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Principles of Earthquake
Engineering of Bridges
Part 2. Structural Analysis
PrinciplesR.
ofA.
Earthquake
Engineering
forEvans
Bridgesand Associates, Inc., San Diego, CA
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Dameron,
PE, David
OUTLINE
z
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INTRO - contd
DESIGN ANALYSIS
Global models to obtain member force and structure displacement
demands
for routine projects, models are typically elastic
EQ simulation is typically with response spectra
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INTRO - contd
PREDICTION ANALYSIS
Global Analysis models with material and geometric
nonlinearity
EQ simulation with time history input (NTHA)
Local Nonlinear Analysis models to assess capacity, failure
mode, or local displacement history
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Much of this was initiated/funded by Caltrans extensive literature/data now available from
reports by
UCSD, UCB, UCI, UCD, UNR, USC, and many other
universities
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Budek, Benzoni,
Priestley: Experimental
Investigation of Ductility
of In-Ground Hinges in
Solid and Hollow
Prestressed Piles
Principles of Earthquake Engineering for Bridges
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Modeling of Components
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Steps to follow
(especially for
evaluating &
retrofitting
existing bridges)
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RSA METHODS
Sometimes models analyzed frame by frame
Elastic modeling of members and foundations
Expansion Joints addressed with Tension
and Compression Models
Foundations represented with Mass,
Stiffness, and Damping Matrices
(shown in more detail later with an example)
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PILE ELEVATION
CONCRETE DECK
P/C OR R/C
M- ELEMENT
HORIZONTAL P-Y
SPRINGS
(MODEL NONLINEAR STIFFNESS
AND RADIATION DAMPING)
VERTICAL Q-U SPRING
(INCLUDES PLUNGING FUSE)
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2
Force, "P"
P-Y Curves
derived from
various programs
1
2
3
Lateral Deflection, "Y"
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NTHA contd
M- Curves Varying with Axial Load
OAD
IA L L
G AX
EASIN
ES S
Moment
INC R
E STR
OR P R
Curves Derived
from M-
Analysis Program
for Different Axial
Loads
Curvature
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Welded steel
Prestr. Concr. <1/2 yield
R/C < 1/2 yield
R/C with signif. cracking
Foundations
2-3%
2-3%
3-5%
5-7%
10%
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Joint
Elastic Superstructure
Nonlinear Contact
Dampers Springs or restrainers
F=CV1.0
Nonlinear
Col. Hinge
(M- behavior coupled
to axial force)
Ground Node
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Nonlinear-Elastic
Material
Shear
Force
(kips)
0
-700
-50
50
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CapBeam Shear
Retrofit
NTHA
Response
Biaxial Flexure Env.
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Brooklyn-Queens Expressway
Unique three-level (1948)
concrete cantilevers
Pile supported retaining
walls
Vital transportation link
Consultant team:
Analytical studies of
concrete structures by
ANATECH
Project Lead:
Parsons Transp. Group
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BQE CR Structures
PROMENADE
PROMENADE
EASTBOUND
EASTBOUND
WESTBOUND
WESTBOUND
OPENING IN
OPENING IN
DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM
WALL
WALL
DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM
WALL
AT
WALL
AT
2.54
M O.C.
2.54 M O.C.
FURMAN ST.
FURMAN ST.
STEEL
STEEL
H-PILES
H-PILES
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APPROACH
TOOL
CAPACITIES
- STRENGTH
CODE FORMULAE
SPREADSHEETS
CAPACITIES
DISPL / DUCTILITY
DETAILED LOCAL
CYCLIC PUSHOVER
ANACAP / ABAQUS
SSI MODELS
ANACAP / ABAQUS
SPATIAL VARYING
SEMI-GLOBAL
MODELS
ADINA
DEMANDS
MOMENT / SHEAR
SAP-2000
DEMANDS
DISPLACEMENTS
NTHA, LOCAL
MODELS
ANACAP / ABAQUS
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Expected
Damage to
Wall
Shear Failure of
Roadway Slab
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Modeling of Reinforcement
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Bridge Facts
Replacement of existing 1936 structure.
Total length of bridge, 340 meters
12 Spans, 3 CIP/PT Box Girder Spans and 9
PC/PT Box Beam with CIP Deck Spans
Railroad right-of-way restrictions require
highly skewed bents.
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Elevation
(meters)
KSOIL
(kN/m)
(deg)
(kN/m)
50
k
(kN/m)
14.38
Sand Fill
18.07
34
---
---
24,430
15.71
30
---
---
6,790
9.43
---
---
1.19
---
---
13.01
Silty Clay Fill
12.40
Woodwaste
7.98
Woodwaste
1.20
Silty Gravel
9.83
36
---
---
16,300
11.40
38
---
---
33,900
-0.32
Sandy Gravel
At depth
Table W5
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Rigid Eccentricities
Rigid Eccentricities
Rigid Eccentricities
Foundation Springs
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.
.
.
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
TOTAL
Frequency
(Hz)
2.091
2.282
2.727
2.815
3.010
3.171
3.466
3.515
3.650
3.688
.
.
.
11.994
12.035
12.080
12.107
12.116
12.173
12.205
12.208
12.216
12.249
12.252
Mass Participation
X
Y
Z
27.30
1.65
1.24
52.57
1.30
1.41
0.05
0.25
0.02
0.49
4.50
0.12
3.33
0.14
0.00
0.37
0.84
2.19
0.13
0.01
0.18
0.64
0.48
0.93
1.35
0.00
25.42
0.01
0.03
21.85
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
95.06
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
50.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
91.24
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Acknowledgements
We wish to thank:
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