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ENSC 14a

Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Basics of
Heat Transfer

Engr. FRANCIS M. MULIMBAYAN


BSAE / MSMSE
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INSTRUCTOR

Department of Engineering Science


University of the Philippines Los Banos
College, Los Banos, Philippines

Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Thermodynamics
Deals with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state
to another
First Law requires that the rate of
energy transfer into a system should
be equal to the rate of increase of
energy of the system
Second Law requires that heat is
transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
Makes no reference to how long the
process will take
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Heat Transfer
Deals with the determination of the rates of energy transfer in

the form of heat


Deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium
Engineering Heat Transfer
Rating Problems deal with the determination of heat transfer

for an existing system at a specified temperature difference


Sizing Problems deal with the determination of the size of a
system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified
temperature difference.

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Heat
Form of energy that can be transferred from one system to

another as a result of temperature difference.


Sensible Heat
Heat absorbed or given off by a substance that is not in the

process of changing its phase.


Latent Heat
Heat absorbed or given off by a substance while it is changing

its phase.
Specific Heat ( , )
Represents energy required to raise the temperature of a unit

mass of a substance by one degree in a specified way.


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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Total Energy
Sum of

thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical,


magnetic, chemical, and nuclear energy.

Microscopic Energy
Forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system

and the degree of the molecular activity


Internal Energy (U)
Sum of all microscopic forms of energy of solids and stationary

fluids
Enthalpy (H)
Represents the microscopic energy of flowing fluids.
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Units of Energy
SI unit: kilojoules (kJ)
English: British Thermal Unit (BTU)
1 BTU = 1.055056 kJ

1 cal = 4.1868 J

British Thermal Unit


Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 lbm of water at

60F by 1F.
Calories
Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at

14.5F by 1C.
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Energy Balance for a Closed System

= =
Energy Balance for a Steady-Flow Systems

= =

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Introduction
Amount of Heat Transfer (kJ or Btu)

=
Heat Transfer Rate (kW or Btu/hr)

Heat Transfer per unit length (kW/m or Btu/hr-ft)

Heat Flux (kW/m or Btu/hr-ft)

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Heat Generation (kW/m or Btu/hr-ft)

Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Application Areas of Heat Transfer

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Modes of Heat Transfer

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Modes of Heat Transfer

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a

substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of


interactions between the particles.
Transfer of thermal energy in solids or fluids at rest
In fluids, conduction is due to collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion.
In solids, it is due to combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and energy transport by free electrons.
Depends on the geometry, thickness and material composition
of the medium and on the temperature difference across the
medium.
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Physical Mechanism of Conduction
The thickness and area of a given large plane

wall is = and , respectively.


The temperature difference across the wall
is,
T = T2 T1
Experiments revealed that,
T
QA
L
Incorporating the proportionality constant
and letting x 0, results to

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
The temperature gradient is the slope

of the temperature curve on the T-x


diagram
Thermal conductivity of a material is
the measure of the ability of the
material to conduct heat.
The negative sign indicates that the
heat transfer in the positive x
direction is a positive quantity.

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Sample Problem 9.1

Calculate the rate of heat transfer through a pane of window glass


( = 0.81 W/m-K) 1 m high, 0.5 m wide, and 0.5 cm thick, if the
outer surface temperature is 24C and the inner-surface
temperature is 24.5C.

1 2
=
=

0.81
1 0.5 24.5 24

=
0.005
= .
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Convection
Convection
Thermal energy is transferred to or from a fluid near a solid

surface
Conduction with added complexity of thermal energy transfer
by moving fluid molecules
Physical Mechanism
Energy is first transferred to

the air layer adjacent to the


block by conduction.
The energy is then carried
away from the surface by
convection
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Convection

Types of Convection
Forced Convection
Also known as assisted

convection
Occurs when fluid motion is
induced by an external mean
such as pump or fan
Natural Convection
Also known as free convection
Brought by buoyancy forces due

to density differences caused by


temperature variations in the
fluid

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Convection

Newtons Law of

Cooling
= ( )

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient ()


Depends on all the variables influencing convection such as

surface geometry and orientation, flow regime, properties of


fluids, bulk velocity, etc.
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Sample Problem 9.2

Calculate the rate of heat transfer by natural convection


between a shed roof of area 20 m x 20 m and ambient air, if the
roof surface temperature is 27C, the air temperature is -3C,
and the average convection heat transfer coefficient is 10
W/m2-K.

= 10 2
20 20 (27

(3))
= 120,000
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Radiation Heat Transfer
Thermal energy is transferred

by electromagnetic waves
Does not require medium
Electromagnetic radiation
Emitted by all bodies with

temperature greater than


absolute zero
e.g. x-rays, gamma rays,
microwave, television waves

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation

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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Thermal Radiation
Radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Gives the blackbody emissive power or the maximum rate of

radiation per unit surface area that can be emitted by a body at


an absolute temperature
, =
W
Btu
8
8
= 5.67 10 2 4 = 0.1714 10
m K
hr ft 2 R4
As = Surface area in 2 2
Blackbody
Idealized surface that emits radiation at its maximum rate
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Emissivity,
Ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface at a given

temperature to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the


same temperature.
Real Surfaces
Radiation emitted is always less than the radiation emitted by

blackbody at the same temperature.


=
Irradiation, G
Radiation flux incident on a surface from all directions

Radiosity, J
Radiation flux leaving a surface from all directions
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Absorptivity ()
The fraction of irradiation

absorbed by the surface


Reflectivity
The fraction of irradiation reflected

by the surface
Transmissivity
The fraction of irradiation

transmitted by the surface

++=
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Opaque material
It has =
It allows thermal radiation to be

emitted or absorbed within the


first few microns of the surface,
and thus radiation for this
material are said to be a surface
phenomenon.
Semi-transparent material
Allows certain type of radiation

to penetrate while inhibits other


type of radiation.
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Radiation
Net Radiation Heat Transfer
Difference between the rates of radiation emitted by the

surface and the radiation absorbed


The emitted radiation is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The absorbed radiation is
Simplifying Assumptions
Radiation exchange occurs between surfaces in which =

and that =
All surfaces involved are opaque, that is, =
Each surface is isothermal and diffuse

= [ ]
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Chapter 9 Basics of Heat Transfer


Conduction
Sample Problem 9.3
A long, cylindrical electrically heated rod, 2 cm in diameter, is in
a vacuum furnace. The surface of the heating rod has an
emissivity of 0.9 and is maintained at 1000 K, while the interior
walls of the furnace are black and are at 800 K. Calculate the net
rate at which heat is lost from the rod per unit length.

= [ ]
= (.
) . .

= .

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