Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyallin
darija : Local and global in
Moroccan hip hop culture
Sarali Gintsburg
14.1 Introduction
The culture of hip hop was born in the poor neighborhoods
of New York in the 1970s but today it is popular all over the
world. After the first official hip hop song Rappers Delight
was recorded in 1979, it took only about a decade for hip hop to
spread from the Black ghettoes of the East Coast to Los
Angeles, to become liked by Chicanos, and to conquer poor
neighborhoods of Lagos, Cape Town, Casablanca, Tokyo,
Shanghai, and Rio de Janeiro to mention just a few.
One cannot disagree with LeVine, who argues that if heavy
metalbroughtdowntheIronCurtain,hip-hop has become the
musicoftheageofglobalization(2007: 42). Indeed, today we
extend the term hip hop generation once introduced by
Kitwana (2002) as an attribution of Black American youth and
apply it to youth throughout the globe. The reason of such a
huge popularity of the hip hop culture is probably hiding in its
multilingual nature: elements of youth culture, street culture,
prison culture, personal style, together with elements of
entertainment give voice to those who have been lacking it for a
long time and contribute now to creating the unique
phenomenon of the hip hop culture.
Morocco became one of those countries where hip hop
culture has been adopted. It became fairly popular in the
country within a blink of an eye. Its evolution from a purely
14.2 Origins
American hip hop Technically, hip hop has debuted on the
musical scene of the United States to a considerable degree
thanks to the movements initiated by Ronald Reagans
administration national policy that worsened living conditions
of African Americans by launching the racially inclined
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
GhiwaneandJilJilalacontainedonlysubtlepoliticalcritique
(2007: 36), these two groups are still fashionable among
Moroccan hip hoppers. They often refer to their songs in their
texts and see them as precursors of Moroccan hip hop (Caubet,
2005, 2010, 2011; Miller & Caubet, unpublished).
(Fnaire, Why)
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
14.4 Self-Identity
American hip hop As Best & Kelner (1999) note, hip hop
culture is a form of articulating identity and self-assertion.
Indeed, lyrics of American hip hoppers clearly declare their
identity: in general, they distinguish themselves as a complete
antithesis to whites and Western civilization. Sometimes, the
desire to stick with identity is so strong and the words are so
extremethattheysoundlikeblacknationalistfervor(Best&
Kelner, 1999). The roots of hip hop culture lie in the musical
and cultural activities of such artists as Afrika Bambaataa and
his gang Zulu Nation, who saw a direct connection between
black Americans and African Zulus. The influence of these
ideas is of great importance for rappers of younger generations
as well:
ImanAfrican,neverwasanAfrican-American
Blacker than black I take it back to my origin
Same skin hated by the Klansmen.
Bignoseandlips,bighipsandbutts,dancin,what
(Dead Prez, I am an African)
At the same time, American hip hop is inspired to a large
degree by activities of black heroes of the Civil Rights
Movement and Black Power, such as Malcolm X, Martin
Luther King. They feel strongly connected to them:
No Malcolm X in my history text, why is that?
Cause he tried to educate and liberate all blacks.
(2Pac, Words of Wisdom)
While direct ties of American hip hop culture pioneers with
the shoot off of Islam called Five Percenters, and later N.O.I Nation of Islam, which had a direct impact on the shaping of the
hip hop style that could be traced in the lyrics, the same cannot
be applied to the Islamic faith itself. Although a considerable
part of US hip hoppers, such as Lupe Fiasco, is converted to
Islam or born Sunni Muslims, direct connotations to the religion
of Islam are rarely found in their texts. Below is an exception to
the rule, the lines spitted by Lupe Fiasco:
GsupalongwithMuhammadandJesus,
In the Quran they call him Isa.
DontthinkOsamaandSaddamisourleader,
We pray for peace, but the drama intrigues us.
(Lupe Fiasco, Muhammad Walks)
Another important trend, intrinsic to American hip hop, is
that it is very local in the sense that the black race is associated
with life in the hood (Forman, 2002: xvii). This is why in rap
songs one often hears names of different hoods such as the
Bronx, South Central Los Angeles or Compton, as well as street
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
[We are Arabs, we are Muslims, and we have our Book and
our religion.]
(Caza Crew, Arabi)
IfforthehiphopsceneintheUSAassociationwithraceis
certainlystrongerthanassociationwithnation(Best& Kelner,
1999), this is not the case for their Moroccan counterparts and
in this sense Moroccan hip hop is not of a local nature. Hence, it
is not of great importance for a Moroccan rapper to lay a special
emphasis on the city, the area, or the hood he comes from. He
prefers to represent all Arabs, all Muslims, all Moroccans, or at
least all Moroccan hoods. Sometimes, however, references to
specific places occur in the texts: Casa mdinti (Casa is my city)
by V-Mic and Isssawa style by H-Kayne.
14.5 Protesting
American hip hop Although songs of protest of previous
generations have inspired it, American hip hop very seldom
touches on political issues and human rights. Among the few
gangs that attempted to perform music with a message
(Sullivan, 2011: 205) were New York based Public Enemy and
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
10
Flow is trying to wake up Arabs and stand for their rights in the
song called 9oli3LashSaket1 (Tell me why are you silent?)
be-laqq xen naml yed fe-lyed
w-qul n-i waed yqd:
hadu arab amigo
[Really, we need to take each others hands and say to the
one who can do that:
TheseareArabsforyou,amigo!]
(Zan9a Flow, 9oli 3Lash Saket)
14.6 Crime
American hip hop It is an essential part of American hip
hop culture to praise criminal aspects of life of Black America
and to romanticize them. This is what Best & Kelner (1999) call
ghetto realism or Gangsta or G-rap. Gangsta rappers rap about
reality, or, as they call it the real, but their reality is
marginalized, since it is restricted by the limits of their hood.
The lines below give a perfect outline of what kind of the real a
Gangsta rapper can refer to:
Soyouwannareallyknowwhatsrealonthemik
My little homie Pac lost his life
East Coast, West Coast, gun talk rules
Cocaine, big wheels, hoes and juice.
(Ice-T, Gangsta Rap)
Generally speaking, Gangsta texts show little or no concern
for economics or any other issues linked to everyday life in the
hood.
Moroccan hip hop Rhymes of some Moroccan rappers
have been obviously inspired by the Gangsta rap, Zan9a Flow
and its leader, Muslim, are cases in point. However, such
1
I maintained the transcription used by the singers for all of the song titles
mentioned in this chapter.
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
11
Gangsta texts are very few, which means that the Gangsta rap
has not become a real trend in Moroccan hip hop culture, which
mostly focuses on politics, and social and religious issues. The
same group Zan9a Flow describes the hardships of living on the
streets:
zenqa manuna
llemat-ni n fe-qliyya manuna
u-nxelli ns yxf
men ba yetermn
[Street is a crazy place,
It taught me to think is a narrow way,
And I scare people off
Me so that they would have respect for us.]
(Zan9a Flow, Machi Ana li Khtart)
Suchtextsalsotellaboutthereal,although it is difficult to
find traces of romantic perceptions.
14.7 Enemies
American hip hop The image of enemies in the US hip hop
rhymes is usually very concrete and clear. This image has
travelled to hip hop from old slave songs black Americans used
to sing generations ago. It is linked to the white man, Western
civilization and most governmental institutions imposed by the
white man. Some texts are filled with bitterness and grievance:
Check yourselves,
Know what if means to be black Whether a man or girl
Werestillstrugglinginthis
White mansworld.
(2pac, Whitemansworld)
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Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
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14.8 Sexism
American hip hop A lot of texts, especially those that
belong to the Gangsta rap, are full of sexist terms, such as
bitches, hos, hoodrats and others. Kitwana explains this by the
youth radicalism of American hip hoppers caused by racism,
high incarceration rates and unemployment (Kitwana,
2002: 87). Others see the reason of having the desire to put
women to a verbal shredder, smoke dope and keep living a
gangsta life erasing the distinction between pessimism and
apathy (Best & Kelner, 1999). If nothing has changed and there
is no way one can escape life in the hood, then the only thing
left is to enjoy it:
MakinsureIdontmissthehomecominatHoward,Hawaii
to D.C.
Itsplentywomentosee,
Soifyoassdontshowupitsmorewomenforme.
(Ludacris, PimpinAroundtheWorld)
Moroccan hip hop Unlike in American hip hop culture,
Moroccan hip hoppers do not produce sexist texts, or any texts
offensive to women. In general, if a Moroccan rapper decides to
talk about love, he will rather prefer to talk about his love to his
parents (Caubet, 2010: 102-103). In this sense, Moroccan hip
hop is very local, since it takes into consideration local
traditions and codes. DJ Khalid from the Meknes based group
H-Kayne puts it in one of his interviews in the following way:
Werespectcertainvalues,wehaveethics,weprefertospend
timeinacoffeeshopdressedinaqandouraandsmokehookah
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14.9 Conclusion
Moroccan hip hop shares a lot with American hip hop. There
are, however, differences. These are mostly conditioned by
cultural and environmental features, intrinsically related to each
of the two countries. If American hip hop is mainly seen as a
voice of black marginalized people and its target audience
consists of, with minor exceptions, guys from the hood, this is
Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
15
not the case with the Moroccan one. Moroccan rappers make
use of the key elements of American hip hop thehood,the
street,therealandtheenemybuttheyusetheminamore
general or global sense. The Moroccan hood (l-awma) and
street (z-zenqa) are inhabited by all those to whom local rappers
refer to as melmin (the oppressed ones). Like in the case of
American rappers, awma and zenqa are the main sources of
inspiration for Moroccan hip hoppers (Caubet, 2005: 241).
However, for a Moroccan rapper the melmin represent the
whole Moroccan nation, the African continent, the Islamic
Oumma and the Arab world. Consequently, the image of enemy
or aduw in Moroccan hip hop includes all those, who oppress
the melmin the police, the Moroccan government, the West
and Zionists.
Local cultural and historical features make Moroccan hip
hoppers turn to religious issues, such as Islamic values and
problems of Muslims all over the world. At the same time, only
very seldom one can find in Moroccan rap sexist motifs that are
so typical for the American one.
By and large, despite its popularity, Moroccan hip hop
culture is not constrained by the money drive, which
characterizes US rap stars. The subversive spirit of a Moroccan
hip hopper enables him to raise topics in his lyrics that are very
sensitive in Moroccan society. Moroccan hip hop is very
politicized and used as a modern means of satire on political,
religious and social issues in todays Morocco and the outer
world.
If an American rap text is rooted in protest movements
against racial discrimination, Moroccan singers protest against
social and political discrimination of the Moroccan race. In
other words, American rappers identify themselves as a
marginal group, and their Moroccan counterparts as an integral
part of the Moroccan, and even broader, Arab people.
Some themes strongly associated with American hip hop
culture, such as sexism and romanticizing criminal life, do not
resonate with their Moroccan counterparts. This is due to the
fact that Moroccan youth are torn between traditions and
modernity: they want changes, they are not happy with the
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current state of affairs but at the same time they are an integral
part of their native unique Moroccan culture that combines
Islamic, Arabic, Amazigh and African elements.
References
ABOU EL-AAZM, A, 2006, Intgration, Identit et Parole
politique des jeunes, Master 2, Universit Sorbonne 1, Paris.
ABU GHANIM, K., 2009, Les changements de la nouvelle
musique jeune au Maroc (in Arabic), Universit Mohamed
V, Agdal, Rabat.
AGADID, Z., 2008, La Musique rap Casablanca (in Arabic),
Master, Universit de BeniMsick, Facult des lettres et
sciences humaines, Mohamedia.
BEST, S. & KELNER, D.,1999,Rap,BlackRage,andRacial
Difference,Enculturation, no 2.
CAUBET, D., 2005, Gnration darija?!, Estudios de
dialectologa norteafricana y andalus (EDNA), no 9, p. 233244.
CAUBET, D., 2010, La Nayda par ses texts, Magazine
Littraire du Maghreb (MLM), no 3-4, p. 99-105.
CAUBET, D., 2011, Nayda ou les enfants de Ghiwane,
MARCHESANI & JOSEPH (eds.), Omar Sayed raconte
Nass El Giwane, Mohamedia, Senso Unico & Editions du
Sirocco, p. 278-285.
FORMAN, M., 2002, The Hood Comes First. Race, Space,
and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop, Connecticut, Wesleyan
University Press.
KITWANA, B., 2002, The Hip Hop Generation. Young Blacks
and the Crisis in African American Culture, BasicCivitas
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LAMARKBI, N., Fivre hip-hop au Maroc in Jeune Afrique,
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Yo!Illspitmyrapforyall in darija
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Discography
2pac Shakur, 1996, Whitemansworld from the album The Don
Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.
2Pac Shakur, 1991, Words of Wisdom from the album
2Pacalypse Now.
9achla O-Din, 2006, Na3sine, single.
Caza Crew, 2006, Arabi from the album Khatwa.
Dead Prez, 2000, I am a African from the album LetsGetFree.
Don Bigg, H-Kayne, Khansa & Steff Ragga Man, 2007,
Smani, single.
Don Bigg, 2010, l7asoul from the album Byad Ou K7al.
Don Bigg, 2010, Bouliss from the album Byad Ou K7al.
Don Bigg, 2010, Karianist from the album Byad Ou K7al.
Fnaire, 2009, Golih Goleh, single.
Fnaire, 2009, Why, single.
Geto Boys, 1995, No Sellout from the album Grip It on That
Other Level.
H-Kayne, 2005, Isssawa style from the album HK 1426.
Ice-T, 2006, Gangsta Rap from the album Gansta Rap.
Ludacris. 2005, PimpinAroundtheWorld from the album The
Red Light District.
Lupe Fiasco, 2007, Muhammad Walks, single.
V-Mic, 2006, Casa mdinti, single.
Yassine Badrat, 2006, Ill freak you like that, single.
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