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Basics of
Heat Transfer
its phase.
Specific Heat ( , )
Represents energy required to raise the temperature of a unit
Microscopic Energy
Forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system
fluids
Enthalpy (H)
Represents the microscopic energy of flowing fluids.
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1 cal = 4.1868 J
60F by 1F.
Calories
Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at
14.5F by 1C.
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= =
Energy Balance for a Steady-Flow Systems
= =
=
Heat Transfer Rate (kW or Btu/hr)
1 2
=
=
0.81
1 0.5 24.5 24
=
0.005
= .
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surface
Conduction with added complexity of thermal energy transfer
by moving fluid molecules
Physical Mechanism
Energy is first transferred to
Types of Convection
Forced Convection
Also known as assisted
convection
Occurs when fluid motion is
induced by an external mean
such as pump or fan
Natural Convection
Also known as free convection
Brought by buoyancy forces due
Newtons Law of
Cooling
= ( )
= 10 2
20 20 (27
(3))
= 120,000
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by electromagnetic waves
Does not require medium
Electromagnetic radiation
Emitted by all bodies with
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Gives the blackbody emissive power or the maximum rate of
Radiosity, J
Radiation flux leaving a surface from all directions
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by the surface
Transmissivity
The fraction of irradiation
++=
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and that =
All surfaces involved are opaque, that is, =
Each surface is isothermal and diffuse
= [ ]
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= [ ]
= (.
) . .
= .