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Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Reference
Section
9.2.1, 9.2.6,
9.7.2,
9.7.3, 9.15
& 9.16
January 2013
ii
Description of Revision
Authorised
by
Date
Steering
Committee
Mar
2010
M
Whitehead
Jan
2013
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Table of Contents
9.1
9.2
Introduction
9-1
9.1.1
Overview
9-1
9.1.2
Constructability
9-2
9.1.3
Computer Programs
9-2
General Requirements
9-2
9.2.1
9-2
9.2.2
9-3
9.2.3
9-3
9.2.4
9-3
9.2.5
9-3
9.2.6
9-4
9.2.7
9-10
9.2.8
9-16
9.2.9
Multiple Barrels
9-17
9.2.10
9-17
9.2.11
Splay Pipes
9-17
9.3
9-18
9.4
Location of Culverts
9-20
9.5
Allowable Headwater
9-21
9.6
9-22
9.7
9-22
9.7.1
9-22
9.7.2
9-22
9.7.3
9-24
9.7.4
9-24
9.7.5
Stock Underpass
9-26
9.8
9-26
9.9
9-27
9.9.1
9-29
9.9.2
9-29
January 2013
iii
9.10
9.11
Hydraulic Calculations
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9-29
9.10.1
Control at Inlet
9-29
9.10.2
Control at Outlet
9-30
9.10.3
Determination of Tailwater
9-33
Design Procedure
9-33
9.11.1
Hydraulic Design
9-33
9.11.2
Practical Design
9-40
9.12
9-40
9.13
Blockage of Culverts
9-41
9.14
9-42
9.15
9-42
9.16
9-45
9.17
9-45
9.18
Inlet Structures
9-45
9.19
Managing Sediment
9-45
9.20
Safety
9-46
9.20.1
9-46
9.20.2
Barriers to Flow
9-46
9.20.3
9-46
January 2013
iv
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.1
Introduction
9.1.1
Overview
January 2013
9-1
9.1.2
Constructability
9.1.3
Computer Programs
January 2013
9-2
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.2
General Requirements
9.2.1
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Skew
Number
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
January 2013
9-3
Target Outlet
Velocity (m/s)
Rock
4.5
Stones 150
mm
diameter or larger
3.5
Gravel 100 mm or
grass cover
2.5
1.2 - 2.0
1.0 1.5
9.2.6
Structural and
Configuration
Requirements of Culverts
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-4
pipe diameter
culverts).
(excluding
box
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-5
January 2013
9-6
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
culvert.
Further advice in relation to
structural requirements can be obtained
from the Director (Bridge Design). Advice
in relation to inspections can be obtained
from Director (Bridge Asset Management).
It is highly recommended to replace steel
culverts greater than 15 years of age.
Departmental experience has shown that
these structures do not generally last much
longer than 15 to 20 years and structural
failure of these types of culverts can occur
quickly.
The requirement for inspection may be
relaxed if a pre-2004 culvert is assessed as
hydraulically deficient when compared to
the projects performance and capability
requirements. In this instance, the culvert
should be replaced to improve hydraulic
capability and this would remove the
requirement for structural inspection.
However if it is intended to retain the
existing structure and simply modify it to
meet project performance (hydraulic)
requirements, then the inspection/decision
to retain process is required.
exceptions
to
this
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-7
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-8
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
requirements
for
January 2013
9-9
9.2.6.10
Aluminium Culverts
January 2013
9-10
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.2.7
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Longitudinal Crack
January 2013
9-11
January 2013
9-12
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
According
to
the
Unified
Soil
Classification, these soils range from
SC/CL to CH and are not necessarily
restricted to high plasticity CH clays.
Therefore
particular
design
and/or
construction considerations need to be
adopted to avert damage to culverts where
expansive soils are exposed to significant
long term moisture changes.
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-13
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-14
Q103A
Q104A
Q105
Q106
AS2870-1996
BRE-IP 4/93
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
ripping,
scarifying
and
then
compacting the soil with moisture
and/or density control.
These processes are carried out to a depth
beyond the level of seasonal moisture
variation within the soil. The areas to be
treated would be under the aprons and 1 m
beyond the cut-off wall of the apron.
Control
of
Foundation
Moisture
Fluctuations - Moisture Stability
January 2013
9-15
January 2013
9-16
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.2.8
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
the
coefficients
as
manufacturers.
provided
by
9.2.9
Multiple Barrels
January 2013
9-17
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.3
January 2013
9-18
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9-19
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-20
9.4
Location of Culverts
9.5
Allowable Headwater
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-21
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.6
Preliminary Selection
of Culvert Size
January 2013
9-22
9.7
Requirements for
Fauna Passage
9.7.1
9.7.2
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-23
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Minimum
Small mammals
0.5m
Medium mammals
0.5m
Large mammals
1.2m
>1.2m
Microchiropteran bats
>1.2m
Reptiles
0.5m
9.7.3
Considerations for
Terrestrial Passage
January 2013
9-24
9.7.4
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-25
9.7.5
Stock Underpass
January 2013
9-26
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.8
Selection of Culvert
Type
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Concrete
Box
Culverts
(Normal
cover)
Concrete
Box
Culverts
(Saltwater
Cover)
Concrete
Pipes
Steel
Corrugated
Arch1&2
Steel
Helical
Pipe1&2
Aluminium
Helical
Pipe2
Saltwater
Aggressive soil
(e.g. Low pH, high
chloride high
sulphate)
Invert in fresh
water for
prolonged periods
N/A
Not
economic
Typical condition
(i.e. none of
above)
N/A
Not
economic
9.9
Typical Culvert
Operating Conditions
governed by whether
operating under:
the
culvert
is
Inlet control; or
Outlet control.
The hydraulic capacity of the culvert may
vary considerably depending on the type of
control.
Figure 9.9 shows eight typical conditions
under which culverts may operate.
January 2013
9-27
9
Source: Bureau of Public Roads (1965)
January 2013
9-28
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.9.1
9.9.2
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.10
Hydraulic Calculations
January 2013
9-29
January 2013
9-30
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
H Hv He Hf
and
V = mean velocity of flow in the
culvert barrel (m/s);
Where:
Hv = velocity head (m)
V2
2g
ke
V2
2g
19.6n 2 L V 2
2g
R 1.33
V1
2g
V
2g
WS = water surface
SSo = slope of culvert
W.S
.
V1
He
Energy Lin
e
Hydraulic G
rade Line
HW
h1
Hf
Hv
LS
LSo
dhcc
W.S
.
ho2
DATUM
9
H
HW
S
dhcc
LS
LSo
TW
+D
ho = Greater of hdc c+
D and TW
2
Source : Austroads (1994)
January 2013
9-31
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Coefficient ke
(1 k e
19.6n 2 L V 2
)
2g
R 1.33
January 2013
9-32
HW H h0 LS 0
Where:
ho = adopted tailwater depth (m);
L = length of culvert (m); and
So = slope of culvert barrel (m/m).
The various components of this equation
are illustrated in Figure 9.10.2(b).
The tailwater level (ho) to be adopted is TW
if TW > D, otherwise the greater of:
TW, or
dc D
2
Where:
dc = critical depth (m); and
D = diameter or height of culvert
(m).
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.11
Design Procedure
January 2013
9-33
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
YES
10
A
Figure 9.11 - Culvert Design Flow Chart
January 2013
9-34
A
AHW
B
D
dc
Fr
HWi
HWo
h0
ke
L
Q
S0
TW
Vmax
V0
No
9.11.1.1
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
and
any
9.11.1.2
AQ
Vmax
Where:
Q = design discharge (m3/s); and
Q
3.6 H 0.5
January 2013
9-35
January 2013
9-36
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
loss
d c 0.467 Q
B
If dc
HW0 H h0 LS 0
Now check HWo against AHW and if HWo
is greater than AHW, try another size until
both HWi and HWo are acceptable (< AHW).
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Vo Q
Where:
Q = design discharge per culvert
barrel / cell (m3/s); and
January 2013
9-37
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
Vo Q
Where:
Figure 9.11.1.7(a) Flow Area for Box
Culverts
Area R 2 when y = D
or
Area R 2 1 R 2 sin
2
Where:
R = internal radius of pipe (m); and
= angle in radians
Figure 9.11.1.7(b) provides guidance in
determining flow area for pipes.
January 2013
9-38
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.11.1.9
Fr Q B
gA
3
Where:
B = 2 y D y
refer Figure 9.11.1.9
January 2013
9-39
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-40
9.12
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.13
Blockage of Culverts
January 2013
9-41
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.14
Consideration of
Large or Extreme
Events
9.15
Culvert Outlet
Protection
9
Figure 9.13 - Flood Water Flowing into
Box Culverts
January 2013
9-42
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
(soil
and
January 2013
9-43
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
January 2013
9-44
9.16
Special Energy
Dissipation Structures
at Culvert Outlet
9.17
Self Cleaning
Culverts
9.18
Inlet Structures
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.19
Managing Sediment
Sediment
deposits
within
culverts,
especially multi-cell culverts, can cause
significant operational and maintenance
problems.
Occasionally sediment traps (basins) are
constructed upstream of culverts. In these
cases, an access ramp for maintenance must
be provided to allow de-silting of the trap.
In critical areas, or for long culverts where
maintenance is extremely difficult, a small
sediment trap / weir can be constructed at
the inlet to divert low flows to just one or
two culvert cells. This will allow the flow
to enter the remaining cells only during
high flows.
January 2013
9-45
9.20
Safety
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9.20.2.3
Noise Fencing
9.20.2.2
9-46
to
January 2013
machinery
Chapter 9
Culvert Design
9
Figure 9.20.3 - Fencing Around Pipe Inlet
January 2013
9-47