RTP Mod-2.7

Module 2.
7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................1
2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India .................................................1
2.1 Water Pollution .................................................................................1
2.2 Air Pollution......................................................................................3
2.3 Solid Waste ......................................................................................3
2.4 Noise...............................................................................................4
2.5 Urban Microclimate ............................................................................5
3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards ...................................................5
4.0 Key Features of the Environmental Safeguard System of India ..........6
4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level ....................................8
4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As Amended In
1978 & 1988.......................................................................................8
4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 .....................9
4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 .........................................9
4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006 .................. 10
4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification: .................................. 14
4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000...................... 16
4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988 .................. 16
4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 .......... 17
4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998............... 18
4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ..... 18
4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002 ............................................... 19
4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 20
4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the National Level ..................... 21
4.2.1 National Environmental Policy ..................................................... 21
4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002 .................................................. 22
4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines
...................................................................................................... 23
4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level.............................................. 23
4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894.................................................... 23
4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 ....................... 24
4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition
of Service) Act, 1979 ......................................................................... 24
4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment
& Condition of Service) Act, 1979 ........................................................ 25
4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005 .................................................... 26
4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level................................. 27
4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation ......................... 27
5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies ............... 27

6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to Urban Infrastructure Projects
............................................................................................................... 34
6.1 Land and Land Use .......................................................................... 34
6.2 Flora and Fauna .............................................................................. 35
6.3 Air Environment .............................................................................. 35
6.4 Noise Environment .......................................................................... 35
6.5 Water Environment.......................................................................... 35
7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social Issues............................. 36
7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects ...................................................... 36
7.1.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 36
7.1.2 Social Issues ............................................................................ 37
7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects................................................... 38
7.2.1 Environmental Issues................................................................. 38
7.2.2 Social Issues ........................................................................... 39
7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply ............................................... 40
7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.
Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 47
7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs.
Environmental Policy, Legislation and Guidelines ....................................... 48
8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects...................................... 49
9.0 Project Specific Environmental management Plan............................ 51
9.1 Project: Water Supply ...................................................................... 51
9.2 Project: Sewerage ........................................................................... 53
9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management...................................................... 56
9.4 Project: Road and Transportation ...................................................... 59
9.5 Project: Storm water drainage .......................................................... 63
List of Annex
Annex I: Application for obtaining authorisation for Solid Waste Processing and
Disposal Site from Pollution Control Board ( Form 1 of MSW Rules,2000 )
Annex II: Format if annual report to be submitted by Municipal Authority.
Annex III: Schedule ii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex IV: Schedule iii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex V: Schedule iv of MSW Rules, 2000
Annex VI: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for Sewage
Treatment Plant component.
Annex VII: Checklist for Solid Waste Management component
Annex VIII: Best Practices in Construction Phase.
ii
1.0 Introduction
All
developmental
process
invariably
has
some
negative
effect
on
the
environment. There is a popular perception that environment and development

cannot go hand in hand. This perception has given birth to what is known as
sustainable development, which strives for balancing the two diverse directions of
developmental process and environmental protection, and tries to meet them at a
point whereby one need not be sacrificed for another. Therefore it is a need of the
hour that we incorporate the environmental and social safeguards while planning
preparing and implementing any infrastructure project.
This module has been structured in a way to discuss the pertinent urban
environmental issues in India, National level environmental legislations, policies
and guidelines, project specific and generic environmental and social impact
arising out of different infrastructure projects and environmental and social
safeguards that need to be incorporated in different project stage.
2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India

Population density in urban centers is increasing rapidly. The rate has been too
fast for the development of the infrastructure required to keep a city running
efficiently. Provision of housing, water supply, garbage disposal, sanitation
facilities, etc. has not been able to keep pace with the rate of urbanization. This
has led to polluted, overcrowded living conditions for many who move into a city
with hopes of a better life. On the other hand urban centers heavily draw on
resources like water, forest, fuel, and land, for their very existence. However,
they return these back to the environment as waste and pollutants. In short the
urban environment in general is deteriorating at a rapid rate. The crucial supports
for a healthy environment and good living conditions. Viz. air, water, and land,
are being adversely affected.
2.1 Water Pollution

Access to safe drinking water is a problem in most urban areas of India and the
world. Rivers running through most cities are seen as convenient places to let out
the untreated sewage and even industrial effluents. In earlier times the practice
of letting out waste into rivers was relatively harmless because the quantity and
quality of waste were such that it got diluted to safe levels and also allowed
natural biochemical processes to act. This broke down the wastes naturally.
However, with the increase in urbanization, the quantity and concentration of
wastes has increased, with the result that the river is not able to dilute the
increased quantity of wastes any more.
Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards
Contamination of piped drinking water by sewage is not uncommon, due to the

corrosion of the pipelines over time. The release of untreated industrial waste into
the domestic sewerage line also adds to the pollution of water bodies and hastens
the corrosion of the pipeline. Twenty one per cent of all communicable diseases in
India are water-borne.
Because of the concrete jungle of buildings and paved roads that our areas are
today, no percolation of water occurs, and almost the entire precipitation is lost
as runoff. Thus a natural source for the recharging of the much used ground
water is lost. The run-off water lost through storm drains wreaks havoc in low
laying areas by flooding them. The clogging of storm drains also results in rain
water overflowing and flooding the area.
Source: Tasa Graphic Arts
CEPT, Ahmedabad
JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

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2.2 Air Pollution

Polluted air is becoming an enormous and growing problem in the cities today.
This is attributed to the increase in the number of industries and vehicles on the
road. In major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, over half the quantity of air
pollutants is from vehicles. A major contributor to the increase in vehicular
pollution is the increasing number of vehicles on the road.
2.3 Solid Waste

Unplanned disposal of domestic or household garbage is a major source of
pollution in urban areas. The increased economic growth of a place is reflected in
the kind of waste it generates. Earlier the type of waste used to be mainly organic
wastes which are biodegradable, for example, leftover food, peels of vegetables
or fruits, paper, etc. today not only has the quantity of waste changed but the
composition of the waste, from being mainly reusable to disposable. These wastes
mainly comprise plastics, fused materials (in which more than one material
plastic and paper, or paper and aluminum, are joined or fused together, e.g. pan
masala pouches, tetrapacks), toxic material, etc., these wastes are not
biodegradable and remain on the land for a long time. They could contaminate
air, water and land with toxins.
On an average 0.3 to 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated by a single individual in
an urban area. The quantity of waste generated in a day varies from city to city.
Disposal of solid waste is a big challenge for any urban authority. The problem is
that there is not land available to dispose of the waste collected. New sites have
to be found and these are normally far away from the city. This means that the
waste has to be transported longer distances, resulting in increase use of fuel, as
well as resulting vehicular pollution, and possible spillage of the waste en route.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
The wastes are not segregated at sources and the mixed composition of the
waste makes degradation difficult. In many cases, during the rains, toxic
leachates (toxins released from the toxic waste when it comes in contact with
water) runoff into nearby water bodies and also percolate into the water tale,
polluting both the sources of water. The impact of this pollution may be felt not
only locally, but even at places located away from the source.
2.4 Noise
The increasing number of vehicles on the road, proliferation of small-scale
industries within the city, use of loudspeakers at religious, public and social
events, are some factors resulting in the increasing noise levels of the city. Sound
intensity is measured in terms of the unit decibel (db). On this scale each 10 db
rise indicates a ten-fold increase in sound pressure. Thus the rise in sound
intensity on the ear from 1 db to 20 db represents a hundred-fold increase in
sound level.
The noise levels in some of Indias major

cities vary from 60 to 90 db. Continuous
exposure to high levels of noise leads to both
mental and physical health problems among
people. Some of the effects are irritability,
aggression, rise in blood pressure, headache,
insomnia, permanent hearing loss, etc.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

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2.5 Urban Microclimate

The climatic condition of the urban area is generally different from that of its
surroundings. Urban areas generally have higher temperatures than the nearby
suburbs and rural areas.
One reason for this is the heat generated due to the various urban activities, e.g.
greater number of vehicles on the road, and more industries (often polluting
ones). High rise buildings obstruct cooling winds and also absorb and radiate
heat. Paved roads also act as heat absorbers. A combination of these, results in
the creation of urban heat islands. At times, the urban heat islands of two hereby
urban areas merge, affecting the climate of the region.
3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards

Infrastructure is an important component for development of a city. However,
development should not be at the cost of environment. Thus, development of a
city should go hand in hand with environment keeping in view hazards to
environment.
Good environmental and social management practice is a well-established
element of project preparation and implementation. It is even more important in
the context of a urban infrastructure projects, where additional criteria must be
considered, such as enhancing hazard risk management and strengthening
natural resilience to climatic and natural events. Thus our municipal engineers
and managers should keep in mind the environmental and social safeguards,
whiling planning, preparing or implementing an infrastructure project to achieve
the following objectives:
Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes
associated with Project implementation
Support the integration of environmental and social aspects associated with
the numerous Sub-projects into the decision making process
Support displaced persons in their efforts to restore their livelihoods and
living standards and compensate any loss of livelihood or assets
Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes
Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual
subprojects or their cumulative effects
Protect human health
Minimize impacts on cultural property
CEPT, Ahmedabad

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4.0 Key Features of the Environmental

Safeguard System of India
The responsibility of the Government of India to protect and improve the
environment is enshrined in the Constitution under the 42nd amendment, adopted
in January 1977. The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 provides umbrella
legislation for the protection of the environment, established through various
preceding laws with responsibility to administer the legislation jointly entrusted to
the central Ministry of Environment and Forests Conservation (MOEF) and the
State Pollution Control Board, coordinated by the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB). In addition, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981,
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, Environmental Impact
Assessment Act of 1994, Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 as well as various earlier
acts all provide for some level of regulation and control. In addition to legal acts,
relevant policy statements include the National Water Policy, 1987; National
Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,
1992; and Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992.
In short, various laws have been formulated, in order to protect our environment.
Discussed below are some of the laws in context of urban infrastructure projects
as to how are they applicable while implementing urban infrastructure projects.
The primary objective of any legislation is to ensure social justice and well being
through enforcement of certain codes of conduct. Legislation for environmental
protection is also based on the recognition of the fact, it is necessary to abide by
the requirements to prevent damage to the environment which is a common
property. Traditionally, codes of conduct were framed with some stipulations of
do's and don'ts, the non-compliance of which was dealt by the society through
various forms of corrective measures. Most of the environment related laws
enacted by the Parliament have been based on the Articles 252 and 253 of the
Constitution. For instance, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 was promulgated as a Central Legislation under Article 252 of the
Constitution. Since water belongs to the State list, a Resolution from two or more
State Legislatures empowering the Parliament to enact the legislation on the
subject was required. Laws and regulations are a major tool in protecting the
environment. To put those laws into effect, government agencies create and
enforce regulations. In this section, one finds a basic description of how laws and
regulations come to be, what they are, and where to find them, with an emphasis
on environmental laws and regulations. The Indian constitution is amongst the
few in the world that contains specific provisions on environment protection.
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The table 4.1 below gives a comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and
legislations that has some relevance to urban infrastructure projects.
Table 4.1 Comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and legislations
Safeguard
Status
Policies/ Acts / Rules / Guidelines
Environmental
National
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Safeguard
Legislations
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules,
2000
The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000
Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002
The Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains
Act, 1958
National
National Environmental Policy
Policies
and
Guidelines
National Water Policy

Urban
Development
Plans
Formulation
and
Implementation Guidelines, 1996
Social Safeguard
National
The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894
Legislations
Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment

& Condition of Service) Act, 1979
The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of
Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and
Rules
Right to Information Act, 2005
National
National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for
Policies
and
Project Affected Families, 2003
Guidelines
CEPT, Ahmedabad

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4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level

The major legislations pertaining to environmental issues at the national level are
discussed below.
4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As

Amended In 1978 & 1988
The Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and
empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and
local authorities discharging effluents
This act gives certain powers and assigns responsibilities to the State Pollution
Control Boards which include: prevention, control or abatement of pollution of
streams and wells in the State; to organise mass education programmes relating
thereto; lay down, modify annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade
effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State
stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the
State; to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and
trade effluents, etc.
Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of
polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).
It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any
other matter which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of
the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution.
But the section
permits the following Acts: Constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on

the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier,
drain or sewer.
Section 25, restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal
system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage
or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets.
The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation
or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions
thereto.
According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting
matter is present in any stream or well or on land due to discharge of such
matter due to any accident or any other unforeseen act, the state board shall
take emergency measures such as prohibiting the discharge of any such matter.
Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and
furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions,
CEPT, Ahmedabad

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and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such
records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary
4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, provides for the
prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 including Rules 1982 and 1983 was enacted to
prevent, control and reduce air and noise pollution. According to Section 21 of the
Act, no person shall establish or operate any activity, which can cause air
pollution. Urban infrastructure projects during its construction phase tend to lead
to huge quantity of dust production which leads to massive air pollution and
inconvenience to surrounding area dwellers. Thus special care should be taken
during construction phase of the project as of in excavation, or other stages
wherein loose dust is allowed to spread in air in general practice. Barriers should
be sued to protect the surroundings. Equipments used during construction phase
also produce some amount of air pollution. Hence well maintained equipments in
closed barriers and away from residential areas should be encouraged.
4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted by the parliament in the
year 1986, in the wake of the Bhopal Gas tragedy which took place in year 1984.
The Act was made under Article 253 of the constitution to implement the decision
of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972.
The main objective of the Act enumerated under the Preamble of the Act is to
implement decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human
environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, to take necessary steps for
protection and improvement of environment and to prevent hazards to human
beings other living creature, plants and property
The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation"
seeking to supplement the existing laws on the control of pollution (the water Act
and the Air Act) by enacting a general legislation for environment protection and
to fill the gaps in regulation of major environmental hazards. Section 6 empowers
Central government to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by
prescribing standards for the quality of air, water, soil for various areas and
purposes The urban local body has to ensure to cause no hazard to the
environment by any of its action under this Act, during the infrastructure project
implementation.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

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4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

As per section 3 of this notification, the Central Government forms a State Level
Environment Impact Assessment Authority.
Sec. 4 Categorization of the projects and activities: All projects and activities are
broadly categorized into two categories as Category A and B. The projects which
have been classified as Category A project are those having potential impacts on
human health and natural and man made resources. Those projects require prior
environmental clearance from the central government in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF).
The projects categorized as Category B projects require prior environmental
clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (SEIAA). The SEIAAs decisions are based on the recommendations of a
State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be
constituted for in this notification. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or
SEAC, a Category B project is treated as a Category A project.
As per Section 7, following stages presented in table 4.2 are followed while
issuing Environmental Clearance.
Table 4.2: Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New
Projects
Sr.
No
1
Stage
Screening
Authority
Project
responsible
Category
Purpose of the Stage
Forms used
for EC
Category B
To check whether the

project
requires
environmental
impact
assessment or not
If
EIA
required
Category B1
If EIA not required:
Category B2
2
Scoping
Scoping
Category A
Expert
Category B1
Appraisal
To decide the Terms of
Committee
Reference
State
addressing all relevant
level
Expert
environmental
Appraisal
concerns for EIA.
(TOR)
Committee
3
Public
Category
State
Public hearing at the
Consultation
and
Pollution
site or in its close
Category B1
Control
proximity- district
Board
wise, to be carried out
CEPT, Ahmedabad
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Sr.
No
Stage
Authority
Project
responsible
Category
Purpose of the Stage
Forms used
for EC
(SPCB)
the
or
Union
as prescribed in the
notification.
territory
obtain responses in
Pollution
writing from other
Control
concerned persons
Committee
(UTPCC)
4
Appraisal
Expert
Final
and
Category
Appraisal
report,
Category B1
Committee
outcome
or
the
State
EIA
of
public
Level Expert
consultations
Appraisal
including
Committee
public hearing
proceedings
Appraisal
Appraisal
Projects
not
Expert
Form 1/ and
requiring
Appraisal
Detailed scrutiny of the
Pre-feasibility
Public
Committee
documents
Report
Consultation
or
State
by the applicant for
(excluding
Level Expert
grant of environmental
Item 8 of the
Appraisal
clearance.
schedule)
Committee
Item 8 of the
Expert
Form 1, Form
schedule:
Appraisal
1A
Building and
Committee
conceptual
Construction
or
plan
projects,
Level Expert
Townships
Appraisal
and
Committee
Area
submitted
State
and
the
Development
projects
Scoping is not required for Projects Construction/Township/Commercial

Complexes /Housing only (Category B). They are appraised by the State
level Expert Appraisal Committee based on the Form 1/ Form 1A &
conceptual plan.
Public Consultation is not required for following projects:
1. Modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the Schedule).
2. All projects or activities located within industrial estates or parks (item
7(c) of the Schedule) approved by the concerned authorities, and which
are not disallowed in such approvals.
3. Expansion of Roads and Highways (item 7 (f) of the Schedule) which do
not involve any further acquisition of land.
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4. All Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and

Townships (item 8). 5. All Category B2 projects and activities.
6. All projects or activities concerning national defence and security or
involving other strategic considerations as determined by the Central
Government.
The infrastructure projects which require prior environmental clearance as per the
Schedule under section 2 of this notification are as below in table 4.3.
Table 4.3 : Activities requiring prior environmental clearance
Project or Activity
7
Category with threshold limit

A
B
Conditions if any
Physical Infrastructure including Environmental Services
7(a)
Air ports
All projects
7(c)
Industrial estates/
parks/ complexes/
areas, export
processing Zones
(EPZs), Special
Economic Zones
(SEZs), Biotech
Parks, Leather
Complexes.
If at least one
industry in the
proposed
industrial estate
falls under the
Category A, entire
industrial area
shall be treated as
Category A,
irrespective of the
area.
Industrial estates
housing at least
one Category B
industry and area
<500 ha.
Industrial estates
with area greater
than 500 ha. And
housing at least
one Category B
industry.
-Industrial estates Special

condition
of area> 500 ha.
shall apply
and not housing
any industry
Note:
belonging to
Industrial Estate of
Category A or B.
7(d)
Common hazardous
waste treatment,
storage and disposal
facilities (TSDFs)
CEPT, Ahmedabad
All integrated
facilities having
incineration
&landfill or
incineration alone
12
Special condition
shall apply
area below 500 ha.

and not housing
any industry of
category A or B
does not require
clearance.
All facilities
having land fill
only
Industrial Estate of
area below 500 ha.
and not housing any
industry of category
A or B does not
require clearance.
General Condition
shall apply

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Category with threshold limit

Project or Activity
7(e)
7(f)
Ports, Harbours
Highways
A
5 million TPA of
cargo
handling
capacity
(excluding
fishing harbours)
B
Conditions if any
< 5 million TPA General Condition
of
cargo shall apply
handling
capacity and/or
ports/ harbours
10,000 TPA of
fish handling
capacity
i) New National
High ways; and
i) New State High

ways; and
ii) Expansion of
National High
ways greater than
30 KM, involving
additional right of
way greater than
20m involving
land acquisition
and passing
through more than
one State.
ii) Expansion of
National / State
Highways greater
than 30 km
involving
additional right of
way greater than
20m involving
land acquisition.
General Condition
shall apply
7(h)
Common Effluent
Treatment Plants
(CETPs)
All projects
General Condition
shall apply
7(i)
Common Municipal
Solid Waste
Management Facility
(CMSWMF)
All projects
General Condition
shall apply
8
8(a)
Building /Construction projects/Area Development

projects and Townships
Building and
Construction projects
20000 sq.mtrs
and
<1,50,000
sq.mtrs. of builtup area#
8(b)
Covering an area
50 ha and or
built up area
1,50,000 sq
.mtrs ++
Townships and Area

Development
projects.
#(built up area for

covered
construction; in the
case of facilities
open to the sky, it
will be the activity
area )
++
All projects under
Item 8(b) shall be
appraised as
Category B1
Source: EIA Notification 2006
CEPT, Ahmedabad
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General conditions will be applicable if any project or activity specified in Category

B will be treated as Category A, is located in whole or in part within 10 km from
the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act,
1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control
Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State
boundaries and international boundaries.
4.1.5 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification:

A crucial element of the regulatory framework that holds significant implications
for project implementation is the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of
1991. The CRZ Notification is the principle legislation governing development
activities and land use along Indias coasts in the area falling within 500 meters of
the high tide line and in the inter-tidal zone. Under the notification, all areas
within this zone are to be classified as CRZ I (i), I (ii), II, III or IV based on
geomorphology and various other criteria, including ecological significance,
existing developments and other features. The nature and kinds of land uses
permitted vary according to the specific zone within which an area falls, with
greater restrictions on CRZ-I areas, fewer on CRZ-II areas and variable
restrictions in CRZ-III areas, where there is considerable scope for varied
interpretation as well. Generally, the Notification is complex (this is compounded
by 17 amendments since 1991) and has been interpreted and applied in different
ways by both Centre and states.
The notification is applicable only to those urban local bodies that are located or
are planning for any infrastructure projects like installation of a seawater
desalination plant for water supply. In that case the considerations regarding the
type of activity permitted shall have to be taken into consideration and presented
in table 4.4
Table 4.4 : Activities permitted in CRZ requiring Environmental Clearance as per
Section 2 of the S.O. 114 (E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Sr.
No.
1.
Activities Requiring Environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment

and Forest
Construction activities related to projects of Department of Atomic Energy or Defence
requirements for which foreshore facilities are essential
2.
Operational constructions for ports and harbours and light houses and constructions
for activities such as jetties, wharf, quays and slipways, pipelines, conveying systems
including transmission lines;
3.
Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and
facilities thereto;
4.
Thermal Power Plants activities requiring foreshore facilities
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Activities prohibited in CRZ as per Annexure to the notification S.O. 114

(E) under Environmental Protection Act, 1986:
1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except (a) those directly
related to water front or directly needing foreshore facilities and (b) Projects of Department
of Atomic Energy;
2. Manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances except transfer of
hazardous substances from ships to ports, terminals and refineries and vice versa in the port
areas
3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery
and natural fish drying in permitted areas);
4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents, except
facilities required for discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; and except for storm water drains;
5. Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other
human settlements.
6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of landfilling or otherwise
7. Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power stations
8.
Land reclamation, for all facilities that are essential for activities permissible under the
notification or for control of coastal erosion and maintenance or clearing of water ways,
channels and ports or for prevention of sandbars or for tidal regulator, storm water drains
or for structures for prevention of salinity ingress and sweet water recharge. Reclamation
for
commercial
purposes
such
as
shopping
and
housing
complexes,
hotels
and
entertainment activities shall not be permissible;

9.
Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, except (a) those rare minerals not
available outside the CRZ areas and (b) exploration and extraction of Oil and Natural Gas
10. Harvesting or withdrawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms therefore within
200 m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted only when done manually
through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries;
11. Any construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line except facilities for
carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea, facilities for carrying
sea water for cooling purposes, oil, gas and similar pipelines and facilities essential for
activities permitted under this Notification;
12. Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for
beautification, recreational and other such purpose, except as permissible under this
Notification.
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4.1.6 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 was passed on 14th February
2000 by Ministry of Environment and Forests with the aim of maintaining ambient
quality.
Under this rule care has to be taken while implementing urban infrastructure
project which produce noise. Certain standards are specified within which noise
emission should take place. The rule defines 100 meters surrounding hospitals,
educational institutions and courts as a silence area, and imposes penalty of
doing any of the acts which cause noise exceeding 50 dB (A) noise at day time
and 40 dB (A) night time. Care also has to be taken by the urban local bodies so
as to ensure that minimum amount of noise is produced while running
equipments.
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons. It
is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life
enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right
of persons to life with human dignity. Any one who wishes to live in peace,
comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant
reaching him.
4.1.7 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - As Amended In 1988

The Central Government enacted The Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980 to stop
large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, as per
the Act, No State Government or any authority shall make, except with the prior
approval of the Central Government any order directing:
Reserved forest or any portion there of shall cease to be reserved;
Any forest land or any portion there of may be used for any non-forest
purpose;
Any forest land or any portion there of may be assigned by way of lease or
otherwise to any private person to any authority corporation, agency or any
other organization not owned, managed by Government; and
Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees, which have
grown naturally in that land or portion for the purpose of using it for reforestation.
Section 2 of the Act is important as it lays restriction on the de-reservation of
forests or use of forestland for non-forest purpose. It implies that no State
Government or other authority shall make use of the forestland for non-forest
purpose, except with the prior approval and order of the Central Government.
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Section 3 empowers Central Government to appoint an Advisory Committee, in

order to get permission to use the forestland for non-forest purposes and matters
connected therewith. This section also lays down penalty provisions in case of
contravention of the provisions of the Act.
The Act shall be applicable in all kind of urban infrastructure projects, which fall
within or near a forest area. The Act may be applicable in cases where any pocket
of reserved or declared forest falls within the ULB limits and may get affected due
to any infrastructure project.
4.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,

2000
These rules apply to the collection, segregation, storage, transportation and
disposal of solid waste management. As per rule 7, of the rules, the municipal
authority is responsible for managing the solid waste generated within the city or
town and to set up a waste processing and disposal facility.
As per the Schedule II under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1), the solid waste
management consists of following steps: collection, segregation, storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste.
Schedule III under rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2), gives details about the designing and
management of landfill sites. This schedule gives specifications for selection of
landfill site, facilities to be provided at landfill site, process of land filling,
measures to be adopted for pollution prevention, water, air quality monitoring,
plantation at the site, closure of the site and post-care.
Municipal authorities under the Act are responsible for implementation of the Act.
As such the Act imposes various responsibilities relating to proper handling of the
municipal waste which are as stated below:
The authority shall be responsible for implementation of the provisions of
the rules and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage,
segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid
waste.
The authority is required to apply for grant of authorization for setting up
waste processing disposal facility including landfills from state pollution
board.
The authority shall comply with the provision of the rules by implementing
them according to the schedule given under the rules.
The authority shall furnish its annual report in the form given for the
purpose under the rules.
In case of any accident at any municipal solid wastes collection, segregation,
storage, processing, treatment and disposal facility or landfill site or during
the transportation of such wastes the municipal authority shall give report of
the same to the Secretary in-charge of the urban development department
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in metropolitan cities and to District collector or Deputy Commissioner in all

other cases.
Under Municipal Solid waste management rules, 2000, the urban local bodies
have to ensure that no hazardous waste is mixed or collected along with
municipal solid waste.
Hazardous waste has to be segregated from municipal
solid waste and treated separately in accordance with Hazardous waste

management rules. With increase in the global population and the rising demand
for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being
generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal
waste collection centres from where it is collected by the area municipalities to be
further thrown into the landfills and dumps. However, either due to resource
crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and
transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal
is improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the
surrounding environment.
Responsibly of Collection, storage, transportation and disposal of Hazardous
waste and biomedical waste generated in the city lies with the generator of these
wastes however; the urban local bodies are responsible for implementation of
these rules.
4.1.9 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

Bio-medical waste is the waste generated during diagnosis, treatment and
immunization of human beings or animals and in research activities. As per
section 6, this waste should not be mixed with municipal solid waste and hence a
separate system for its management has been specified. It consists of
specifications for segregation, packaging, transportation and storage. The biomedical waste has been classified into 10 different categories under rule 5 and
the different categories have different colour codes / specifications for their
storage, packaging, transportation and disposal.(Schedule II under rule 6)
The
State
Government
and
Union
Territories
prescribe
an
authority
for
implementing these rules in their respective jurisdictions who also grants

authorization to the occupiers for handling of the hazardous wastes.
Different Forms have been specified in the rules as: Application for Authorization
(Form I under rule 8), Annual report to be filed by the occupier / operator (Form
II under rule 10) and Accident reporting (Form III under rule 12)
4.1.10 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2000
This Rule talks about requirements of facilities to classify wastes into categories,
manage them as per the prescribed guidelines and obtain prior authorization from
the SPCB for handling, treatment, storage and disposal of Hazardous Wastes.
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Urban infrastructure projects have the potential to generate hazardous waste

during its construction and operational phases and such waste generation should
be properly monitored and managed. The following kinds of hazardous waste may
be generated from the construction phase of the project:
Spent oil and lubricants from construction equipments;
Spent oil and lubricants from DG sets;
Paint residues during the painting of the buildings;
Asbestos Contaminated Material (ACM) generated from dismantling of
temporary housing for construction workers.
Under the HW Rules, 1989, State Governments were entrusted with certain
responsibilities in relation to management of hazardous wastes. These were:
1. Identification of sites for the disposal of hazardous wastes in their States,
after ascertaining the suitability of the sites through Environment Impact
Assessment studies (Rule 8).
2. Preparation and maintenance of an inventory of such sites (Rule 8).
3.
Preparation and notification of hazardous wastes dump sites (Rule 8).
4.1.11 The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002

Main objective of the Act is to protect wild animals, birds and plants. All the
matters connected in lines with this or ancillary or incidental thereto, are also
included as part of this Act, with a view of ensuring ecological and environmental
security of the country.
The Act lays overall guidelines for establishing authorities to be appointed or
constituted, prohibition or permission of hunting of wild animals, protection of
specified plants, Declaration of Sanctuary, National parks or closed area, Zoos
and Zoo authorities etc. Some of the chapters may be useful in the IVTI project:
Chapter 3: restricts certain activities like hunting of wildlife. However, it also
mentions about the permission of hunting of wildlife in certain cases, as well as
granting the permission for hunting for special purposes. Clauses related to the
protection of specified plants are specified in Chapter 3-A.
Chapter 4: classifies protected areas into three categories - Sanctuaries,
National Parks and Closed area.
Aspects like declaration of a sanctuary, its
protection, authorizing powers to the Collector, restriction of entry in the

sanctuary, prohibition of destructive matters causing fire, ban on use of injurious
substances etc. are discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 5: the important declaration in this chapter is that the wild animals are
Government property. Regulation of transfer of animals, dealings in trophy and
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animal articles without license is also prohibited under this Act. The power to
suspend of cancel licenses is also given in this Act.
Chapter 6: formulates clauses with respect to prevention and detection of
offences are described in of the Act. It assigns power of entry, search, arrest and
detention to the Authority.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 may be an important reference if any of the
infrastructure project sites fall within a Protected Area, partly or fully. This Act is
also relevant if a part of any protected area falls within the area under any urban
local body, and subjected to any change due to infrastructure project. In either of
the above mentioned cases, the Act may be applicable in site planning, designing,
construction and post-construction management.
4.1.12 The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites &

Remains Act, 1958
This is an Act to provide preservation of ancient and historical monuments and
archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of
archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and
other like objects.
The Act classifies ancient monuments and archaeological sites into several
categories. Each category is described under various sections of the Act. The
responsibility of protection, conservation and maintenance of these important
sites are assigned w.r.t the particular category as described in the Act.
Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites & Remains of National
Importance: Section 3 and 4 of the Act discuss that certain monuments declared
as ancient monuments, etc. shall deemed to be of national importance. It also
assigns power to the Central Government to declare ancient monuments etc. to
be of national importance.
Protected Monuments: Section 5 of the Act describes acquisition of rights in a
protected monument. Section 6 discuss about the preservation of protected
monuments by agreement.
Protected Areas: Section 19 lays restrictions on enjoyment of property rights in
public areas and Section 20 imparts power to the Central Government to acquire
protected area.
Archaeological Excavation: Section 21 gives right to archaeological officer to
excavate in protected areas; Section 22 explains the method to be followed for
doing excavation in areas other than protected areas.
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Protection of Antiquities: Central Government is given power to control moving

of antiquities as per Section 25.
The Act may be applicable to Urban local bodies, which encompass within its
boundary any ancient monument, archaeological site or remains of national
importance
4.2 Environmental Policy and Guidelines at the

National Level
4.2.1 National Environmental Policy
The National Environment Policy (NEP, 2006) is a response to our national
commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in Articles 48
A and 51 A (g), strengthened by judicial interpretation of Article 21. It is
recognized that maintaining a healthy environment is not the states responsibility
alone, but also that of every citizen. A spirit of partnership should thus be realized
throughout the spectrum of environmental management in the country. While the
state must galvanize its efforts, there should also be recognition by each
individual natural or institutional, of its responsibility towards maintaining and
enhancing the quality of the environment. The NEP, 2006 is also intended to be a
statement
of
Indias
commitment
to
making
positive
contribution
to
international efforts.
National Environmental policy 2006 briefly discusses the key environmental
challenges currently and prospectively facing the country, the objectives of the
policy, normative principles underlying policy action, strategic themes for
intervention, broad indications of the legislative and institutional development
needed to accomplish the strategic themes, and mechanisms for implementation
and review. The policy identifies following environmental challenges, which the
country is facing.
1. Poverty
2. Economic growth
3. Population growth
4. Inappropriate technology and consumption rate
5. Unplanned urbanization
6. Institutional failures
7. Climate change
8. Ozone depletion
9. Bio diversity loss
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Main objectives, which the Policy seeks to achieve include

1. Conservation of critical environmental resources
2. Intra generation equity and inter generational equity
3. Livelihood security for the poor
4. Integration of environmental concern in economic and social development
5. Efficiency in environmental resource use
6. Environmental governance
7. Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation
Under this policy it is essential to create awareness regarding environment
through education. Enhancing environmental awareness is essential to harmonize
patterns of individual behaviour with the requirements of environmental
conservation. This would minimize the demands placed on the monitoring and
enforcement
regimes;
in
fact,
large-scale
non-compliance
would
simply
overwhelm any feasible regulatory machinery. Awareness relates to the general

public, as well as specific sections, e.g. the youth, urban dwellers, industrial and
construction workers, municipal and other public employees, etc. Awareness
involves not only internalization of environmentally responsible behaviour, but
also enhanced understanding of the impacts of irresponsible actions, including to
public health, living conditions, and livelihood prospects. Environmental education
is Environmental education is the principal means of enhancing such awareness,
both among the public at large, and among focused groups. Such education may
be formal, or informal, or a combination of both. It may rely on educational
institutions at different levels; the print, electronic, or live media; and various
other formal and informal settings.
4.2.2 The National Water Policy, 2002

The National Water Policy adopted by the National Water Resource Council on
2002, mainly focuses on the planning, development and management of water
resources. This requires consideration of socio-economic aspects and issues such
as environmental sustainability, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation of
project affected people and livestock.
The policy aims at bringing in the maximum water resources available under the
utilizable resources category to the maximum possible extent.
The water allocation priorities are decided in the sequence as: Drinking water,
Irrigation, Hydropower, Ecology, Agro-industries & non-agriculture industries and
Navigation and other uses.
The policy suggests that there should be water zoning of the country and the
economic activities should be guided and regulated in accordance with such
zoning. The policy requires the states to come up with a state water policy backed
by an operational action plan
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4.2.3 Urban Development Plans Formulation and

Implementation Guidelines
UDPFI Guidelines was the outcome of a research study conducted by Centre for
Research Documentation and Training, Institute of Town Planners, India, which is
the apex professional body in the country, as a result of the national workshop on
Master plan approach: Its Efficacy and Alternatives, held at Delhi in February
1996.
Keeping the recommendations of the workshop, the objectives of this research
study included
1.Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation guidelines
applicable to small and medium size towns and large cities incorporating
efficient
implementation
mechanism
and
innovative
techniques
for
promotion of planned socio-economic and spatial development of urban

centres;
2. Simplification of development promotion regulations and 3. Amending /
restructuring of town planning laws.
The relevance of these guidelines in the context of urban infrastructure
projects lies more in the part of physical environment, which deals with the
siting and construction related norms and standards.
4.3 Social Legislations at the National Level

4.3.1 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The private land acquisition will be guided by the provisions and procedures
outlined in this act. As per the LA act, the District Collector will function as the
Land Acquisition Officer on behalf of the Government. Usually, the land
acquisition is time consuming and takes about 2-3 years to complete the process.
A major cause of the delays in the land acquisition is regarding the amount of
compensation for the land and assets lost leading to legal proceedings. There is
also provision under section 17 of the act to acquire lands under emergency or
urgency clause by paying 80% of the initial estimated amount and take the
possession of the land and later complete the process to pay the balance amount
in case of emergency development activities. There is also provision for consent
award to reduce the time for processing if the land owners are willing to agree for
price fixed by the District collector. The option of acquiring lands through private
negotiations is also available.
Urban infrastructure projects like levelling of new roads, widening of existing
roads, water supply network and drainage network projects require land, while
other projects like solid waste management requires land for landfill site,
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composting, construction of transfer station etc. Thus this act plays a vital role in
all such cases where land needs to be acquired.
4.3.2 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

The Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules is a Social and
beneficial legislation. It is designed to protect the interest of children (below 14
years of age), who are deprived of protection due to their economic conditions.
The Act is divided into IV parts. Some important features of the Act are briefly
discussed below:
Part II of the Act imposes prohibition on employment of children in occupation
and processes specified in the Part A or Part B of the Schedule viz. Prohibition of
employment of children in certain occupations and process.
Regulation and conditions of work of children is mentioned in Part III of the Act.
It lays restrictions in terms of hours and period of work, working hours, one
weekly holiday to the child labour employed in an establishment. It also mentions
about provision for furnishing of information regarding employment of a child
labour to inspector.
Section 13 is important as it tells that the Government is required to make rules
for the health and safety of the child labour.
In many urban infrastructure project sites it is commonly found that child labour
are employed. The act may be helpful in framing guidelines for the urban local
bodies, which can help them in preventing exploitation of children working in such
projects.
4.3.3 Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment

& Condition of Service) Act, 1979
This Act is formulated to regulate the employment of inter-state migrant
workmen and to provide for their conditions of service and for matters connected
therewith.
Chapter II and chapter III of the Act, is important as they lay guideline with
respect to registration of establishments that employ inter-state migrant workers
and licensing of contractors.
Chapter IV mentions about duties and obligations to be performed by the
contractors.
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Chapter V is formulated to regulate the wage rates and other conditions of

service, welfare and other facilities to be provided to inter-state migrant
workman.
It is an interesting observation that in every state, most of the labour force
comes from other states of the country or neighbouring countries. Awareness
about this Act would be useful for the urban local body for controlling several
activities which is directly or indirectly linked to these labourers.
4.3.4 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of

Employment & Condition of Service) Act, 1979
This Act is devised in order to regulate the employment and conditions of service
of building and other construction workers. It is also formulated in order to
provide for their safety, health and welfare measures and for other matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Section 3, 4 and 5 talks about formation of certain committees like Central
Advisory
Committee,
State
Advisory
Committee
and
Expert
Committees
respectively. However, some relevant sections applicable for this project are as
mentioned below:
Section 24 of the Act mentions about constitution of a fund called the
Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare Fund.
Section 28 and 29 of the Act formulates rules for fixing the number of
working hours for workers, and provision of over-time remuneration.
Section 31 restricts the employer to employ worker whom he knows or has
reason to believe that he is a deaf or he has a defective vision or he has a
tendency to giddiness shall be required or allowed to work in any operation
of building or other construction work which is likely to involve a risk of any
accident either to the building worker himself or to any other person.
Section 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 directs the employer in terms of provision
of services like Drinking water, latrines / urinals, accommodation, crches,
first aid and canteen.
As per the Section 38 of the Act, every establishment employing more than
500 building workers, it is mandatory to constitute Safety Committee
The Act provides instructions for the construction contractors and labour agencies
in terms of providing services to its workers, some of which are mentioned above.
Engineers and supervisors of urban local bodies may use knowledge of this Act in
making tender documents for the construction work for different urban
infrastructure projects.
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4.3.5 Right to Information Act, 2005

Public disclosure has become a mandatory activity under The Right To
Information Act, 2005, which is an act to provide for setting out the practical
regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under
the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and
accountability in the working of every public authority. This act is extends to the
whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. "Information" according
to this act means any material in any form, including records, documents,
memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks,
contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic
form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a
public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
The information accessible under this Act, which is held by or under the control of
any public authority includes the right to (i) inspection of work, documents,
records; (ii) taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;
(iii) taking certified samples of material; (iv) obtaining information in the form of
diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or
through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other
device
As per the act all information shall be disseminated widely and in such form and
manner which is easily accessible to the public. All materials shall be
disseminated taking into consideration the cost effectiveness, local language and
the most effective method of communication in that local area and the
information should be easily accessible, to the extent possible in electronic format
with the Public Information Officer available free or at such cost of the medium or
the print cost price as may be prescribed.
As a responsible agency, urban local bodies need to initiate actions at the local
level to keep people informed about the project with all available information. The
concerned local body, who will be in intimate relation with the local people, need
to be transparent about the proposed project and its activities. Every local body
may designate a PIO, who will be held responsible for any information, which
need to be proactively disseminated. For example he/she need to take necessary
steps to disseminate the following information by displaying in notice boards at
project sites, brochures or any other means with one copy, strictly in local
languages.
Siting Details along with site map
Project objectives, activities, outputs & benefits
Project Cost, Funding etc.
Likely Impacts and Entitlements
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Contact Person and Address (PIO)
4.4 Social Policy and Guidelines at the National Level

4.4.1 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation
The Government of India recently issued a National Policy on Resettlement and
Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families, 2003 through a Gazette notification
on February 17, 2004. The policy applies to all projects where more than 500
families are displaced in plain areas and more than 250 families in hilly and
scheduled areas. The policy mentions that proposed benefits and monetary grants
are minimum and state governments and project proponents are free to adopt
higher provisions than provided in the policy. However, the state Government and
other agencies are yet to come out with their own policies in line with the national
policy. Therefore, the principles and objectives laid down in this framework will be
the basis for mitigating any resettlement impacts. The rehabilitation grants and
other monetary benefits proposed in the Policy would be minimum and applicable
to all project affected families whether belonging to BPL or non-BPL families.
States where R&R packages are higher than proposed in the Policy are free to
adopt their own packages.
Any urban local body involved in any land acquisition process due to some
infrastructure project should be aware of this policy and act accordingly.
5.0 Environmental Policies of International

Funding Agencies
Environmental and natural resource management activities are increasingly being
integrated into sectoral (agriculture, water sanitation, urban, etc.) projects over
the world. Presently most of the international funding agencies have made their
environmental policy more stringent. The objective of the World Bank's
environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue
harm to people and their environment in the development process. A List of
relevant, World Bank operational Policies to safeguard environmental and social
issues, have been given in the table 5.1 below.
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Table 5.1 Relevant World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
Objectives
Operational Principles
A. Environmental Assessment (WB OP 4.01)

To help ensure the
1.
Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early
environmental and
as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of
social soundness and
environmental assessment (EA) so that appropriate studies
sustainability of
are undertaken proportional to potential risks and to direct,
investment projects.
and,
To support
impacts. Use sectoral or regional environmental assessment
integration of
environmental and
as
relevant,
indirect,
cumulative,
and
associated
when appropriate.
2.
Assess potential impacts of the proposed project on physical,
social aspects of
biological, socio-economic and physical cultural resources,
projects into the
including trans-boundary and global concerns, and potential
decision making
process.
impacts on human health and safety.

3.
Assess the adequacy of the applicable legal and institutional

framework, including applicable international environmental
agreements,
and
confirm
that
they
provide
that
the
cooperating government does not finance project activities

that would contravene such international obligations.
4.
Provide for assessment of feasible investment, technical, and

siting alternatives, including the no action alternative,
potential impacts, feasibility of mitigating these impacts,
their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under local
conditions, and their institutional, training and monitoring
requirements associated with them.
5.
Where applicable to the type of project being supported,

normally apply the Pollution Prevention and Abatement
Handbook (PPAH). Justify deviations when alternatives to
measures set forth in the PPAH are selected.
6.
Prevent and, where not possible to prevent, at least

minimize, or compensate for adverse project impacts and
enhance
positive
management
mitigation
and
impacts
planning
measures,
through
that
includes
monitoring,
environmental
the
proposed
institutional
capacity
development and training measures, an implementation

schedule, and cost estimates.
7.
Involve stakeholders, including project-affected groups and

local nongovernmental organizations, as early as possible, in
the preparation process and ensure that their views and
concerns are made known to decision makers and taken into
account.
Continue
consultations
throughout
project
implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues

that affect them.
8.
Use independent expertise in the preparation of EA where

appropriate.
Use
independent
advisory
panels
during
preparation and implementation of projects that are highly
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Objectives
risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental and/or social concerns.
9.
Provide measures to link the environmental assessment

process and findings with studies of economic, financial,
institutional, social and technical analyses of a proposed
project.
10. Provide for application of the principles in this Table to

subprojects under investment and financial intermediary
activities.
11. Disclose draft EA in a timely manner, before appraisal
formally begins, in an accessible place and in a form and
language understandable to key stakeholders.
B. Natural Habitats (WB OP 4.04)
To promote
1.
Use
precautionary
approach
to
natural
resources
environmentally
management to ensure opportunities for environmentally
sustainable
sustainable
development by
supporting the
development.
Determine
if
project
benefits
substantially outweigh potential environmental costs.

2.
Avoid significant conversion or degradation of critical natural
protection,
habitats,
conservation,
protected, (b) officially proposed for protection, (c) identified
maintenance, and
by authoritative sources for their high conservation value, or
rehabilitation of
natural habitats and
including
those
habitats
that
are
(a)
legally
(d) recognized as protected by traditional local communities.

3.
their functions.
Where projects adversely affect non-critical natural habitats,

proceed only if viable alternatives are not available, and if
appropriate conservation and mitigation measures, including
those required to maintain ecological services they provide,
are in place. Include also mitigation measures that minimize
habitat loss and establish and maintain an ecologically similar
protected area.
4.
Whenever feasible, give preference to siting projects on

lands already converted.
5.
Consult key stakeholders, including local nongovernmental

organizations and local communities, and involve such people
in design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of
projects, including mitigation planning.
6.
Provide for the use of appropriate expertise for the design

and implementation of mitigation and monitoring plans.
7.
Disclose draft mitigation plan in a timely manner, before

appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a
form and language understandable to key stakeholders.
C. Involuntary Resettlement (WB OP 4.12)

To avoid or minimize
1.
involuntary
resettlement and,
Assess all viable alternative project designs to avoid, where

feasible, or minimize involuntary resettlement.
2.
Through census and socio-economic surveys of the affected
where this is not
population, identify,
feasible, to assist
economic and social impacts of the project that are caused
displaced persons in
by involuntary taking of land (e.g., relocation or loss of
CEPT, Ahmedabad
29
assess,
and address the
potential

Preparation of DPRs
Objectives
improving or at least
shelter, loss of assets or access to assets, loss of income
restoring their
sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected
livelihoods and
person must move to another location) or involuntary
standards of living in
restriction
real terms relative to

pre-displacement
of
access
to
legally
designated
parks
and
protected areas.
3.
Identify and address impacts also if they result from other
levels or to levels
activities that are (a) directly and significantly related to the
prevailing prior to the
proposed project, (b) necessary to achieve its objectives, and
beginning of project
(c)
implementation,
whichever is higher.
carried
out
or
planned
to
be
carried
out
contemporaneously with the project.

4.
Consult project-affected persons, host communities and local

nongovernmental
them
organizations,
opportunities
implementation,
program,
to
and
especially in
as
appropriate.
participate
monitoring
the
of
process
in
the
the
of
Provide
planning,
resettlement
developing
and
implementing the procedures for determining eligibility for

compensation
benefits
and
development
assistance
(as
documented in a resettlement plan), and for establishing

appropriate
and
accessible
grievance
mechanisms.
Pay
particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups among

those displaced, especially those below the poverty line, the
landless,
the elderly, women and children,
Indigenous
Peoples, ethnic minorities, or other displaced persons who

may not be protected through national land compensation
legislation.
5.
Inform displaced persons of their rights, consult them on

options, and provide them with technically and economically
feasible resettlement alternatives and needed assistance,
including (a) prompt compensation at full replacement cost
for loss of assets attributable to the project; (b) if there is
relocation,
assistance
during
relocation,
and
residential
housing, or housing sites, or agricultural sites of equivalent

productive potential, as required; (c) transitional support and
development assistance, such as land preparation, credit
facilities, training or job opportunities as required, in addition
to compensation measures; (d) cash compensation for land
when the impact of land acquisition on livelihoods is minor;
and (e) provision of civic infrastructure and community
services as required.
6.
Give preference to land-based resettlement strategies for

displaced persons whose livelihoods are land-based.
7.
For those without formal legal rights to lands or claims to

such land that could be recognized under the laws of the
country,
provide
resettlement
assistance
in
lieu
of
compensation for land to help improve or at least restore

their livelihoods.
8.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
Disclose draft resettlement plans, including documentation of
30

Preparation of DPRs
Objectives
the
consultation
process,
in
timely
manner,
before
appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and in a

form
and
language
that
are
understandable
to
key
stakeholders.
9.
Apply the principles described in the involuntary resettlement

section
of
this
Table,
as
applicable
and
relevant,
to
subprojects requiring land acquisition.1.

10. Design, document, and disclose before appraisal of projects
involving
involuntary
designated
process
parks
for:
restriction
and
(a)
of
protected
preparing
access
areas,
and
to
legally
participatory
implementing
project
components; (b) establishing eligibility criteria; (c) agreeing

on
mitigation
measures
that
help
improve
or
restore
livelihoods in a manner that maintains the sustainability of

the park or protected area; (d) resolving conflicts; and (e)
monitoring implementation.
11. Implement all relevant resettlement plans before project
completion and provide resettlement entitlements before
displacement or restriction of access. For projects involving
restrictions of access, impose the restrictions in accordance
with the timetable in the plan of actions.
12. Assess whether the objectives of the resettlement instrument
have been achieved, upon completion of the project, taking
account of the baseline conditions and the results of
resettlement monitoring.
D. Indigenous People (WB OP 4.10)
To design and
1.
Screen early to determine whether Indigenous Peoples are
implement projects in
present in, or have collective attachment to, the project area.
a way that fosters full
Indigenous Peoples are identified as possessing the following
respect for
characteristics in varying degrees: self-identification and
Indigenous Peoples
recognition of this identity by others; collective attachment
dignity, human
to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories and
rights, and cultural
to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
uniqueness and so
presence of distinct customary cultural, economic, social or
that they: (a) receive

culturally compatible
political institutions; and indigenous language.

2.
Undertake free, prior and informed consultation with affected
social and economic
Indigenous Peoples to ascertain their broad community
benefits; and (b) do
support for projects affecting them and to solicit their
not suffer adverse
participation: (a) in designing, implementing, and monitoring
effects during the
measures to avoid adverse impacts, or, when avoidance is
development process.
not feasible, to minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such

effects;
and
(b)
in
tailoring
benefits
in
culturally
appropriate manner.
3.
Undertake social assessment or use similar methods to

assess potential project impacts, both positive and adverse,
on Indigenous Peoples. Give full consideration to options
preferred by the affected Indigenous Peoples in the provision
CEPT, Ahmedabad
31

Preparation of DPRs
Objectives
of benefits and design of mitigation measures. Identify social
and economic benefits for Indigenous Peoples that are
culturally appropriate, and gender and inter-generationally
inclusive and develop measures to avoid, minimize and/or
mitigate adverse impacts on Indigenous Peoples.
4.
Where restriction of access of Indigenous Peoples to parks

and protected areas is not avoidable, ensure that the
affected Indigenous Peoples communities participate in the
design,
implementation,
monitoring
and
evaluation
of
management plans for such parks and protected areas and

share equitably in benefits from the parks and protected
areas.
5.
Put in place an action plan for the legal recognition of

customary rights to lands and territories, when the project
involves: (a) activities that are contingent on establishing
legally
recognized
rights
to
lands
and
territories
that
Indigenous Peoples traditionally owned, or customarily used

or occupied; or (b) the acquisition of such lands.
6.
Do
not
undertake
commercial
development
of
cultural
resources or knowledge of Indigenous Peoples without

obtaining their prior agreement to such development.
7.
Prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan that is based on the

social assessment and draws on indigenous knowledge, in
consultation
with
the
affected
Indigenous
Peoples
communities and using qualified professionals. Normally, this

plan would include a framework for continued consultation
with
the
affected
communities
during
project
implementation; specify measures to ensure that Indigenous

Peoples receive culturally appropriate benefits, and identify
measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for any
adverse
effects;
and
include
grievance
procedures,
monitoring and evaluation arrangements, and the budget for

implementing the planned measures.
8.
Disclose
the
draft
Indigenous
Peoples
Plan,
including
documentation of the consultation process, in a timely

manner before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible
place and in a form and language that are understandable to
key stakeholders.
9.
Monitor implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Plan,

using experienced social scientists.
E. Forests (WB OP 4.36)

To realize the
1.
Screen as early as possible for potential impacts on forest
potential of forests to
health and quality and on the rights and welfare of the
reduce poverty in a
people who depend on them. As appropriate, evaluate the
sustainable manner,
prospects for new markets and marketing arrangements.
integrate forests
effectively into
CEPT, Ahmedabad
2.
Do not finance projects that would involve significant

conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related
32

Preparation of DPRs
Objectives
sustainable economic
critical natural habitats, or that would contravene applicable
development, and
international environmental agreements.
protect the vital local
3.
Do not finance natural forest harvesting or plantation
and global
development
environmental
degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural
services and values
habitats.
of forests.
4.
that
would
involve
any
conversion
or
Support projects that adversely impact non-critical natural

forests or related natural habitats only if viable alternatives
to the project are not available and only if appropriate
conservation and mitigation measures are in place.
5.
Support commercial, industrial-scale forest harvesting only

when the operation is certified, under an independent forest
certification system, as meeting, or having a time-bound
action plan to meet, internationally recognized standards of
responsible forest management and use.
6.
Ensure that forest restoration projects maintain or enhance

biodiversity
and
ecosystem
functionality
and
that
all
plantation projects are environmentally appropriate, socially

beneficial and economically viable.
7.
Give preference to small-scale community-level management

approaches where they best reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner.
8.
Support commercial harvesting by small-scale landholders,

local communities or entities under joint forest management
where monitoring with the meaningful participation of local
communities demonstrates that these operations achieve a
standard
of
forest
management
consistent
with
internationally recognized standards of responsible forest use

or that they are adhering to an approved time-bound plan to
meet these standards.
9.
Use forest certification systems that require:
(a) compliance with relevant laws; (b) recognition of, and

respect for, legal or customary land tenure and use rights as
well as the rights of Indigenous Peoples and workers; (c)
measures
to
enhance
sound
community
relations;
(d)
conservation of biological diversity and ecological functions;

(e) measures to maintain or enhance environmentally sound
multiple
benefits
from
the
forest;
(f)
prevention
or
minimization of environmental impacts; (g) effective forest

management
planning;
(h)
active
monitoring
and
assessment of relevant forest management areas; and (i)

independent, cost effective, third-party assessment of forest
management performance against measurable performance
standards defined at the national level and compatible with
internationally accepted principles and criteria of sustainable
forest management through decision making procedures that
are fair, transparent, independent, designed to avoid conflict
CEPT, Ahmedabad
33

Preparation of DPRs
Objectives
of interest and involve the meaningful participation of key
stakeholders,
including
the
private
sector,
Indigenous
Peoples, and local communities.

10. Disclose any time-bound action plans in a timely manner,
11. before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible place and
12. in a form and language that are understandable to key
13. stakeholders.
F. Physical Cultural Resources (WB OP 4.11)
To assist in
1.
Use an environmental assessment (EA) or equivalent process
preserving physical
to identify PCR and prevent or minimize or compensate for
cultural resources
adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts on PCR
and avoiding their
through site selection and design.
destruction or
2.
damage. PCR
As part of the EA, as appropriate, conduct field based

surveys, using qualified specialists.
includes resources of
3.
Consult concerned government authorities, relevant non-
archaeological, pale
governmental
ontological, historical,
people in documenting the presence and significance of PCR,
architectural,
assessing the nature and extent of potential impacts on
religious (including
these resources, and designing and implementing mitigation
graveyards and burial

sites), aesthetic, or
organizations,
relevant
experts
and
local
plans.
4.
For
materials
that
may
be
discovered
during
project
other cultural
implementation,
significance.
procedures in the context of the PCR management plan or
provide
for
the
use
of
chance
find
PCR component of the environmental management plan.

5.
Disclose draft mitigation plans as part of the EA or equivalent

process, in a timely manner, before appraisal formally
begins, in an accessible place and in a form and language
that are understandable to key stakeholders.
Source: www.worldbank.org
6.0 Generic Environmental Impacts due to

Urban Infrastructure Projects
The generic possible impacts on the sub-components of the environment are
identified in this section. The component of the environment is divided into land
and land use, air environment, noise environment, water environment, aesthetic
environment,
and
flora
and
fauna.
The
impacts
due
to
generic
urban
infrastructure projects are detailed in the subsequent sections.
6.1 Land and Land Use

Implementation of the urban infrastructure projects may cause impacts such as
Change in land use pattern, soil erosion, land pollution and changes in natural
drainage pattern.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
34

Preparation of DPRs
Erosion of soil can occur by activities like land clearing for construction, with
removal of vegetative cover. Road construction and other cut and fill activities
would clear off the previously vegetated land cover, alters natural drainage
pattern, changes the natural gradient, and create unconsolidated fill areas. The
projects like integrated area development and transportation systems will induce
changes in the pattern of land use and create compatibility problems with
adjacent areas. The disposal of solid and hazardous waste and polluted water are
likely to contribute to the process of land degradation in specific areas.
6.2 Flora and Fauna

Every developmental activity will have its impact on ecological system and there
by alters the ecological balance. The impact may vary from place to place
depending on the sensitivity of the area and the project scale. Loss and changes
in the natural habitat is a primary impact due to any action. Extensive activities
and vehicular movement for extended period will cause deserting of their nests.
Certain species of fish are affected by small amounts of solid material, or
discharge of untreated / under treated sewage may introduce nutrients, which
accelerate unhygienic condition in water body.
6.3 Air Environment

The impacts on air environment are basically depending on two factors, the
natural environment conditions and the emissions from the proposed activity. The
release of oxidants and particulate matter to air environment will have impact on
flora and fauna, and on human health. The adverse impacts on environment may
finally lead to major changes in existing land use pattern. Particulate emitted
during these activities like site preparation, demolition, removal and disposal,
excavation, operation and maintenance of equipment and vehicular movement
will cause primary and secondary impacts.
6.4 Noise Environment

Every activity creates some noise in the surrounding environment and the
severity of impacts mainly depend the noise level. The increase in noise levels will
lead to heath related problems and disturbances in the natural ecosystem. High
noise levels would be generated during construction activities due to usage of
heavy equipment. The impacts can be clubbed into;
Impacts due to change noise levels during construction stage
Impacts due to change in noise levels during operation stage
6.5 Water Environment

Water is essential for life systems and the impact on water will have multiple
impacts on any ecosystem. The impact on water environment essentially depends
CEPT, Ahmedabad
35

Preparation of DPRs
on the existing condition of water resources i.e existing quality and quantity of
water resource. The effluent disposal during construction and operation stage, run
off and the water extractions are the typical activities, which lead to degradation
of water environment. The generic impacts on water environment are as follows.
Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels
Impact on Aquatic life
Impacts related to ground water over exploitation
Salinity ingress due to dewatering at construction and operation stage
Impacts due to utilization of river water with changes in river water quality
7.0 Project Specific Environmental and Social

Issues
7.1 Sewerage and Sanitation Projects
7.1.1 Environmental Issues
A. Land and land use
Changes in hydrology and drainage patterns due to the construction

Water logging during operation and maintenance
Disposal of excavated soil during construction
Disposal of STP sludge and sewer silt during operation and maintenance
Environmental issues associated with disposal of sewage
Soil pollution due to seepage of sewerage from drains and sanitation
facilities
Change in land use due to odour nuisance arising from disposed sludge from
treatment plants
B. Air environment
Pollution from construction equipments

Air pollution due to sewerage treatment plants
C. Water environment
Surface and groundwater contamination due to leakages and leaching from

treatment plant
Water logging due to improper location of sanitation facilities
Contamination of groundwater and flooding due to improper location of
sanitation facilities/ leaching from toilets and septic tanks
Impact on surface and ground water quality due to disposal of effluent
Possible water source contamination due to location of disposal point
Decrease in DO levels of water bodies and eutrophication
due to disposal of treated waste/ sludge
Salinity ingress due to dewatering during construction phase
CEPT, Ahmedabad
36

Preparation of DPRs
Contamination of water bodies due to the runoff from agricultural fields

irrigated with sewerage
D. Noise environment
Noise during construction

Noise pollution due to operation and maintenance of the STPs
E. Flora and fauna
Loss of flora and fauna at the project site

Loss of aquatic life due to disposal of treated sludge into water bodies
Disturbance to natural habitat during construction period
Changes in species diversity
F. Aesthetic environment
Reduction in recreational value of the receiving body

Odour nuisance due to poor sanitation
G. Other impacts
Performance of existing and proposed treatment schemes

Disruption to local traffic during construction
Increase in the energy loads due to running of the treatment plant
machinery
Impacts due to usage of UV radiation for sewage treatment
7.1.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood
Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the

sewer lines during construction
Loss of private property due to land acquisition
Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to treatment
plant construction
B. Communities
Impact on vulnerable communities due to displacement

Impact on encroachers and squatters in case of acquisition of public land
Conflict between construction workers from other areas and the local
community workers
C. Access
Equity issues in case of access to public/ common sanitation facilities
D. Health & safety
Health and safety concerns while working in closed drains/pipes
CEPT, Ahmedabad
37

Preparation of DPRs
Health and safety issues associated with storage and handling of chemicals
for STP operation
Nuisance due to insects and flies at the location of STPs
Health hazards due to vector formation
Health hazards due to usage of sewage with high chlorine content
7.2 Urban Roads and Transport Projects

7.2.1 Environmental Issues
A. Land and land use
Flooding/ water logging due to change in drainage pattern
Land pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials
Change in surrounding landuse due to improved accessibility
Water logging due to improper cross drainage structures along roads
Slope stability and erosion control
Disposal of excavated soil
Loss of topsoil in borrow areas
Induced development and change in landuse along road
B. Air environment
Air pollution due to increase in traffic
Air pollution due to construction activity
C. Water environment
Water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials
Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing
Siltation of water bodies due to disposal of the excavated soil
D. Noise environment
Noise pollution due to increase in traffic
Noise level increase due to heavy machinery during construction period
E. Flora and fauna

Disturbance to natural habitat/ aquatic ecosystem during construction period
Destruction of roadside microhabitat/vegetation due to widening and
construction
Cutting of trees for road widening or new alignments
CEPT, Ahmedabad
38

Preparation of DPRs
Disturbance to forest and protected areas along with the risk of poaching
and logging
F. Aesthetic environment
Disturbance in the aesthetics of the residential areas adjoining the road
Other impacts
Traffic congestion due to incorrect traffic projections
Traffic disturbance caused due to construction activity

Impacts due to mining of road construction materials
Protection of the service/ gas lines during road construction
7.2.2 Social Issues

A. Assets/ livelihood
Impact on public/private properties and other sensitive receptors along the
sewer lines during construction
Loss of private property due to land acquisition
Loss of prime agricultural and other important land uses due to widening
and new roads
Loss of livelihood of roadside informal vendors due to road widening
Loss of cultural/ religious property during widening
Loss of customary rights over land in case of tribal communities
B. Communities
Disturbance to roadside residential areas due to widening
Displacement of communities
Impact on vulnerable groups due to displacement
Community consultation before finalization of alignment/ widening
C. Access
Loss of connectivity and access during construction
Urban congestion due to increased access
Loss of access to forest resources for tribal communities
Loss of access to common property areas/ grazing lands
D. Health & safety

Increase in road accidents risk
Health and safety concerns of workers
Pedestrian safety issues
CEPT, Ahmedabad
39

Preparation of DPRs
7.3 Sub-Project Wise Issues-Water Supply

The sub-project wise potential environmental and social issues to be safeguarded in water supply sector have been covered in a
matrix form below.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
SUB_PROJECT COMPONENTS
1
(i)
LAND
USE
LAND/SOIL
WATER
AIR
NOISE
SOCIAL ISSUES
FLORA
AND
FAUNA
AESTH
ETICS
ASSETS/
LIVELIH
OOD
COMMU
NITIES
HEALTH
&
SAFETY
Source development/ augmentation

Selection of source
Surface Water
River/ stream
Lakes and ponds
Reservoir/ tank
Irrigation or other
canals
Ground water
Natural springs
Ground water
Rain water
Recycled waste water

(ii)
Diversion structure
Dam
Check dam
Weir
Jack well
(iii)
Intake structure
Surface water
CEPT, Ahmedabad
40

Preparation of DPRs
LAND
USE
Impounding reservoirs
Intake well
LAND/SOIL
WATER
AIR
NOISE
SOCIAL ISSUES
FLORA
AND
FAUNA
AESTH
ETICS
ASSETS/
LIVELIH
OOD
COMMU
NITIES
HEALTH
&
SAFETY
Ground water
Dug wells
Infiltration or sunk
wells
Driven wells
Bore wells
Infiltration galleries
Radial collector wells
Filter basins
Siphon wells
(iv)
Plant and Machinery
(v)
Other Structures
Transmission and treatment of raw water

Raw Water
Transmission main
(i)
(Pumping/ Gravity)
Civil works, Plant and
Machinery
(ii)
Inlet Works
Primary Treatment
(Aeration,
Clarification)
CEPT, Ahmedabad
41

Preparation of DPRs
LAND
USE
LAND/SOIL
WATER
AIR
NOISE
SOCIAL ISSUES
FLORA
AND
FAUNA
AESTH
ETICS
ASSETS/
LIVELIH
OOD
COMMU
NITIES
HEALTH
&
SAFETY
Chemical House and

Dosing systems
Rapid Mixing
Filter House, and
associated plant and
equipments
Clear Water Reservoir

and Pumping Station
Chlorine House and

chlorination systems
Control Room and

Laboratory
Transmission and storage of clear water

Transmission Main
(i)
(Pumping/Gravity)
Master balancing
reservoir/ Ground
Level Service
Reservoirs/ Overhead
(ii)
Service Reservoirs
CEPT, Ahmedabad
42

Preparation of DPRs
LAND
USE
LAND/SOIL
WATER
AIR
NOISE
SOCIAL ISSUES
FLORA
AND
FAUNA
AESTH
ETICS
ASSETS/
LIVELIH
OOD
COMMU
NITIES
HEALTH
&
SAFETY
Booster Stations /
Control Rooms (Civil,
(iii)
Plant, Equipment)
4
(i)
Distribution system
Distribution pipeline
CEPT, Ahmedabad
43

Preparation of DPRs
Environmental and social impacts specific to a water supply distribution network

sub-project have been detailed below. The potential environmental and social
issues can be covered under three sub-heads; impact on the physical
environment, impact on the natural environment and social & cultural impacts.
Impact on the physical environment

1. Land use
Change in land use due to construction of storage reservoirs and pump
houses
2. Land/ soil environment
Impact due to excavation/ disposal of soil during laying of pipeline
3. Air environment
Impact on air quality due to dust and particulate matter during excavation.
(See Plate 3.2a)
Change in air quality due to increase in traffic of trucks and heavy
machinery
4. Water environment
Impact due to unsustainable source
of water
Contamination
of
treated
water
supplies with sewage water due to

leakage
Contamination
of
distribution
network
water
in
due
to
intermittent supply and installation of online pumps

Contamination of supplied water due to improper design of junctions to have
minimum residual pressure
Impact due to increased waste water load.
5. Noise environment
Increase in noise levels due to construction and operation
Noise pollution due to heavy machinery for excavation work
6. Other impacts
Impact on other services due to overlap/ clash with distribution network
Traffic congestion during construction
Exploitation of resources due to improper resource accounting
CEPT, Ahmedabad
44

Preparation of DPRs
Impact on the natural environment

1. Flora and fauna
Impact on ecosystem (flora and fauna) due to construction activities
Impact on trees due to excavation and laying of pipeline (See Plate 3.2b)
Social impacts
1. Impacts on assets/
livelihood
Impact on public property/
assets
during
construction
and laying of pipeline

Impact on cultural/ religious
property during construction
2. Impact on communities
Disputes
due
to
improper
consultation/ participation of
Impact on trees due to excavation

Source: Times of India, Ahmedabad, 6
stakeholders
3. Impact on access
Loss of (or loss of access to) public utility services, civic services, common
property resources
Temporary disruption of existing access/ services
Disturbance to traffic and activities due to laying of pipeline
Impact on the community due to unavailability of alternate water source
during construction period
Hindrance
to
traffic
and
access to communities due to

improper
handling
of
excavated earth
Access hindered because of
flooding
due
to
leakages
during augmentation projects

4. Health & safety impacts
Impact on consumers health
and hygiene due to limited
supply and poor quality of
Inconvenience and hazard to people Source:
Author (Ahmedabad, 10.3.07)
water
Contamination and wastage of stored water in households when 24 hours
supply is not given
CEPT, Ahmedabad
45

Preparation of DPRs
Inconvenience and hazard caused to the people due to improper stacking

and storing of the construction materials
Impact on the construction workers due to improper living conditions and
sanitation
Safety concerns on the streets due to piling of construction materials on the
roads
These impacts listed above arise during all the stages in the project cycle. The
matrix below shows the stages where the impacts are potentially caused and
hence need to be safeguarded in that stage.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
46

Preparation of DPRs
7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Environmental Policy / Legislations / Guidelines
National Policy and
National Legislation
Prcts and
Subprojects
Water
Air
EP
Noise
Act
Act
Act
Act
Forest
Act
MSW
Rules
HW
Guidelines
Wild
Rules
Life Act
Monuments
Act
RTI
Act
NEP
EIA
CRZ
UDPFI
Water Supply
Projects
Sewerage
Projects
Storm water
Drainage
Urban Road
Projects
Solid Waste
Management
Notation:
Water Act
Air Act
EP Act
Noise Act
Forest Act
MSW Rules
HW Rules
Wild Life Act
Monuments Act
RTI Act
NEP
EIA
CRZ
UDPFI
CEPT, Ahmedabad
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000
The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002
The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958
National Environmental Policy
Environmental Impact Assessment
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991
Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines, 1996
47

Preparation of DPRs
Note : Applicability of
the legislation , Policy
and guidelines is
subjected to the size,
scale and location of
these projects
7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Policy / Legislations / Guidelines
National Policy
Projects
and
Subprojects
National Legislation
and Guidelines
LA
IMW
BOCW
CL
Act
Act
Act
Act
Water Supply
Projects
Sewerage
Projects
Storm water
Drainage
Urban Road
Projects
Solid Waste
Management
RTI Act
NPRRPAF
Notation:
Note : Applicability of
LA Act
The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition of Service)
Act, 1979
The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Condition
of Service) Act, 1979
the legislation , Policy
CL Act
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules
scale and location of
RTI Act

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families,
2003
these projects
IMW Act
BOCW Act
NPRRPAF
CEPT, Ahmedabad
48

Preparation of DPRs
and guidelines is
subjected to the size,
8.0 Checklist for Urban Infrastructure Projects

Component
Overall
Criteria
selection
Will
avoid
resettlement/relocation.
If
unavoidable
the
extent
of
resettlement will be minimized.
criteria
Will not result in destruction of or encroachment onto protected areas,
(applicable
including reserved forests or biodiversity conservation hotspots (identified
to
in the State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans).
all
components)
Will
not
result
in
destruction/disturbance
to
historical
and
cultural
places/values.
Will
avoid
conversion
of
prime
agriculture
areas
for
component
establishment.
Water
Will not involve social conflicts.
Will reflect inputs from public consultation and disclosure for site selection.
Will not result in excessive abstraction of water affecting down stream
supply
water users or impairing environmental flow of watercourses.
Will not result in excessive groundwater pumping leading to ground water

depletion and land subsidence or landslides.
Will ensure that no conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply
with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground water.
Will ensure adequate protection from pollution of intake works or wells.
Will ensure adequate buffer around treatment plants and pumping stations
to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances.
Will not result in unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. supply with
excessive pathogens or mineral constituents).
Will ensure safe handling of chlorine and not result in inadequate/poor

treatment and chlorination.
Will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilitates for
increased volumes of wastewater generation.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering

vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Sewerage
and
Will ensure sewage treatment plant (STP) site selection is not in (i) close
proximity to inhabited areas; (ii) flood and landslide prone areas; and (iii)
sanitation
effluent disposal points close to water intake or water usage points.
Will ensure sewage pumping station locations avoids sensitive receptors

(e.g. proximity of high density residential, schools, hospitals, etc.)
Will ensure adequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to
alleviate noise and odour nuisances, and protect facilities.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering

vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Will ensure alignment of sewer networks avoid impacts/structural damages

to properties.
Will ensure low cost sanitation measures proposed do not increase

vulnerability to landslides or result in pollution of groundwater.
1.
Will not interfere with other utilities and block access to buildings, cause
nuisance to neighbouring areas due to noise, smell, and influx of insects,
CEPT, Ahmedabad
49

Preparation of DPRs
Component
Criteria
rodents, etc.
Will not impair downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage

treatment or release of untreated sewage.
2.
Will not cause overflows and flooding of neighbouring properties with raw
sewage.
Will ensure no environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or

industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewer.
Solid
waste
management
Will ensure landfill sites are located away from populated areas and areas
with high development potential (based on the city growth assessments).
Will ensure landfill sites will not results in degradation of aesthetics and
property value loss.
Will ensure buffer of greenbelt and earth works around the land fill site to
avoid nuisance to neighbouring areas due to foul odor and influx of insects,
rodents, etc.
Will ensure proper treatment of leachate and regular cleaning of leachate

pits and pipes to avoid contamination of surface and groundwater.
Will ensure no land use conflicts.
Will ensure no hazards to public health due to inadequate management of

landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for
the management of the landfill operation.
Will ensure no health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous materials in the site.
Will ensure transfer stations are provided adequate protection measures to

minimize impacts on surrounding population.
Urban roads
Will ensure minimal clearing of vegetation and disfiguring of slopes.
and
Will ensure sites for terminals and parking lots are not on low lying areas or
street
lighting
areas vulnerable to landslip.
Will ensure no dislocation and involuntary resettlement of people living in

right of way.
Will not lead to alteration of surface water hydrology of streams/waterways

that may result in increased sediment load due to erosion from construction
sites.
Will ensure no hazardous driving conditions result where construction

interferes with pre-existing roads.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
50

Preparation of DPRs
9.0 Project Specific Environmental

management Plan
It is therefore important to internalize the mitigation measures at different stages
of a project, namely pre construction phase, construction phase and operation
phase. Project specific brief mitigation measures have been given in the table 8.2
below :
9.1 Project: Water Supply

Mitigation measures
Environmental
Pre
Impact
construction
Construction
Operation
Phase
Phase
phase
Monitoring
Reference
Institution
documents
Change in
Study ground
Ensure
Ground water
ground water
water balance
extraction to
with drawl
guidelines
quality and
details
be with in
should be
on
salinity
permissible
restricted,
groundwater
intrusion in
limits, so that
controlled
extraction
coastal aquifers
the ground
and regulated
due to over
water budget
exploitation
ULB
CGWB
is maintained
Non-availability
Care shall be
of water from
taken while
source
selecting the
ULB
--
source
depending
upon the
availability of
water
Detailed study
of the
availability of
water from
the source
shall be done
before opting
for the source
Contamination
Proper safety
Ensure
ULB & State
Water Act,
of water source
measures
testing of
Pollution
1974
shall be taken
water
Control
during
samples
Board
SPCB Norms
construction
for waste
phase so that
disposal into
the water
streams
bodies are
not polluted
CEPT, Ahmedabad
51

Preparation of DPRs

Mitigation measures
Environmental
Pre
Impact
construction
Construction
Operation
Phase
Phase
phase
Monitoring
Reference
Institution
documents
ULB
Conform to
Water logging
All pipe
Ensure proper
Ensure
due to leakages
appurtenances
design
improved
IS 11906:
and overflows
should be
network
leakage
1986
tested before
detection and
laying
repair
CPHEEO
Manual
techniques
Ensure proper
maintenance
of network
Increase in
Proper
Check for
ULB in co-
Noise
Noise levels due
measures
noise levels
ordination
pollution
to running of
should be
during
with State
rules
treatment plant
taken to
operation
Pollution
Standard
arrest the
Control
noise levels
noise(Noise
Board
for specific
Barriers)
land use
Land Pollution
Ensure
State
Water Act,
due disposal of
disposal site
Pollution
1974
waste
away from
Control
treatment
Board
plant
SPCB Norms
for waste
disposal
onto land
Impacts during
Avoid
State
CPHEEO
operation and
stagnant
Pollution
manual on
maintenance
water pools
Control
water
and water
Board
supply
logging
Check for
water
contamination
during
transmission
Increase in
Ensure less
Ensure low
Integrate
Cumulative
energy loads
number of
energy
with the
records on
pumping
consumption
local
energy
stations in
pumps to
topography
consumption
network
installed
of the city
through
proper design
CEPT, Ahmedabad
52

Preparation of DPRs
9.2 Project: Sewerage

Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Institution
Pre
Construction
Operation
Construction
Phase
Phase
Contamination
Proper
Minimize
of
construction
detection and
of
groundwater
shall be done
repair timing
disposal
and surface
for the system
through
IS:
water sources
and all the
efficient
1988
and creation
appurtenances
methods
(sewers)
of stagnant
should comply
Ensure proper
pools of
with
operation and
1993
wastewater
standards.
Phase
ULB
SPCB norms
waste
458-
IS 2064:
maintenance
(installation
due to
shall be done
and
overflows and
for the system
maintenance
leakages
and all the
of sanitary
appurtenances
appliances)
should comply
IS 11272:
with
1985 for
standards
basic
requirements
of drainage
system
Impacts due
Ensure proper
Ensure power
to Overflow of
designing of
supply during
1988
Sewers
sewer lines
sewage
(sewers)
ULB
IS:
458-
pumping so
that sewers
CPHEEO
do not
Manual
overflow.
sewerage
on
Ensure the
self-cleaning
velocity of the
sewerage
network.
Change in
Proper study
Control of
ground water
shall be made
nitrate and
11906:1986
quality due to
regarding the
microbial
for
leaching from
groundwater
pollution of
guidelines of
treatment
table and soil
ground water.
lining
plant
characteristics
ULB
IS
Solid
waste
management
rules
CEPT, Ahmedabad
53

Preparation of DPRs

Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Pre
Construction
Operation
Construction
Phase
Phase
Institution
Phase
Decrease in
Proper design
Select
Ensure proper
DO Levels of
of outfall
disposal site
treatment
Pollution
of
the water
sewers
according to
efficiency as
Control
disposal into
bodies and
Proper
the water
per design
Board
water bodies
Eutrophication
selection of
body
standards
and
due to
water intake
characteristics
Ensure
land
disposal of
point
confirm
effluent
treated waste
detailed study
characteristics
/ sludge
of receiving
as per
water body
standards
State
SPCB norms
waste
onto
characteristics
and aquatic
life
Loss of
Proper
Protection of
State
Same
Aquatic Life
location of
aquatic
Pollution
above
disposal point
ecosystem
Control
near outfall
Board
as
location
Increase in
proper
Noise
Adhere
Noise levels
selection of
generating
the
manual
for
due to
treatment
equipments
standards
design
and
running of
plant site
should
to
maintenance
treatment
Ensure
conform to
GPCB
plant
proper
the standards
to
the
CPHEEO
CPCB
standard
designing,
noise
maintenance
for
and provision
land use
levels
specific
of adequate
buffer areas
CEPT, Ahmedabad
54

Preparation of DPRs

Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Pre
Construction
Operation
Construction
Phase
Phase
Institution
Phase
Nuisance due
Cleanliness
to Insecticides
near the
and flies
pumping
ULB
--
stations,
septic tank,
and toilets
should be
maintained
Periodic
checks for
overflows and
leakages
should be
conducted,
stagnation of
water and
sewage should
not be there
Change in
Proper
Ensure proper
ULB & State
IS
ground water
surfacing shall
maintenance
Pollution
2064:1993
quality due to
be done to
of toilets and
Control
for
leaching from
avoid leaching
constant
Board
construction
toilets and
, in case
water for
CPHEEO
septic tanks
shallow depth
flushing
manual
etc.
ground water
it is advisable
to make
proper
arrangements
Conform to IS
12314:1987
for safety
distance from
other services
CEPT, Ahmedabad
55

Preparation of DPRs

Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Pre
Construction
Operation
Construction
Phase
Phase
Institution
Phase
Health
Avoid leaks
Hazards due
and overflows
to vector
from main
formation
trunk lines
--
Stagnation of
water or
sewage should
be completely
avoided.
Spraying of
insecticides to
avoid spread
of vectors is
advisable
9.3 Project: Solid Waste Management

Environmental
Mitigation measures
Impact
Pre
Construction
Operation
Construction
Phase
Phase
Monitoring
Reference
Institution
Documents
ULB
Municipal Solid
Phase
Nuisance due to
Wind direction
Ensure
odour also due
shall be taken
proper
Waste Rules,
to flies and
into
frequency
2000
insects from
consideration
of collection
dump sites
while
and regular
(Refer to
selecting the
disposal of
Annex -III)
site
waste
Avoid locating
Ensure that
dumping sites
no residue
near the
is left after
water bodies,
collection
residential
Bins of
areas,
sufficient
schools,
capacity
colleges and
should be
hospitals
provided for
collection of
waste to
avoid
overflow
Ensure
proper
CEPT, Ahmedabad
56

Preparation of DPRs

Environmental
Impact
Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Reference
Pre
Construction
Operation
Institution
Documents
Construction
Phase
Phase
Phase
safety
measures
like
spraying of
insecticides
etc at the
collection
centers to
avoid
spread of
epidemics.
Spillage of solid
Avoid open
IS 12402:
waste from
trucks for
1988
trucks during
transporting
transportation
waste, if in
Municipal Solid
case,
Waste Rules,
ensure that
2000
the top is
covered
and there is
no
overloading
Identify
shortest
route from
collection
point to
disposal
point to
minimize
the travel
distance
and thereby
increasing
the
frequency
of trips
Health risk of
Ensure
sanitation
safety
workers
measures
ULB
--
for workers
Provide
training to
the workers
CEPT, Ahmedabad
57

Preparation of DPRs

Environmental
Impact
Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Reference
Pre
Construction
Operation
Institution
Documents
Construction
Phase
Phase
Phase
with respect
to health
risk, and
safety in
handling
solid waste
Air pollution
Avoid
ULB & State
Municipal Solid
due to burning
burning of
Pollution
Waste Rules,
of waste
wastes
Control
2000
which are
Board
hazardous
in nature
e.g.,
plastics,
biomedical
wastes
Awareness
to workers
of effects of
air pollution
Location of
Land acquired
During
ULB & State
Municipal Solid
landfill sites
for land fill
construction
Pollution
Waste Rules,
sites shall not
of landfill site
Control
2000
be
ensure 3m
Board
agriculture,
above the
cultivable
ground water
waste or
table
grazing Land
Contamination
Conduct
of groundwater
detailed
resources due
survey
to leaching
regarding
from solid
ground water
should
Hazardous
waste
table and soil
ensure that
waste
characteristics
waste from
management
before
non-
rules
selection of
residential
dumping site
areas for
to prevent
disposal are
leachate
approved
percolating to
only after
ground water
certification
Ensure
Municipal
State
Municipal Solid
proper
solid waste
Pollution
Waste Rules,
surfacing of
managing
Control
2000
dumping site.
authority
Board
from SPCB
that the
CEPT, Ahmedabad
58

Preparation of DPRs

Environmental
Impact
Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Reference
Pre
Construction
Operation
Institution
Documents
Construction
Phase
Phase
ULB
Bio-medical
Phase
waste is
nonhazardous
Others
Ensure
Biomedical
waste
waste is not
management
mixed with
rules
the
municipal
solid waste.
Ensure
proper
safety
measures
during
epidemics
9.4 Project: Road and Transportation

Mitigation measures
Environmental
Impact
Pre
Construction
Construction
Phase
Phase
Monit
Operation Phase
oring
Reference
institu
documents
tion
Flooding due to
Careful
Ensure alternative
change in
planning and
drainage facilities
drainage
designing of
IRC:19-
pattern
road network
1977:
considering
IRC:86-
the natural
1983:
drainage
SP:20-1979
pattern
for design
ULB
IRC:15 1981:
consideratio
ns
Land and water
Ensure proper
Careful operation
State
pollution due
storage and
and maintenance,
Polluti
Waste
to spillage of
working
and emergency
on
handling
asphalt, tar
conditions for
clean up of
Contr
and
and hazardous
materials
hazardous
ol
managemen
materials
Ensure skilled
materials
Board
t rules
& ULB
IRC
workers to
handle
Hazardous
guidelines
hazardous
substances
CEPT, Ahmedabad
59

Preparation of DPRs
Mitigation measures
Environmental
Impact
Pre
Construction
Construction
Phase
Phase
Monit
Operation Phase
Decrease in
Ensure
Ensure
Ensure alternative
ground water
alternative
alternative
arrangements for
recharge due
arrangement
arrangements
groundwater
to surfacing
s for
for groundwater
recharge
groundwater
recharge
oring
Reference
institu
documents
tion
--
--
recharge
Traffic
Check V/C
congestion
ratio through
ULB
IRC
guidelines
proper
projections
Air pollution
Ensure proper
Ensure standard
State
CPCB
and noise due
arrangements to
emissions from
Polluti
ambient air
to increase in
control dust
vehicles
on
quality
traffic
pollution.
Regular
Contr
standards
Provide green
monitoring of the
ol
belt along the
noise levels on the
Board
roads
roads during
operational phase
will help in
keeping track of
the noise levels
over a period of
time
Ensure proper
maintenance of
the roads during
operational phase,
especially during
monsoons. One of
the main reason
for the high SPM
levels in the
ambient air is
poor condition of
road network
CEPT, Ahmedabad
60

Preparation of DPRs
Mitigation measures
Environmental
Impact
Pre
Construction
Construction
Phase
Phase
Monit
Operation Phase
oring
Reference
institu
documents
tion
Impacts due to
Avoid mining
Minimize usage
Ensur
mining of road
in
of construction
e that
construction
ecologically
materials
the
materials
sensitive and
through proper
minin
protected
planning and
Bio-
areas
designing
areas
diversity
are
conservatio
not
n rules
Forest Act
Wild Act
notifie
d by
the
Depar
tment
of
Enviro
nment
as
sensiti
ve
areas
Road accidents
All
Check the speed
ULB,
IS 12314:
street/road
of the moving
Traffic
1987
appurtenanc
vehicles
Police
(safety
es like street
Avoid stagnant
lightning, etc
water pools on the
should be
network by care
Safety
properly
full design of road
guidelines
planned,
drainage facilities
of IRC
distance )
designed and
maintained
For traffic
signals and
road signs
compliance
to IRC:931985;
IRC:671977
CEPT, Ahmedabad
61

Preparation of DPRs
Mitigation measures
Environmental
Impact
Pre
Construction
Construction
Phase
Phase
Monit
Operation Phase
oring
Reference
institu
documents
tion
Change in land
Ensure
Proposed
use due
proper land
land use
construction
use planning
plan, if any
and Change in
before
surrounding
implementati
Conform to
land use due to
on of the
IRC 5-
increased
road projects
1985, IRC6-
accessibility
1966, IRC
11-1962,
IRC 221986, IRC
21-1987,
IRC 401970, IRC
54-1987,
IRC 1031988 for
implementa
tion
CEPT, Ahmedabad
62

Preparation of DPRs
9.5 Project: Storm water drainage

Environmental
Mitigation measures
Monitoring
Reference
Impact
Pre
Construction
Operation
institution
documents
Construction
Phase
Phase
Avoid mixing
State
GPCB
water quality of
up
Pollution
norms
receiving body
domestic and
Control
disposal
industrial
Board
Phase
Change
in
of
for
effluent with
storm
water
through
proper
checking and
maintenance
Check
for
uncontrolled
run off from
contaminated
areas
Flooding
down
of
stream
Ensure proper
selection
areas in case of
outfall
improper
with
drainage
to
facilities
stream areas
Increase
sediment
of
the
body
in
load
water
ULB
of
IS
11272:
1985
drainage
point
system
respect
down
Proper design
Ensure
of
regular
per
operation
CPHEEO
Manual
slope
to
avoid
ULB
scouring
and
and
overflow
due
maintenance
choking
of
Design
the
system
CEPT, Ahmedabad
for
63

Preparation of DPRs
as
References:
GoI, (1980): The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (2002): The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (2002): CRZ Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2006): EIA Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1974):Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Ministry of Environment
and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1981): Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Government of India
GoI, (1986): Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India
GoI, (1986): The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2000):The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Government of India
GoI, (2000):The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, Ministry of
GoI, (1989):Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, Ministry of
GoI, (1986):Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Rules, Government of
India
GoI, (1979):Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment & Condition of
Service) Act, 1979, Government of India
GoI, (1958):The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958,
Government of India
GoI, (1979):The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment &
Condition of Service) Act, 1979, Government of India
GoI, (1948):The Factories Act, 1948, Government of India
GoI, (2005): National Building Code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards, Government of
India
USAID, (2006): Eco-Housing Assessment Criteria, International Institute For Energy
Conservation, Mumbai, India
ITPI, (1996): Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines,
Institute of Town Planners India, Ministry of Urban Affairs an Employment,
Government of India
BIS
: IS Codes for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings
Code of Practice, Government of India

MNES, (2003): Solar Architecture: Sustainable Design for Comfortable Space, Urja Bharati,
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
GoI, (1998): Guidelines & Space Standards For Barrier- Free Built Environment For
Disabled
&
Elderly
Persons,
CPWD,
Ministry
of
Urban
Affairs
Employment, and Government of India

GoI, (2001): Planning and Barrier Free Environment, Office of the Chief Commissioner for
the Persons with Disabilities, Govt. of India
GoI, (1995): The PWD Act, 1995
&
Golhar, Maithely, (2007), Safeguarding environmental and social issues in Municipal

services projects: Case of UIDSSMT in Gujarat state, Unpublished Thesis,
M. Tech Planning, School of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Asian Development Bank, Environment Policy Of The Asian Development Bank, [Online],
Available:
URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/policies/
environment/environment_policy.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Operations manual: Bank Policies, [Online], Available: URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMF0125Sep 06.pdf), [27
Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, The Bank's policy on Indigenous peoples, [Online], Available:
URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Involuntary_
Resettlement/involuntaryresettlement.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Involuntary resettlement, [Online], Available: URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Indigenous_Peoples/ADB-1998-Policyon-IP.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - Urban
development, [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/
Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Urban_Development.doc), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - solid waste
management,
[Online],
Available:
URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/
documents/Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Solid_Waste_Management.doc),
[27 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, The World Bank Operational Manual Operational Policies, [Online],
Avaliable: URL (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/), [10
August, 2006].
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 1 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available:
URL
(http://www-ds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContent
Server/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129115834/Rendered/PDF/e10380vol.01.
pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 2 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available:
URL
(http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDS
ContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129142312/Rendered/PDF/E1038
0vol.02.pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Project Information Document, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and
Municipal
services
project,
[Online],
Available:
URL
(www.wds.worldbank.org
/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/02/000104615_20050202145427/Rendere
d/PDF/APURMSP1PID0for0Appraisal.pdf), [21 April 2007].
World Bank (2005), Project Appraisal Document Vol.1, Third Tamil Nadu Urban
Development
Project,
[Online],
Available:
(http://wwwwds.worldbank.org
/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/16/000090341_20050616084634
/), [12 July 2007].
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-I
APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION FOR SOLID WASTE
PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL SITE FROM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(FORM 1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM I
[See rules 4(2) & 6(2)]
Application for obtaining authorization

To The Member Secretary
1. Name of the municipal authority/Name of the agency Appointed by the
municipal authority
2. Correspondence addresses Telephone No. Fax No.
3. Nodal Officer & designation (Officer authorized by the Municipal authority or
agency responsible for operation of processing or disposal facility)
4. Authorization applied for (Please tick mark)
a) Setting up & operation of waste processing facility
b) Setting up & operation of disposal facility
5. Detailed proposal of waste processing/disposal facility (to be attached) to
include
5.1 Processing of waste
i.
Location of site
ii.
Name of waste processing technology
iii.
Details of processing technology
iv.
Quantity of waste to be processed per day
v.
Site clearance (from local authority)
vi.
Details of agreement between municipal authority and operating

agency
vii.
Utilization programme for waste processed (Product utilisation)
viii.
Methodology for disposal of waste processing rejects (quantity and

quality)
ix.
Measures to be taken for prevention and control of environmental

pollution
x.
Investment on Project and expected returns
xi.
Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the plant
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
5.2 Disposal of waste

i.
Number of sites identified
ii.
Layout maps of site
iii.
Quantity of waste to be disposed per day
iv.
Nature and composition of waste
v.
Details of methodology or criteria followed for site selection
vi.
Details of existing site under operation
vii.
Methodology and operational details of landfilling
viii.
Measures taken to check environmental pollution
Date
Officer
CEPT, Ahmedabad
Signature
of
Nodal

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-II
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED BY MUNICIPAL
AUTHORITY (FORM I1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM II
[See rule 4(4) ]
Format of Annual Report to be submitted by Municipal Authority

(i)
Name of City/Town:
(ii)
Population
(iii)
Name of Municipal body and Address

Telephone No:
Fax:
(iv)
Name of incharge dealing with municipal solid waste with designation:
1.
(i)
QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

Total quantity of waste generated per day
(ii)
Total quantity of waste collected per day
(iii)
Total quantity processed for:
(iv)
(a)
Composting
(b)
Vermiculture
(c)
Pellets
(d)
Others, if any please specify
Total quantity of waste disposed by land filling

(a)
No. of landfill sites used
(b)
Area Used
(c)
Whether weigh bridge facilities available : Yes/No
(d)
Whether area is fenced : Yes/No
(e)
Lighting facility on site: Yes/No
(f)
Whether equipment like Bulldozer., Compactors etc. available. Please

specify:
(g)
Total Manpower available on site:
(h)
Whether covering is done on daily basis: Yes/No
(i)
Whether covering material is used and whether it is adequately available:
(j)
Provisions for gas venting provided: Available & provided / Not available
(k)
Provision for leachate collection: Provisions made/provisions not made
2.
(i)
STORAGE FACILITIES
Area covered for collection of waste: ..
(ii)
No. of houses covered
(iii)
Whether house to house collection is practiced (if yes, whether done by Municipality
or through Private Agency or NGO)
(iv)
Bins: Specifications existing proposed (Shape & Size) Numbers for future
(a)
RCC bins (Capacity);
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
(b)
Trolleys (Capacity);
(c)
Containers (Capacity);
(d)
Dumper Placers
(e)
Others, please specify
(v)
Whether all bins/collection spots are attended for daily lifting of garbage:
Yes/No
(vi)
for
Whether lifting of garbage from dustbins etc. is manual or mechanical i.e.

example
by
using
of
front
end
loaders
(Please
tick
mark):
Manual/Loader/Others, please specify

3. TRANSPORTATION
Existing Actually Required/Proposed Number
1) Truck
2) Truck-Tipper
3) Tractor-Trailer
4) Refuse-collector
5) Dumper-places
6) Animal cart
7) Tricycle
8) Others (please specify)
4.
WHETHER ANY PROPOSAL HAS BEEN MADE TO IMPROVE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

5.
ARE ANY EFFORTS MADE TO CALL FOR PRIVATE FIRMS ETC. TO
ATTEMPT FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE UTILISING TECHNOLOGIES LIKE:

Waste Utilization Proposals Steps taken Technology (Quantity to be processed)
1. Composting
2. Vermiculture
3. Pelletisation
4. Others if any, please specify
6.
WHAT
PROVISIONS
ARE
AVAILABLE
AND
HOW
THESE
ARE
IMPLEMENTED TO CHECK UNHYGIENIC OPEATIONS OF:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
7.
Dairy related activities

Slaughter houses and unauthorised slaughtering
Malba (Construction debris) lifting
Encroachment in Parks, Footpaths etc.
HOW MANY ARE IDENTIFIED AND WHETHER THESE ARE
PROVIDED WITH SANITATION FACILITIES
ARE MUNICIPAL MAGISTRATES APPOINTED FOR TAKING PENAL
ACTION: Yes/No If yes, how many cases registered & settled during last
three years (give year-wise details)
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
8.
HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. How many Hospitals/Clinics under the control of Corporation
2. What methods are followed for disposal of medical waste?
3. Do you have any proposal for setting up of common treatment facility for
disposal of biomedical wastes.
4. How many private Nursing Homes, Clinics etc. are operating in the
city/town and what steps have been taken to check disposal of their waste
Dated:
CEPT, Ahmedabad
Signature of Municipal Commissioner

Preparation of DPRs
Annex-III
SCHEDULE II OF MSW RULES, 2000
(See Rules 6(I) and (3), 7(1))
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
Sr.
No
1
Parameters
Compliance Criteria
COLLECTION OF
1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities,
MUNICIPAL
towns and in urban areas notified by the State Government, To
SOLID WASTES
prohibit littering, and facilitate compliance, the following steps

shall be taken by the municipal authority, namely
(i) Organising house to house collection of municipal solid
wastes through any of the methods, like containerised collection,
community
collection,
bin
collection
collection
scheduling
by
on
using
(central
regular
ringing
of
bin),
house
pre-informed
musical
to
house
timings
vehicle
and
(without
exceeding permissible noise levels).

(ii) Collection of waste from slums and squatter areas of
localities
including
hotels/restaurants/office
complexes
and
commercial areas
(iii)
Wastes
from
slaughter
houses,
fruits
and
vegetable
markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed

to make use of such wastes
(iv) Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed
with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall follow the
rules separately specified for the purpose
(v) Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be
transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised
Carts.
(vi) Horticulture and construction/demolition wastes/debris shall
be separately collected and disposed off following proper norms.
Similarly wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in
accordance with State laws.
(vii) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt
(viii) Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste
storage facilities or at any other place in city/town and shall be
managed as per State Laws.
2. Municipal authority shall notify waste collection schedule and
the likely method to be adopted for public benefit in a city/town.
3. It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid
littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the
collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal
authority as per para 1 (2) of this schedule
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Sr.
No
2
Parameters
Compliance Criteria
Segregation Of
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
Municipal Solid
organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and
Wastes
shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The

Municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to
ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this
purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be
arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of
local
resident
welfare
associations
and
non-governmental
and
maintain
organizations.
3
Storage Of
Municipal
authorities
Municipal Solid
facilities
in
Wastes
unhygienic/unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria
such
shall
a
establish
manner
as
they
do
not
storage
create
shall be taken into account while establishing and maintaining

storage facilities, namely
(i) storage facilities shall be created/established by taking into
account quantities of waste generation in a given area and the
pollution densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is
accessible to users.
(ii) Storage facilities to be set up the Municipality authorities or
any other agency shall be so designed that waste stored shall
not be exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically
acceptable and user-friendly
(iii) Storage facilities or bins shall have easy to operate design
for handling, transfer and transportation of waste. Bins for
storage of biodegradable wastes shall be painted green, those of
storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for
storage of other wastes shall be painted black
(iv) Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable
due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under
proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
4
Transportation
Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
Of Municipal
Waste should not be visible to public, nor exposed to open
Solid Wastes
environment preventing their scattering. The following criteria

shall be met namely,
(i)The storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be
daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or containers
wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overflowing
(ii) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple
handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided
Processing Of
Municipal
authorities
shall
adopt
suitable
technology
or
Municipal Solid
combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to
Wastes
minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted,

namely
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Sr.
No
Parameters
Compliance Criteria
(i) The biodegradable wastes, shall be processed by composting,
vermin-composting,
anaerobic
digestion
or
any
other
appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste. It

shall be ensured that compost or any other end product shall
comply with standards as specified in Schedule IV
(ii) Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow
the route of recycling. Incineration with or without energy
recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing
wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a
facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall
approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the
standards laid down before applying for grant of authorization.
6
Disposal Of
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable i.e., insert
Municipal Solid
waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling
Wastes
or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be carried out

for residues of waste processing facilities as well as preprocessing rejects from waste, processing facilities. Land filling
of mixed waste shall be avoided unless same is found unsuitable
for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till
installation of alternative facilities land-filling shall be done
following proper norms. Land filling shall meet the specifications
as given in Schedule III.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Annex IV:
SCHEDULE III OF MSW RULES, 2000
[See rule 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDFILL SITES
Site Selection
1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of Development Authorities; it shall
be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identity the
landfill sites and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority
for
development,
operation
and
maintenance.
Elsewhere,
this
responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority.

2. Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental
issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union
territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining
the necessary approvals and clearances.
3. The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation
of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.
4. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes
processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned
as an integral part of the landfill site.
5. The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five
years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this
Schedule.
6. Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off as per the bio-medical wastes
(management and handling) rules, 1998. Hazardous wastes shall be
managed as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules
1989 as amended from time to time.
7. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years
8. The landsite shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas,
monuments, National parks, wetlands and places of important cultural,
historical or religious interest.
9. A buffer zone of no-development be maintained around landfill site and
shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Departments land-use plans.
10. Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary
approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the
landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within
20 km of an airport or airbase.
Facilities at the Site

1. Landfill site shall be fenced/hedged and provided with proper gate to
monitor incoming vehicles/ or other modes of transportation.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
2. The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorized

persons and stray animals.
3. Approach and other internal roads for free flow of vehicles and other
machinery shall exist at the landfill site.
4. The landfill site have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought
in for landfill, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping
equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipment.
5. Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at
landfill site, fire protection equipments and other facilities as may be
required, shall be provided
6. Utilities such as drinking water (preferably bathing facilities to workers)
and lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations when carried out in
night hours shall be provided.
7. Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site
shall be periodically made.
Specifications for Land filling

1. Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using
landfill compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall
areas where heavy compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall
be adopted.
2. Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day
with minimum 10 cm of soil inert debris in construction materials till such
time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy
recovery are set up as per Schedule I.
3. Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of
4-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper
drainage berms shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active
cell of the landfill.
4. After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize
infiltration
and
erosion.
The
final
cover
shall
meet
the
following
specifications, namely;
(i)
The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60

cms of clay/amended soil with permeability coefficient less that
1 x 10
(ii)
cm/sec.
On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer

of 15 cm.
(iii)
On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer

of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize
erosion.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Pollution prevention
1.
In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the

following provisions shall be made, namely;
(i)
Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation

and prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding
flooding and creation of marshy conditions:
(ii)
Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and

wall of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of
waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having
contamination
of
hazardous
materials
(such
as
aerosols,
bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and

pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite
barrier having 1.5 min high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane or equivalent overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended
soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10 7
cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least 2
meter below the base of clay/amended soil barrier layer.
(iii)
Provision for management of leachates collection and treatment

shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards
specified in Schedule IV.
(iv)
Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream,

river lake or pond.
Water Quality Monitoring

1. Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality
in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The
ground water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall
be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not
contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided by the Ground Water
Board or the State Board or the Committee. Such monitoring shall be
carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is, summer monsoon
and post-monsoon period.
2. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purposes
(including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its
quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply
for monitoring purpose, namely;
Sr. No.
Parameters
IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1

except for pH)
1
2
3
4
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Sr. No.
Parameters
IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/1

except for pH)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate as NO
PH
Iron
Total hardness (as CaCO3)
Chlorides
Dissolved solids
0.05
0.05
0.001
45.0
6.5-8.5
0.3
300.0
250
500
0.001
5.0
200
Phenolic compounds (C6 H5 OH)

Zinc
Sulphate (as SO4)
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

1. Installation of landfill gas control system including gas collection system
shall be made at landfill site to minimize odour generation, prevent off-site
migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated
landfill surface
2. The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not
exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
3. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized
for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per viability.
Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to
directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting
shall be allowed if its utilisation or flaring is not possible.
4. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored
to meet the following prescribed standards, namely;
5. The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned
authority as per the following schedule, namely;
(i)
Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty
lakhs,
(ii)
Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and
fifty lakhs.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Sr.
Parameters
Acceptable Levels
(i)
Sulphur dioxide
120 g/m 3 (24 hours)
(ii)
Suspended particulate matter
500 g/m 3 (24 hours)
(iii)
Methane
No
Not to exceed 25 per cent of the lower

explosive limit (equivalent to 650 mg/m3)
(iv)
Ammonia Daily average
0.4 mg/m3 (400 g/m 3)
(Sample duration 24 hrs)

(v)
Carbon Monoxide
1 hour average: 2 mg/m3 8 hour average: 1

mg/m3
(iii) Two times in a year for town or cities having population between
one and ten lakhs
Plantation at Landfill site

1. A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance
with the following specifications, namely;
I. Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are
resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be allowed to
grow
II. The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate more
than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilised.
III. Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with
minimum nutrient addition
IV. Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion
Closure of Landfill site and post-care

1. The post closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen
years and long term monitoring / care plan shall consist of the following,
namely;
I. Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making
repairs and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise
damaging the final cover.
II. Monitoring
leachate
collection
system
in
accordance
with
the
requirement.
III. Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and
maintaining ground water quality.
IV. Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet
the standards.
2. Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring
can be considered for human settlement or otherwise. Only after
ensuring that gaseous and leachate analysis complied with the laid down
standards.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Special provisions for hilly areas

1. Cities and towns located on hills, shall have location-specific methods
evolved for final disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with
the approval of the concerned State Board of the Committee. The
Municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of
biodegradable wastes. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be
used for building roads or filling up of appropriate areas on hills. Because
of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable
for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed
landfills.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Annex V:
SCHEDULE IV OF MSW RULES, 2000
[See rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
Standards for Composting, Treated Leachates and Incineration
1.
The waste processing or disposal facilities shall include composting,

incineration, pelletisation, energy recovery or any other facility based on
state-of-the-art technology duly approved by the Central Pollution Control
Board.
2.
In case of engagement of private agency by the municipal authority, a

specific agreement between the municipal authority and the private
agency shall be made particularly, for supply of solid waste and other
relevant terms and conditions.
3.
In order to prevent pollution problems from compost plant and other

processing facilities, the following shall be complied with, namely;
I. The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further
processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be
covered. If such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided
with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and
surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate
treatment and disposal facility;
II. Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour,
flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard;
III. In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be
stopped and arrangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to
the landfill site;
IV. Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the
processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at
the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors.
The non-recyclables shall be sent for well designed landfill site(s);
V. In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with
impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or
compacted clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less
than 10 7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 percent
slope and circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface
run-off.
VI. Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out
particularly for checking odour nuisance at down-wind direction on
the boundary of processing plant.
VII. In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following
specifications for compost quality shall be met, namely;
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Parameters
Concentration not to exceed (mg/kg dry basis, except pH

value and C/N ratio) *
Arsenic
10.00
Cadmium
5.00
Chromium
50.00
Copper
300.00
Lead
100.00
Mercury
0.15
Nickel
50.00
Zinc
1000.00
C/N ratio
20-40
PH
5.5-8.5
* Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be
used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food
crops.
4. The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards, namely;
Sr.
No.
Parameter
1
2
3
Suspended solids, mg/1, Max

Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1, max
PH value
4
5
6
Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1, max

Total Kjeldahl nitorgen (as N), mg/1, max
Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at
27 C) Max (mg/1)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Standards (Mode of Disposal)

Inland
surface
water
100
2100
5.5 to 9.0
Public
sewers
Land
disposal
600
2100
5.5 to
9.0
50
200
2100
5.5 to 9.0
50
100
30
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1 max

250
Arsenic (as As), mg/1 max
0.2
Mercury (as Hg) mg/1, max
0.01
Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max
0.1
Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 max
2.0
Total chromium (as Cr), mg/1, max
2.0
Copper (as Cu) mg/1, max
3.0
Zinc A(as Zn) mg/1, max
5.0
Nickel (as Ni) mg/1, max
3.0
Cyanide (as CN) mg/1, max
0.2
Chloride (as CI) mg/1, max
1000
Fluoride (as F), mg/1, max
2.0
Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/1,
1.0
max
Note: While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters,
350
0.2
0.01
1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
15
3.0
2.0
1000
1.5
5.0
100
0.2
0.2
600
-
quantity of leachates
being discharged and the quantity of leachates being discharged and the quantity of
dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Annex VI:
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST FOR
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENT
SCREENING QUESTIONS
Yes
No
REMARKS
A. PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA
DENSELY POPULATED?
HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?
ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY
SENSITIVE AREAS?
CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA
SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE
Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and
loss/damage to these sites?
interference with other utilities and blocking of access to
buildings; nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise,
smell, and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?
dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people
impairment of downstream water quality due to
inadequate sewage treatment or release of untreated
sewage?
overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw
sewage?
Environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge
disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally
disposed in sewers?
noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?
Discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in
damage to sewer system and danger to workers?
Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment
plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and
protect facilities?
social conflicts between construction workers from other
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
SCREENING QUESTIONS
Yes
No
REMARKS
areas and community workers?

road blocking and temporary flooding due to land
excavation during the rainy season?
noise and dust from construction activities?
traffic disturbances due to construction material transport
and wastes?
temporary silt runoff due to construction?
hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and
groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?
deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge
disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?
contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge
disposal on land?
health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous
materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and
exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Annex VII:
CHECKLIST FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT
SCREENING QUESTIONS
Yes
No
CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA
SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
BAY
Degradation of aesthetic and property value loss?
Nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odor and influx of
dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people
Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and
Land use conflicts?
Pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate coming
REMARKS
A. PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA
DENSELY POPULATED?
HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?
ADJACENT
TO
OR
WITHIN
ANY
ENVIRONMENTALLY
SENSITIVE AREAS?
B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE
impacts associated with transport of wastes to the
disposal site or treatment facility
Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas
and loss/damage to these sites?
insects, rodents, etc.?
diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats?

Deterioration of water quality as a result of contamination of
receiving waters by leacheate from land disposal system?
Contamination of ground and/or surface water by leach ate
from land disposal System?
form sanitary landfill sites or methane gas produced from

decomposition of solid wastes in the absence of air, which
could enter the aquifer or escape through soil fissures at
places far from the landfill site?
Inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to alleviate
nuisances?
Social conflicts between construction workers from other
areas and community workers?
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
Road blocking and/or increased traffic during construction of
Noise and dust from construction activities?
Temporary silt runoff due to construction?
hazards to public health due to inadequate management of
Loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas?
Explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in
Contamination of air quality from incineration?
Public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and
facilities?
landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial

capabilities for the management of the andfill operation?
Hazards to public health due to inadequate management of
landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial
capabilities for the management of the landfill operation?
Emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land
disposal site?
Surface and ground water pollution from leach ate and
methane gas migration?
buildings?
diseases transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.?

Health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous materials in the site?
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
ANNEX VIII:
Best Practices in Construction Phase
In any of the urban infrastructure projects, construction phase is supposed to be
the most environmentally disturbing phase. Thus the concerned authority should
take immense precautions to mitigate the adverse impact.
Best practices in the construction activities are typically covered in four major
areas such as
a. Energy: Reducing energy consumption, being more energy efficient and using
renewable energy and alternative technology
b. Materials: Choosing, using, re-using and recycling materials during design,
manufacture, construction and maintenance to reduce resource requirements
c. Waste: Producing less waste and recycling more
d. Pollution: Producing less toxicity, noise, water and spatial pollution
The major environmental issues associated with the construction sector include
potential impacts to biodiversity due to land conversions, emissions to
gaseous pollutants and particulates, noise generation, vibrations and
water
air of
air blast,
use, wastewater discharge and generation of hazardous and non-
hazardous waste materials. Each of these issues along with the good practices
generally followed are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs.
Land Conversion
Excavation activities at construction sites as well as raw materials extraction sites
often involve major topographical and land-cover changes to allow extraction
activities, often including clearing of pre-existing vegetation. Techniques to
minimize the land conversion impacts include
1. Selection of appropriate low-impact extraction methods that result in final
site contours supportive of habitat restoration principles and final land use
2. Establishment of buffer zones from the edge of extraction areas
considering the characteristics of the natural habitats and the type of
extraction activities
3. Vegetation translocation and relocation techniques should be used as
necessary (e.g., vegetation cover such as native local plants, topsoil,
overburden, or spoils feasible for sustaining growth should be removed in
separate operations and segregated for later use during site reinstatement
and materials to be used for site reinstatement should be stockpiled and
protected from wind and water erosion as well as contamination)
4. Smaller, short-lived sites should be reclaimed immediately and lager sites
with a useful lifespan beyond 3-5 years should be subject to ongoing
rehabilitation
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
5. To the extent possible the affected land should be rehabilitated to

acceptable uses as required by the permit
6. Test pits, interim roads, buildings, installations and structures of no
beneficial use should be removed and the land should be appropriately
rehabilitated
The general practices followed during demolition process are listed as follows. The
first phase of demolition is asbestos abatement and lead-based paint removal.
Depending on the extent of asbestos and lead-based paint, either the whole
building or portions of the building should be enclosed in plastic sheeting.
Specially trained workers with protective clothing and hand tools should be
entrusted with the work of removing the paints. The disposed material should be
sealed in bags and taken to licensed landfill sites. Dust emissions as well as noise
pollution are the major environmental issues associated with the demolition and
site clearance works
Dust
Dust is generated during all phases of exploitation and processing from fugitive
sources such as shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting, transport, crushing,
grinding, screening and stockpiling. The main sources of dust emissions include
crushing-grinding, drilling, blasting and transport. For dust emissions, the
recommended pollution prevention and control techniques should take the
ecological and human toxicity of the dust into account and include the following:
1. Land clearing, removal of topsoil and excess materials, location of haul
roads, tips and stockpiles, and blasting should be planned with due
consideration to meteorological factors (precipitation, temperature, wind
direction and speed) and location of sensitive receptors
2. A simple, linear layout for materials-handling operations to reduce the
need for multiple transfer points should be designed and installed
(processing plants should be located within the quarry area where
practical
3. Dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by
dust extractors, collectors and filters and wet drilling and processing
should be adopted whenever possible
4. Dust emissions from processing equipment (crushers, grinders, screens)
should be adequately controlled through dust collectors or wet processing
5. Dust control applications should consider the final use of extracted
material (e.g. wet processing stages are preferred when wet materials or
high water contents would not negatively affect their final use)
6. Procedures to limit the drop height of falling materials should be adopted
7. Use of mobile and fixed-belt transport and conveyors should be preferred
to hauling the material by trucks through internal roads(enclosed rubber-
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
belt conveyors for dusty materials are recommended in conjunction with

cleaning devices)
8. Internal roads should be adequately compacted and periodically graded
and maintained
9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered ( generally not more than 10
miles per hour or 16 km per hour) on unpaved roads
10. Water spraying is the most effective method for reducing dust emissions.
Along with water spraying, surface treatment such as provision of
hygroscopic media, such as calcium chloride and soil natural or chemical
binders) of roadways and exposed stockpiles using a sprinkler system or a
water mist cannon should be implemented
11. Exposed surfaces of stockpiled material should be vegetated where
practical
Noise
Noise emissions are commonly associated with all the extraction activities
including construction material and stone quarrying. Noise is produced during all
phases of exploitation and processing (shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting,
flame-jet cutting, piling, transport, crushing, grinding, sizing and stockpiling). The
main issues on site thus include noise during the night, noisy plants in sensitive
areas such as residences, schools or hospitals
For noise emissions the recommended minimization and control techniques
include the following:
1. Reduction of noise from drilling rigs by using down hole drilling or
hydraulic drilling
2. Implementation of enclosure and cladding of processing
plants where
practical
3. Installation of proper sound barriers and (or) noise containments, with
enclosures and curtains at or near the source equipment (e.g. crushers,
grinders and screens)
4. Use of rubber-lined or soundproof surfaces on processing equipment such
as screens, chutes, transfer points and buckets
5. Use of rubber-belt transport and conveyors
6. Installation of natural barriers at facility boundaries such as vegetation
curtains or soil berms
7. Optimization of internal traffic routing particularly to minimize vehicle
reversing alarm and to maximize distances to the closest sensitive
receptors
8. Use of electrically driven machines
9. A speed limit for trucks should be considered
10. Avoidance of jet-flame cutting
11. Construction of berms for visual and noise screening wherever practical
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
12. Use of mufflers or silencers to reduce noise transmitted along pipes and
ducts; minimizing the drop height by a factor of 10 reduces the noise by
about 10 dB
13. Use rubber lining on the tippers in sensitive areas
14. Wherever possible fabricate off-site
15. Shut down plant when not in use or adopt a no idling policy
16. Adopt working hours to restrict the noise activity.
Vibrations
The most significant vibration emissions are usually associated with blasting
activities, whereas minor emissions are commonly associated with the use of rock
hammers. For blasting related emissions (vibrations, overpressure, fly rock), the
following control and minimization techniques are recommended
1. Use of special blasting plans; correct charging procedures and blasting
ratios; delayed; micro-delayed or electronic detonators; and specific in
situ blasting tests i.e. the use of down hole initiation with short-delay
detonators improves fragmentation and reduces the ground vibrations
2. Development of blast design including a blasting surfaces survey to avoid
over-confined charges and a drill-hole survey to check for deviation and
consequent blasting recalculations
3. Implementation of ground vibration and overpressure control
with
appropriate drilling grids (grid versus holes length and diameter,

orientation of blasting faces) and appropriate charging and stemming
process of bore holes to limit potential issues with fly rock and air blasts
4. Hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods should be preferred to
improve rock fragmentation and minimize fly-rock risks instead of using
secondary blast (plaster blasting)
5. Mechanical ripping should be used where possible to avoid or minimize the
use of explosives
Other sources of vibrations are primary crushers and plant screening equipment
where adequately designed foundations would sufficiently limit vibrations
Other Good Management Guidelines

Labour camps on site should be as per Indian norms. Clean and well-maintained
toilets should be made available at the construction site.
1. If there is any eco-sensitive habitat in the vicinity of the construction site,
care should be taken to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the
habitat. Any existing streams and drains within, and adjacent to the site
should be kept safe and free from any debris and any excavated materials
arising from the works.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs
2. Construction waste generated should be properly stored on site and

disposed by filling low-lying areas after obtaining the required local
permissions.
3. Liquid spills of lubricant, fuel and oil within the site should be attended at
the earliest in order to minimize land & groundwater contamination.
4. Temporary fencing around the project site should be provided to regulate
the entry and exit of material, personnel and equipment.
5. Construction workers, managers and visitors to the site should use
personnel protective equipment such as helmets, gloves, safety boots and
goggles.
6. Waste water generated from wash-pits, wheel washing, equipment
cleaning, etc can be a source of water pollution if the drainage system is
ineffective. Additionally sanitary waste generated by the temporary
construction workers can pollute the surface/under-ground water. There is
the added risk of mosquito breeding, if water around the construction site
is allowed to stagnate. Temporary drainage works should be constructed
and maintained.
CEPT, Ahmedabad

Preparation of DPRs

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Module 2.

7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies ............... 27

environment. There is a popular perception that environment and development

2.0 Urban Environmental Issues in India

2.1 Water Pollution

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Contamination of piped drinking water by sewage is not uncommon, due to the

Source: Tasa Graphic Arts

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

2.2 Air Pollution

2.3 Solid Waste

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

The noise levels in some of Indias major

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

2.5 Urban Microclimate

3.0 Need for Environmental Safeguards

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

4.0 Key Features of the Environmental

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Policies/ Acts / Rules / Guidelines

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

National Environmental Policy

National Water Policy

Implementation Guidelines, 1996

The Land Acquisition Act (LA) of 1894

Interstate Migrant Workmens (Regulation of Employment

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for

Project Affected Families, 2003

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

4.1 Environmental Legislations at the National Level

4.1.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - As

But the section

permits the following Acts: Constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

4.1.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and

4.1.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

4.1.4 EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14th September 2006

Purpose of the Stage

To check whether the

To decide the Terms of

addressing all relevant

concerns for EIA.

Public hearing at the

site or in its close

wise, to be carried out

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards

Purpose of the Stage

writing from other

Detailed scrutiny of the

by the applicant for