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Project 0-6564
Improved Cross Frame Details
On-Going Research
Project 0-6719
Strengthening Continuous Steel Girders With
Post-Installed Shear Connectors
On-Going Research
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Kenneth Ozuna
Ken Lin
Research
Objectives
1. Investigate cross frame
connection details for
skewed steel girder
bridges
2. Investigate different
bracing layouts
3. Improve stability and
fatigue performance
Bearing
Stiffeners
Bent Plate
Cross Frame
Bearing
Stiffeners
Cross Frame
Bent Plate
Cross Frame
Computational Modeling
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Computational Modeling
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Results
Bent Plate Connection:
acceptable for end frames
avoid for intermediate cross frames
half-pipe stiffener provides a better alternative
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Results (cont.)
Benefits of half-pipe stiffener:
Increased stability and safety of girders during all
stages of construction.
Better control of end twist during construction .
Serves as bearing stiffener.
Potentially eliminate first line of intermediate
cross frames near support.
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Results (cont.)
Design of half-pipe stiffener:
Hand calculation method determine modified
effective length of girder for buckling calculations.
UT Bridge software
Updated to incorporate the half-pipe stiffener
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Results (cont.)
Consider use of staggered intermediate cross-frames in
skewed bridges.
Avoid congestion near supports
Better fatigue performance due to lower induced
live load force
Continuous:
Staggered:
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Research Objective
Investigate behavior of TxDOT standard cross frames:
Stiffness
Strength
Fatigue
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Research Objective
Develop and evaluate potential improvements to
cross frame details.
Single diagonal cross frames
Use of tubular members
Use of double-angle members
Unconventional connection details
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Knife Plate
Detail
Double Angle
Detail
T-Stem Detail
Cast Connection
Detail
Single Angle
Detail
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Project Objective
Develop techniques to strengthen existing continuous
multi-span non-composite steel girder bridges, through
the use of post-installed shear connectors.
Key Concept:
Strengthen existing non-composite steel
girder bridges.by developing
composite action
Post-installed
shear connector
concrete deck
steel girder
Load Rating
Before Retrofit
After Retrofit
Inventory Level
HS 10.6
HS 17.5
Operating Level
HS 17.6
HS 29.1
Project 0-6719:
Extend concepts developed in 0-4124 and 5-4124:
Use post-installed shear connectors to strengthen
continuous multi-span girders with inadequate
flexural capacity in negative moment regions.
Challenge:
Composite action is less efficient in negative
moment regions concrete is in tension.
Possible Approaches:
Use post-installed shear connectors in negative
moment region- using reinforcing steel for
composite action
Use post-installed shear connectors in positive moment
region allow redistribution of moment from negative to
positive moment regions
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