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81
E1
E1
Comportamiento
quebradizo
E1
Comportamiento
dctil con suavizado
de la deformacin
E1
Comportamiento
Comportamiento
dctil (plstico) sin dctil con
cambio
endurecimiento de la
deformacin
82
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83
Ley de fractura
de Coulomb
en compresin
50
MPa
C
C
tan
Cul es el
ngulo
observado entre
la superficie de
fractura y 1 ()?
2
n
-20
MPa
-50
MPa
S
~30
grados
84
Extension test
a)
b)
2= 3
d)
c)
e)
1= 2
Extension
fracture
Splitting
fracture
Shear
fracture
1 - 5%
2 - 8%
Shear
zone
5 - 10%
Distributed
shearing
> 10%
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85
Confinamiento
0.1 MPa
Confinamiento
98 MPa
Confinamiento
49 MPa
86
ESQUEMA DE DEFORMACION
EN LA ESCALA DE GRANO DURANTE
ENSAYES DE ROCA
a)
Crecimiento de microfracturas
Acuamiento de granos
Extensin lateral en granos
ms suaves propicia el
fracturamiento de granos ms
duros
Deslizamiento de fracturas
inclinadas
b)
wedge
flaw
d)
c)
softer
sliding
crack
stiffer
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44
87
88
Normal
Horizontal
Inversa
Mixta
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89
3
2
strike-slip faults
2
2
3
return to menu
90
Fallas normales
conjugadas
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46
91
92
B 140
Resistencia de fluencia
Rupture
Elastic
Limit
100
80
60
40
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
Strain(in%)
2.0
2.5
C 140
Differential Stress (in MPa)
Yield Strength
120
120
100
Fricitional Sliding
Along Fault
80
60
40
20
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0
Strain (in%)
2.5
3.0
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47
93
MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
slider block
spring
table
top
pull
increases ...
block yet
to move
and
increases ...
94
MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
stress
fault is formed
elastic
strain
stress
fault is formed
elastic
fault moves by stick-slip
strain
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95
Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening
C
300
Yield
Strength
Ultimate
Strength
Un
comportamiento
plstico
produce un cambio irreversible en
la forma como resultado de un
reordenamiento de los enlaces
qumicos en la retcula cristalina,
sin llegar a fallar!
A
Rupture
Strength
200
100
3
4
Strain (%)
96
Como el
chicle
Figure 3.53 Protrayal of ideally plastic
deformation. Stress () is raised, but no
strain () accrues until a critical threshold is
exceeded. From that point on, under ideal
conditions, deformation continues as long
as the stress level is maintained.
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97
EL COMPORTAMIENTO PLASTICO
SE MODELA
98
ENDURECIMIENTO Y SUAVIZADO
DE DEFORMACION
stress
weaking
strength drop
inelastic
elastic
snap
becomes
harder
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50
99
300
80
70
60
200
40
20
100
Crown Point Limistone
8
10
Strain, percent
12
14
16
100
500
Berea Sandstone
All Runs at 24C
Pf = 0 MPa
400
Pf = 50 MPa
300
Pf = 100 MPa
200
Pf = 150 MPa
100
Pf = 200 MPa
10
12
14
Strain (in %)
16
18
20
22
24
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51
101
260
-1 /sec
-2 /sec
= 4.0 x 10
240
= 4.0 x 10
220
-3 /sec
200
= 3.3 x 10
-4/sec
180
160
Differential Stress, MPa
LA RESISTENCIA
AUMENTA AL
AUMENTAR LA
TASA DE
DEFORMACION
= 4.0 x 10
= 3.3 x 10
-5 /sec
140
= 3.3 x 10
120
-6 /sec
100
= 3.3 x 10
-7/sec
80
= 3.3 x 10
-8 /sec
60
Yule Marble
40
20
0
8
10
Strain (%)
12
14
16
18
102
Weakest
Quartzite
Granite
Quartz-cemented sandstone
Basalt
Limestone
Calcite-cemented sandstone
Schist
Marble
Sahle/mudstone
Anhydrite
Salt
Meters
Strongest
10
a.
0
1
2
3
4
5
b.
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103
Ms fuertes
Rocas ultramficas y
mficas
granitos
El papel de la litologa
en la resistencia y
ductilidad (para un
rgimen dctil; corteza
profunda o inferior)
esquistos
dolomitas
calizas
cuarcitas
Ms dbiles
104
2000
LA TEMPERATURA
DISMINUYE LA
RESISTENCIA
25C
1500
300C
1000
500C
500
700C
800C
0
10
15
Strain (in%)
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105
COMPORTAMIENTO
VISCOSO (FLUIDO)
106
Stress ( )
Yield Stress
Strain Rate ( )
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107
Air
Water
Olive oil
Honey
Glycerin
Lava
Asphalt
Pitch
Ice
Rock salt
Sandstone slab
Asthenosphere (upper mantle)
Lower mantle
108
TRANSICIN
FRAGIL-DUCTIL
Figure 5.7-14: Strength envelopes as a funcion of depth and material
H
500
(MPa)
-500
-1000
DR
Y
.42
= 0.7
=0
BYHY
D
30
Quartz
40
BY
-H
Y
=0
.7
=0
Depth(km)
20
DR
Y
=0
10
-1500
0.
42
=1
Olivine
50
Extension
Compression
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109
A
B
SHEAR
RESISTANCE
B
0
u
3 km/s
A
FR
FR
10
QP
DEPTH
?
QR
20
DEPTH
110
IMPLICACIONES
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