Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
Seed dispersal is important in the migration of plants from one area to another area. Plants have
evolved many methods, both physical and biological, by which to disperse their seeds.
50 maple seeds, which are wind dispersed, were dropped one at a time from two different
heights, 0.54 m and 10.8 m respectively. The histograms below show the distribution of the
distance the maple seeds travelled.
18
18
17
16
H e ig h t = 0 .5 4 m
15
14
14
12
12
10
10
N um ber
o f seed s 6
N um ber
of seeds
8
5
4
17
H e ig h t = 1 0 .8 m
16
6
4
5
4
3
D is ta n c e tra v e lle d / c m
D is ta n c e tra v e lle d / m
(a)
For each height, identify the distance travelled by the greatest number of seeds.
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Suggest two reasons for the effect of the drop height on the distance travelled by the
seeds.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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1
(2)
The following graphs show the rate and timing of seed release from different species of grass in
the same area during the summer.
100
100
F e s tu c a r u b r a
R a te o f
s e e d fa ll /
num ber 50
w e e k 1
1 0 0 c m 2
R a te o f
s e e d fa ll /
num ber 50
w e e k 1
1 0 0 c m 2
0
14
21 28
June
12
19 26
J u ly
16
30
14
A ugust
21 28
Ju n e
12
19 26
J u ly
400
A g ro s tis s to lo n ife r a
600
16
30
A u g u st
P o a tr iv ia lis
300
R a te o f
s e e d fa ll / 4 0 0
num ber
w e e k 1
1 0 0 c m 2 200
H o lc u s la n a tu s
R a te o f
s e e d fa ll /
num ber 200
w e e k 1
1 0 0 c m 2 100
0
14
21 28
June
12
19 26
J u ly
16
A ugust
30
14
21 28
Ju n e
12
19 26
J u ly
16
30
A u g u st
[Source: J L Harper, Population Biology of Plants, Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich) 1997, page 57]
(d)
Identify the grass species which produces the most seeds in this area.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Identify the grass species which produces the most seeds in June.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Compare seed production for all species relative to the timing of their release.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(g)
Suggest two benefits for these plants in the timing of seed release.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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(2)
Biological seed dispersal is usually dependent on the nutritional content of the seed or fruit. The
following table gives the nutritional content for fruits of different species in temperate and
tropical climates.
Percentage by DryWeight
Common Name (genus)
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Dispersal
Agents
Temperate
Cranberry (Vaccinium)
89
Birds
Hawthorn (Crataegus)
73
Birds
84
Birds
Pokeberry (Phytolacca)
14
68
Birds
Strawberry (Fragaria)
88
Birds
Tropical
Bird palm (Chamaedorea)
14
16
55
Birds
Fig (Ficus)
79
Bats
Mistletoe (Viscum)
53
38
Birds
94
Monkeys
63
Birds
(h)
Compare tropical fruits to temperate fruits in relation to the mean values for lipid,
carbohydrate and protein content.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(i)
(j)
(a)
2 max
(d)
Agrostis stolonifera
(e)
Poa trivialis
(f)
(g)
3 max
(h)
(i)
(j)
2 max
2 max
mistletoe;
high proportion of lipid and carbohydrate
(lipid has approximately twice the energy content
of protein and carbohydrate);
2 max
[17]
2.
absorption of water;
(embryo) increases respiration;
(embryo) secretes GA to (aleurone layer);
(stimulates) production of amylase;
digestion of starch to smaller sugars / maltose;
mobilize to tissues / transport of foods /
nutrients to embryo;
3.
B.
C.
D.
Reduced roots
C
7
(Total 1 mark)
4.
The leaves of plants are adapted to absorb light and use it in photosynthesis. Draw a labelled
diagram to show the arrangement of tissues in a leaf.
(Total 6 marks)
Award [1] for each of the following structures, shown in the correct relative position
and labelled. Individual cells are not needed but do not penalize if they are shown.
upper epidermis;
palisade layer / mesophyll;
spongy layer / mesophyll;
lower epidermis;
xylem (in a major or minor vein);
phloem (in a major or minor vein);
collenchyma (in the midrib);
guard cells; (do not accept stoma / stomata only)
[6]
5.
6.
Glucosinolates are chemicals found in some vegetables, which are responsible for the taste of
horseradish, wasabi and broccoli. There are two types of glucosinolate, aliphatic and indolyl.
They have been found to have many positive health effects, including carcinogen detoxification
and antioxidant properties. Different varieties of broccoli vary in their content of glucosinolates
as shown in the graph below. Researchers have found that 61% of the variation in aliphatic
glucosinolate concentration is due to genetic factors compared with 12% for indolyl
glucosinolates.
K ey:
p ro g o itrin (a lip h a tic )
g lu c o ra p h a n in (a lip h a tic )
g lu c o b ra s s ic in (in d o ly l)
25
20
G lu c o s in o la te
15
c o n c e n tra tio n /
1
m o l g d ry m a ss
10
5
0
B rig a d ie r
Packm an
P e tro
V a rie ty o f b ro c c o li
[Source: E H Jeffery et al., Nutrition Today, (2002), 37, page 208)
(a)
Using the graph, compare the amount of aliphatic glucosinolates among the different
varieties of broccoli.
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9
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Using the data, explain how outbreeding could be used to develop a new variety of
broccoli with increased glucosinolate content.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
(a)
(b)
3 max
[6]
7.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of water stress on cucumber (Cucumis
sativus) seedlings. Cotyledons were detached from four day old seedlings and treated with
polyethylene glycol (PEG), a water absorbing compound. -amylase activity was measured in
cotyledons treated with PEG at concentrations of 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. This enzyme catalyses
the conversion of starch into maltose. The mean results are shown in the graph.
10
0 .3
- a m y la s e a c tiv ity p e r
p a ir o f c o ty le d o n s
/ m o l m a lto s e m in 1
0 .2
0 .1
0
0
D u ra tio n o f tre a tm e n t / d a y s
[Source: D Todak, et al., (2000), Journal of Experimental Botany, 51, pages 739745]
(a)
(b)
Compare the -amylase activity in the cotyledons treated with 20% PEG with those
treated with 30% PEG.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Deduce the relative free sugar content of the cotyledons treated with 20% PEG compared
to those treated with 30% PEG.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
11
(d)
Suggest reasons for the change in activity of -amylase during water stress.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
(a)
(b)
no substantial increase in activity in the 20% treatment over the five days of the
experiment / 30% sample reaches maximum activity two days after start of treatment;
higher level of activity at all times for 30% treatment compared with 20% treatment;
activity approximately six times higher for 30% treatment than for 20% treatment on
day two;
any other appropriate numerical example;
2 max
(c)
30% treatment will have greater amount of free sugars (maltose) than
20% treatment
(d)
8.
Use and conservation preferences for savanna trees were investigated in a West African country.
Residents from different villages evaluated the importance of 20 woody species for eight
different uses: edible fruits, vegetable sauce, construction, firewood, medicine, commerce, field
trees and conservation. The following data is based on answers from 200 residents.
N u m b er o f resp o n se s
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
20
15
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A d a n s o n ia d ig ita ta
A tz e lia a fr ic a n a
A n n o n a s e n e g a le n s is
B a la n ite s z e g y p tia c a
B o m b a x c o s ta tu m
D e ta r iu m m ic ro c a r p u m
D io s p y ro s m e s p ilifo r m is
F ic u s s y c o m o r u s
G a rd e n ia e r u b e s c e n s
L a n n e a m ic ro c a r p u m
P a r k ia b ig lo b o s a
P e r ic o p s is ta x iflo r a
P ilio s tig m a th o n n in g ii
P le ro c a r p u s e r in a c e u s
S te rc u lia s e tig e r a
S tr y c h n o s s p in o s a
T a r n a r in d u s in d ic a
V ite lla r ia p a r a d o x a
V ite x t d o n ia n a
X im e n ia a fr ic a n a
E d ib le
fru its
K ey:
do not know
V e g e ta b le
sau ce
C o n s tru c tio n
n o t im p o rta n t
F ire w o o d
M e d ic in e
C o m m e rc e
m o d e ra te ly im p o rta n t
F ie ld
tre e s
C o n s e r v a tio n
p r io rity
v e ry im p o rta n t
12
[Source: Economic Botany; Kristensen and Lykke, reprinted by permission from Economic Botany, vol. 57 (2), pages 203217,
Kristensen and Lykke. Copyright 2003, The NewYork Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York]
(a)
(b)
State the category of use for which villagers have most difficulty in finding useful
species.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
13
(c)
Compare the usefulness of species in providing edible fruit with their usefulness for
vegetable sauce.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Determine the percentage of species that are valued entirely as very important in at
least three categories.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Suggest a property of the wood from P. erinaceus that makes it one of the preferred
species for use in building houses.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
(a)
Vitellaria paradoxa
(b)
construction
(c)
(d)
3
100 15%
20
Do not need to show working
(e)
2 max
strength;
resistance to insect attack eg termites;
attractiveness;
14
resistant to decay;
flexible;
not too heavy;
easy to cut;
tradition;
1 max
[6]
9.
In order to prevent transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to the stigma of the same plant
(self-pollination), the sunflower (Helianthus spp) anther sheds its pollen before the stigma is
mature enough to receive it. Early in the morning the anther is exposed by elongation of the
filaments. The anthers open at this time to release their pollen (anthesis). The stigma appears
above the anthers by late afternoon, and by the following morning it is fully receptive.
To see how the filament (F) and the style (S) are affected by light, their lengths were measured
at time intervals starting 12 hours before anthesis (12). Some plants were grown in continuous
white light (L24) and some plants grown under cycles of 16 hours white light followed by 8
hours dark (L16/D8). The results are shown in the graph.
[Source: Lobello et al, Journal of Experimental Botany, (2000), 51, pages 14031412]
(a)
Filaments of the plants grown in continuous white light increased in length by 0.25 mm in
the 28 hours after anthesis. Calculate how much the filaments of the plants grown in
alternating white light and dark increased during the same period.
15
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Compare the increase in the length of the style in the plants grown in continuous white
light with those grown in alternating white light and dark.
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....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
The table compares the percentage of ovules that have been fertilized and developed into seeds
in sunflower plants grown under continuous white light with those grown under alternating
light and dark. The numbers represent the mean one standard deviation.
(c)
Light treatments
11.40 7.76
58.26 4.06
Explain the differences in the percentages of ovules fertilized using the data in the graph
about the growth of filaments and styles.
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....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
16
(d)
Explain how standard deviation (SD) shown in this table can be used to help in
comparing the effect of light treatments on the fertilization of ovules.
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(3)
To analyse the effect of growth regulators on filament elongation, further experiments were
performed in the dark, white light and red light. The flowers were treated with auxin or with
gibberellic acid and compared to a control with no growth regulator. The results are shown in
the bar chart below.
17
(e)
Identify, with reasons, which factors promote and which factors inhibit the elongation of
filaments.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(f)
(a)
(b)
cyclic light makes style grow almost immediately while with continuous
light it takes longer to start to grow / L16 / D8 starts growing in first hour
while L24 style starts growing after 6 hours / growth is more gradual in L24;
with continuous light the style grows less / continuous (L24) grows to 9.8 mm
while cyclic (L16 / D8) grows to 10.2 mm / little difference after 28 hours;
in both cases growth only starts with anthesis;
2 max
(c)
(d)
(e)
3 max
3 max
18
2 max
[14]
10.
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
R oot
L eaves
F ru it
S te m
P la n t P a rt
[Source: M Blom-Zandstra et. al., Sodium fluxes in sweet pepper exposed to varying sodium concentrations,
Journal of Experimental Botany (1 November 1998), vol. 49, issue 328, pp. 18631868,
by permission of Oxford University Press]
(a)
(i)
19
(ii)
Calculate the percentage increase in sodium ion concentration between root and
stem.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
20
(b)
Suggest why a high sodium ion concentration in the cells of the stem is important in
providing support to this type of plant.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(d)
Scientists also found that the concentrations of sodium ion in cells of the stem and in
xylem sap were the same. Explain why this led the scientists to believe there was no
active transport between xylem and stem.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Suggest one possible method of transport of sodium ions between xylem and stem.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
21
The graph below shows the sodium ion concentration of the xylem sap in relation to the
distance from the base. Two experiments were performed.
Experiment 1: plants grown in 15 mM sodium chloride solution only
Experiment 2: plants grown in 15 mM sodium chloride solution and then transferred to a
sodium-free solution for an extra week
K ey:
S o d iu m io n c o n c e n tra tio n /
m M
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
40
60
80
e x p e rim e n t 1
100
e x p e rim e n t 2
120
140
(f)
State the relationship between sodium ion concentration and distance from the base of the
stem in experiment 1.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(g)
(i)
State the sodium concentration when the stem is 50 arbitrary units from the base in
plants for each of the following.
Experiment 1: .................................................................................................
Experiment 2: .................................................................................................
(1)
22
(ii)
Explain the difference in the sodium ion concentration in this part of the stem in
plants of experiment 1 and experiment 2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(h)
Compare the distribution of sodium ions in the stems of plants in both experiments.
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....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
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(3)
Water transported in xylem is transpired through stomata in leaves. The electron micrograph
shows one stoma of the lower epidermis of the leaf of a Simon bamboo (Arundinaria simonii).
Its magnification is 3000.
[Source: Courtesy of Professor Zulma E Rgolo, Instituto Darwinion, Buenos Aires, Argentina]
(i)
(i)
23
(ii)
Calculate the real size of the stomatal pore. Show your working.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(j)
Explain two abiotic factors that affect transpiration rate in this leaf.
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....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 18 marks)
(a)
(i)
2 mM kg
(ii)
(units required)
180 () or
(b)
cells in stem absorb water (by osmosis) providing turgidity / turgor pressure
(c)
(d)
1
1
1
1 max
(e)
(f)
sodium ion concentration decreases as you get further away from the
base / vice versa
(g)
(i)
experiment 1: 17mM
experiment 2: 6mM
(h)
(i)
(i)
Award mark if line drawn off the image but it must be 21(1)
mm.
(ii)
Units are required, allow for ECF. Also accept answer in cm.
(j)
25