Relief Valve

Senses pressure upstream of
the valve.
Outlet port returns to tank.
Outlet flow at tank pressure
(usually near atmospheric).
Valve normally closed.
Pressure Reducing Valve

1. Senses pressure downstream of the
valve.
2. Outlet port attached to branch circuit.
3. Outlet flow at branch circuit pressure.
4. Valve normally open.
Introduction-15
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U
Unloading
g Valve
Unloadding valvees unload the pump flow to th
he tank at nearly zerro pressure.
Sequencee Valve
The puurpose of a sequence valve is to controll the orderr of operattion of two
o branches of
a systeem.
In
ntroductionn-16
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________
____________
_____
Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
ALEX
XANDRIA UNIVERS
SITY
FACU
ULTY OF ENGINEER
E
RING
Mechaanical Engin
neering Department
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Floow Contrrol Valvess

The onnly way too control the
t speed of the acttuator (cyllinder or m
motor) is to
t controll the
rate att which the fluid flows innto or ou
ut of the actuator. This control cann be
accom
mplished byy
1. Varrying the speed
s
of a fixed displacement pump.
2. Varrying the output
o
of a variablee displacem
ment pumpp
3. Usiing a flow
w control valve
v
Adjustable flow control valve

v
Flow control valve

v
with
h an intern
nal check
k valve to allows forr restricted
d flow in one
o
direcction and free flow in the otheer directioon
In
ntroductionn-17
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________
____________
_____
Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

m
F
FALL
2012
9th Term
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Basic Hydraulic Circuits
Control of a single-acting cylinder
Control of a double-acting cylinder
Regnerative circuit
Drilling machine application
Double-pump hydraulic system
Locked cylinder using pilot check valve
Introduction-18
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Ihab G. Adam
FALL 2012

Fluid Power Systems For Electromech Prog 9th Term-Introduction

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ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY

9th Term Electromechanical Program

Fluid Power Systems

Dr. Ihab Gaber Ahmed Adam

Hydraulic Power Systems

Fluid Transport Systems

Fluid Power Systems

Fluid Power Systems

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Fluid Power Systems

Pneumatic Power Systems

Hydraulic Power Systems

use compressible fluid (gases)

Advantages of Fluid Power Systems:

High torques or forces from compact (small) size unit.

Disadvantages of Fluid Power Systems:

High pressure hazards.

Applications of Fluid Power System

Fluid power steers and breaks.

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Hydraulic Power System Components

3. Fluid Conditioning Device

4. Positive Displacement Pumps

- To carry the fluid

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Hydraulic Power (PQ )

Non-Positive Displacement Pumps

High flow rate (Q)

Positive Displacement Pumps

Smooth and continuos flow

Low flow rate (Q)

No need for pressure relief valve

Pump's Hydraulic Symbols

Unidirectional Variable displacement pump

Bi-directional Fixed displacement pump

Bi-directional Variable displacement pump

Pumps do not pump pressure, but they produce fluid flow

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Axial (propeller) type

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Positive Displacement Pumps

Total Vol * mec

Positive Displacement Pump Performance curves

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

II. Vane Pump

Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

Linear Hydraulic Actuators (Hydraulic Cylinders)

Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinder

Dr. Ihab G. Adam

9th Term Elctomechanical Program.

Siingle-Endded, Doublle Acting Cylinder

Bi-ddirectionall fixed dispplacementt hydraulic motor

Dr. Ihaab G. Adam

Free Floow Direction