Optimal Power Flow

PowerSystemEconomics
andMarketModeling
M2:OptimalPowerFlow
2001SouthFirstStreet
Champaign,Illinois61820
+1(217)384.6330
support@powerworld.com
http://www.powerworld.com
PowerWorldSimulatorOPFand
LocationalMarginalPrices
ThisSectionwill:
ProvidebackgroundonOptimalPowerFlow(OPF)
Problem
ShowhowOPFisimplementedinPowerWorldSimulator
OPF
DemonstratehowSimulatorOPFcanbeusedtosolve
smallandlargeproblems
ProvidehandsonSimulatorOPFexamples
TalkaboutsplittingthecostatabusintoEnergy,Losses,
andCongestion
DemonstrateOPFresults/visualizationonalargesystem
M2:Optimal Power Flow
2014PowerWorld Corporation
OptimalPowerFlowOverview
Thegoalofanoptimalpowerflow(OPF)isto
determinethebestwaytoinstantaneously
operateapowersystem.
Usuallybest=minimizingoperatingcost.
OPFconsiderstheimpactofthetransmission
system
WellintroduceOPFinitiallyignoringthe
transmissionsystem
IdealPowerMarket No
TransmissionSystemConstraints
Idealpowermarketisanalogoustoalake.
Generatorssupplyenergytolakeandloads
removeenergy.
Idealpowermarkethasnotransmission
constraints
Singlemarginalcostassociatedwithenforcing
theconstraintthatsupply=demand
buyfromtheleastcostunitthatisnotatalimit
thispriceisthemarginalcost
TwoBusExample
Total Hourly Cost : 8459 $/hr
Area Lambda : 13.02
Bus A
Bus B
300.0 MW
199.6 MW
AGC ON
300.0 MW
400.4 MW
AGC ON
MarketMarginalCostisDetermined
fromNetGenCosts
Belowaregraphsassociatedwiththistwobussystem.
Thegraphontheleftshowsthemarginalcostforeach
ofthegenerators.Thegraphontherightshowsthe
systemsupplycurve,assumingthesystemisoptimally
dispatched.
16.00
16.00
15.00
15.00
14.00
14.00
13.00
13.00
12.00
12.00
0
175
350
525
Generator Power (MW)
700
350
700
1050
Total Area Generation (MW)
Current generator operating point

1400
Marginal Cost ($ / MWh)
VariationinMarginalCostfor
NortheastU.S.
80.0
For each value of

generation there
is a single, systemwide marginal cost
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
60
100
140
180
Total Generation (GW)

RealPowerMarket
Differentoperatingregionsimposeconstraints
totaldemandinregionmustequaltotal
supply
Transmissionsystemimposesconstraintson
themarket
Marginalcostsbecomelocalized
Requiressolutionbyanoptimalpowerflow
OptimalPowerFlow(OPF)
Minimizecostfunction,suchasoperatingcost,
takingintoaccountrealisticequalityand
inequalityconstraints
Equalityconstraints
Busrealandreactivepowerbalance
Generatorvoltagesetpoints
AreaMWinterchange
Transmissionline/transformer/interfaceflowlimits
OptimalPowerFlow(OPF)
Inequalityconstraints
Transmissionline/transformer/interfaceflowlimits
GeneratorMWlimits
Generatorreactivepowercapabilitycurves
Busvoltagemagnitudes(notyetimplementedin
SimulatorOPF)
AvailableControls
GeneratorMWoutputs
LoadMWdemands
Phaseshifters
AreaTransactions
10
OPFSolutionMethods
NonlinearapproachusingNewtonsmethod
Handlesmarginallosseswell,butisrelativelyslow
andhasproblemsdeterminingbindingconstraints
LinearProgramming(LP)
Fastandefficientindeterminingbinding
constraints,buthasdifficultywithmarginallosses
11
PrimalLPOPFSolutionAlgorithm
Solutioniteratesbetween
Solvingafullacpowerflowsolution
Enforcesreal/reactivepowerbalanceateachbus
Enforcesgeneratorreactivelimits
Systemcontrolsareassumedfixed
Takesintoaccountnonlinearities
solvingaprimalLP
Changessystemcontrolstoenforcelinearized
constraintswhileminimizingcost(orcontrolchange)
12
LPSolution
Problemissetuptobeinitiallyfeasiblethrough
theuseofslackvariables
Slackvariableshavehighmarginalcosts;LP
algorithmwillremovethemifatallpossible
Slackvariablesareusedtoenforce
Area/superareaMWconstraints
MVAline/transformerconstraints
MWinterfaceconstraints
13
TwoBusExample NoConstraints
Withno
overloadsthe
OPFmatches
theeconomic
dispatch
Bus A

Area Lambda : 13.01
13.01 $/MWh
Bus B
300.0 MW
197.0 MW
AGC ON
Transmission
lineisnot
overloaded
13.01 $/MWh
300.0 MW
403.0 MW
AGC ON
Marginalcostofsupplying
powertoeachbus
(locationalmarginalcosts)
14
TwoBusExamplewithConstrained
Line
Area Lambda : 13.26
13.43 $/MWh
Bus A
Bus B
380.0 MW
260.9 MW
AGC ON
13.08 $/MWh
300.0 MW
419.1 MW
AGC ON
Withthelineloadedtoitslimit,additionalloadatBusAmust
besuppliedlocally,causingthemarginalcoststodiverge.
15
Handson:ThreeBusCase
LoadB3LPcase.InRunModegototheAddOns ribbontab.
IntheOptimalPowerFlow ribbongroupselectPrimalLPto
solvethecase.(Initiallylinelimitsarenotenforced.)
Bus 2
60 MW
60 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
0 MW
10.00 $/MWh
120 MW
120%
0 MW
60 MW
Total Cost
1800 $/hr
120%
120 MW
60 MW
10.00 $/MWh
Bus 3
180 MW
0 MW
180 MW
LinefromBus1
toBus3isover
loaded;allbuses
havesame
marginalcost
16
Handson:ThreeBusCase
Toenforcelinelimits:
FromtheOPFribbongroup,SelectOPFOptions
andResults toviewthemainoptionsdialog
SelectConstraintOptions Tab
Removethecheck
inDisableLine/
TransformerMVA
LimitEnforcement
ClickSolveLPOPF
17
ThreeBus(B3)Example
Considerathreebuscase(bus1issystem
slack),withallbusesconnectedthrough0.1pu
reactancelines,eachwitha100MVAlimit
Letthegeneratormarginalcostsbe
Bus1:10$/MWhr;Range=0to400MW
Assumeasingle180MWloadatbus3
18
SolvingtheLPOPF
AllLPOPFcommandsareaccessedfromtheLP
OPFmenuitem.
Beforesolving,wefirstneedtospecifywhat
constraintstoenforce
SelectOPFCaseInfoOPFAreastoturnonarea
constraint;setAGCStatustoOPF
InitiallywelldisablelineMVAenforcement
SelectOPFCaseInfo OptionsandResults andgoto
theConstraintOptionstab
CheckDisableLine/TransformerMVALimit
Enforcement
19
B3withLineLimitsNOTEnforced
Bus 2
60 MW
60 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
0 MW
10.00 $/MWh
120 MW
120%
180 MW
0 MW
60 MW
Total Cost
1800 $/hr
120%
120 MW
60 MW
10.00 $/MWh
Bus 3
180 MW
0 MW
LinefromBus1
toBus3isover
loaded;allbuses
havesame
marginalcost
20
LineLimitEnforcement
PreviousLPtableauwas
PG1
1.00
PG2
1.00
PG3
1.00
S1
1.00
b
0.00
S1
1.00
0.00
S2
b
0.00 0.00
1.00 -0.20
Linelimittableauis
PG1
PG2
PG3
1.00 1.0
1.00
0.00 -0.33 -0.66
Firstrowisfromenforcingareaconstraint
SecondrowisfromenforcingthelineflowMVA
constraint
21
B3withLineLimitsEnforced
Bus 2
20 MW
20 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
60 MW
12.00 $/MWh
100 MW
100%
80%
120 MW
0 MW
80 MW
80%
Total Cost
1921 $/hr
100%
100 MW
80 MW
14.01 $/MWh
Bus 3
180 MW
0 MW
LP OPF redispatches
to remove violation.
Bus marginal
costs are now
different.
22
VerifyBus3MarginalCost
Bus 2
19 MW
19 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
62 MW
12.00 $/MWh
100 MW
100%
81%
119 MW
0 MW
81 MW
81%
Total Cost
1935 $/hr
100%
100 MW
81 MW
14.01 $/MWh
Bus 3
181 MW
0 MW
OneadditionalMW
ofloadatbus3
raisedtotalcostby
14$/hr,asG2went
upby2MWandG1
wentdownby1MW
23
Whyisbus3LMP=$14/MWh
Alllineshaveequalimpedance.Powerflowin
asimplenetworkdistributesinverselyto
impedanceofpath.
Forbus1tosupply1MWtobus3,2/3MWwould
takedirectpathfrom1to3,while1/3MWwould
looparoundfrom1to2to3.
Likewise,forbus2tosupply1MWtobus3,2/3
MWwouldgofrom2to3,while1/3MWwouldgo
from2to1to3.
24
Whyisbus3LMP=$14/MWh?
Withthelinefrom1to3limited,noadditional
powerflowsareallowedonit.
Tosupply1moreMWtobus3weneed
Pg1+Pg2=1MW
2/3Pg1+1/3Pg2=0;(nomoreflowon13)
SolvingrequiresweupPg2by2MWanddrop
Pg1by1MW anetincreaseof$14.
25
MarginalCostofEnforcingConstraints
Similarlytothebusmarginalcost,youcanalso
calculatethemarginalcostofenforcingaline
constraint
Foratransmissionline,thisrepresentsthe
amountofsystemsavingswhichcouldbe
achievediftheMVAratingwasincreasedby
1.0MVA.
26
MVAMarginalCost
ChooseOPFCaseInfo OPFLinesand
Transformers tobringuptheOPFConstraint
Recordsdialog
LookatthecolumnMVAMarginalCost
27
WhyisMVAMarginalCost$6/MVAhr
Ifweallow1moreMVAtoflowontheline
from1to3,thenthisallowsustoredispatch as
follows
Pg1+Pg2=0MW
2/3Pg1+1/3Pg2=1;(nomoreflowon13)
SolvingrequireswedropPg2by3MWand
increasePg1by3MW anetsavingsof$6
28
BothlinesintoBus3Congested
0 MW
Bus 2
0 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
100 MW
12.00 $/MWh
100 MW
100%
100%
100 MW
0 MW
100 MW
Total Cost
3201 $/hr
100%
100%
100 MW
100 MW
20.00 $/MWh
Bus 3
250 MW
50 MW
For bus 3 loads

above 200 MW,
the load must be
supplied locally.
Then what if the
bus 3 generator
opens?
29
CasewithG3Opened
UnenforceableConstraints
Bus 2
53 MW
53 MW
Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
47 MW
12.00 $/MWh
151 MW
152%
100%
203 MW
0 MW
99 MW
99%
Total Cost
2594 $/hr
151%
151 MW
99 MW
1040.55 $/MWh
Bus 3
250 MW
0 MW
Both constraints
cannot be enforced.
One is unenforceable. Bus 3
marginal cost is
arbitrary
30
UnenforceableConstraintCosts
IsthissolutionValid?Notreally.
Ifaconstraintcannotbeenforceddueto
insufficientcontrols,theslackvariable
associatedwithenforcingthatconstraint
cannot beremovedfromtheLPbasis
marginalcostdependsuponthearbitrarycostof
theslackvariable
thisvalueisspecifiedintheMaximumViolation
CostfieldontheLPOPF,Optionsdialog.
31
LPOPFDialog,Options:
ConstraintOptions
Disablesenforcementof
Lineconstraints
Enforcement
tolerancedeadband;
neededbecause
ofsystemnon
linearities
Previouslybinding
lineconstraintswith
loadings
abovethisvalue
remainintableau
Similarfields
forinterfaces
Costofunenforceablelineviolations
32
WhyreportUnenforceableViolations
Simulatortriesitsbesttoremovetheline
violations.
Highmarginalpriceswillpointyoutowardtheline
violationswhicharecausingthesystemtobe
invalid.
Whatshouldyoudo?
Lookforgeneratorsthatarein/outofservicenearthe
constraint
Looktoseeifitsaloadorgeneratorpocketwithout
enoughtransmission
Considerignoringthelinelimit,orincreasingitsrating.
33
WhatdoestheMaximumViolation
CostforaConstraintrepresent?
Youcanthinkofitasapenaltyfunction
Thecostofviolatingtheconstraintisequalto1000
$/hourforeachMVAthatthelineisoverloaded
ThereforeifSimulatorsOPFdeterminesthatitwould
costmoretoenforcetheconstraint,thenitwilljust
paythiscostandoverloadtheconstraint
Thepenaltyfunctionwouldhavethefollowingform
Penalty Cost
($/hour)
Slope = 1000 $/MVAh

Transmission
Limit
Violation Amount
MVA
34
SpecifyingaPiecewiseLimitCostwith
theLimitGroups
EachLimitGroupcanspecifyapiecewiselimitcost
whichwillthenoverridethemaximumviolationcost
specifiedintheOPF
GototheTools ribbontabandselecttheLimitMonitoring
Settingsbutton.
GototheModify/CreateLimitGroupstab
RightclickonyourlimitgroupandchooseShowDialog.
Ontherightsideofthisdialog,youmaydefinethelimitcost
Thisallowsforamorecomplexpenaltyfunctionas
shownonnextslide
ThisallowstheOPFtodispatchtheamountofoverload
similartoageneratordispatch
35
SpecifyingaPiecewiseLimitCostwith
theLimitGroups
Penalty Cost
($/hour)
Slope =
1000 $/MWhr
Slope =
10 $/MWhr
100% of
Limit
Slope =
50 $/MWhr
105% of
Limit
110% of
Limit
Violation
Amount MVA
36
OPFLine/TransformerMVA
ConstraintsDisplay
Lineloadings
Settospecify
enforcementof
individuallines
Marginalcostsarenon Indicatesif
zeroonlyforlinesthat lineis
unenforceable
areactiveconstraints
37
CommonOptions
38
CommonOptions
ObjectiveFunctions:
MinimumCosts(includesgeneratorcostsandalsoload
benefitsifspecified)
MinimumControlChange(movethesmallestamount
ofgenerationand/orload)
LPControlVariablescanbedisabledglobally
PhaseShifters,GeneratorMW,LoadsMW,Area
Transactions,DCLineMW
MaximumNumberofLPIterations
PhaseShifterCost($/degree)
Thecostofmovingthephaseshifter.Normallythisis
zero(nocost)
39
CommonOptions
CalculateBusMarginalCostofReactivePower
SaveFullOPFResultsinPWBfile
DoDetailedLogging(i.e.,eachpivot)
StartwithLastValidOPFSolution
40
ControlOptions
41
ControlOptions
FastStartGenerators
ForgeneratorswiththecolumnFastStartsettoYES,
thesecheckboxesdetermineifthegeneratorsare
allowedtobeturnedonand/oroff
ModelingofOPFAreas/SuperAreas
DuringtheInitialOPFPowerFlowSolution
AtthestartofanOPFsolution,asolvedpowerflowsolution
mustbedetermined.AreaswhichareonOPFwillusethis.
ParticipationFactorisrecommended
DuringStandAlonePowerFlowSolutions
WhensolvinganormalPowerFlowSolution,thisspecifies
howareaswhichareonOPFcontrolwillbesolved.
ParticipationFactorisrecommended
42
ControlOptions
ModelingGeneratorsWithoutPiecewiseLinear
CostCurves
IgnoreThem(generatorswithcubicmodelsare
ignored)
ChangetoSpecifiedPointsPerCurve
ModifyTotalPointsperCostCurveasappropriate
ChangetoSpecifiedMWsperSegment
ModifyMWsperCostCurveSegment
SaveExistingPiecewiseLinearCostCurves
Ifuncheckedthenexistingpiecewiselinearcurvesare
overwritten
43
ControlOptions
TreatArea/SuperareaMWConstraintsas
unenforceableevenwhentheACEislessthan
theAGCTolerance
Defaultisthatthisoptionischecked
Whenchecked,area/superareaconstraintsare
unenforceablewhentheACEisnotzero
Whenunchecked,area/superareaconstraintsare
consideredenforceableiftheACEislessthanthe
AGCTolerance
44
ModelingGeneratorCosts
Generatorcostsaremodeledwitheithera
cubiccostorpiecewiselinearcostfunction
Costmodelis
specifiedonthe
generatordialog
TheLPOPFrequiresapiecewiselinearmodel(Itscalledalinear
programforareason).Thereforeanyexistingcubicmodelsare
automaticallyconvertedtopiecewiselinearbeforethesolution,
andthenconvertedbackafterward.
45
$ / MWh
ComparisonofCubicandPiecewise
LinearMarginalCostCurves
16.0
16.0
12.0
12.0
8.0
8.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
400
Continuousgeneratormarginal Piecewiselineargenerator
costcurve
marginalcostcurvewith
fivesegments
Thisconversionmayaffectthefinalcost.Usingmoresegments
betterapproximatestheoriginalcurve,butmaytakelongertosolve.
46
OPFCaseInformationDisplays
SeveralCaseInformationDisplaysexistforuse
withtheOPF
OPFAreas
OPFBuses
OPFDCLines
OPFGenerators
OPFInterfaces
OPFLoadRecords
OPFLinesandTransformers
OPFNomograms
OPFPhaseShifters
OPFSuperAreas
OPFTransactions
OPFZones
Toprovideagoodexampleofthesedisplays,goto
theApplicationMenuandchooseOpenCaseand
reopentheb7flatlp.pwbexamplecase
47
OPFAreaRecordsDisplay:
SpecialFields
ControlsTypesthatareavailable
XFPhase specifiesifphaseshiftersareavailable
LoadMWDispatch specifiesifloadcanbemoved
DCLineMW specifiesifDCMWsetpoint canbemoved
ConstraintTypeswhichshouldbeenforced
BranchMVA shouldbranchlimitsbeenforced
InterfaceMW shouldinterfacelimitsbeenforced(thiswillalso
applytonomogram interfaces)
IncludeMarg.Losses
SpecifiesifmarginallossesareusedintheOPF
48
OPFGenRecordsDisplay:
SpecialFields
FastStart
Shouldthegeneratorbeavailableforbeingturnedon/offbytheOPF
OPFMWControl(YES,NO,orIfAgcable)
ShouldthegeneratorbemadeavailableforOPFdispatch
ICforOPF
TheincrementalcostofthegeneratorusedbytheOPF(maybedifferentthan
actualICforcubiccostcurvegenerators)
InitialMW,Cost
TheoutputandcostatthestartoftheOPFsolution
DeltaMW,Cost
ThechangeintheoutputandcostforthelastOPFsolution
49
OPFSuperAreaRecordsDisplay:
SpecialFields
ControlTypesandConstraintTypescontinueto
begovernedbythesettingsbyArea
IncludeMarg.Lossesmustbespecifiedwith
theSuperArea
AGCStatus
RememberthatwhenaSuperAreaissettoanAGC
status,thisoverridestheareasinsideit.
50
CostofEnergy,LossesandCongestion
SomeISOdocumentsrefertothecostcomponentsof
energy,losses,andcongestion
GototheAddOns ribbontabandselectOPFCaseInfo
OPFAreas
ToggleIncludeMarg.LossescolumnofeachareatoYES
ChooseOPFCaseInfo PrimalLPtoresolve.
NowchooseOPFCaseInfo OPFOptionsandResults
GototheResultsTab
Gothethe BusMWMarginalPriceDetailssubtab
HereyouwillfindcolumnsfortheMWMarg Cost,Energy,
CongestionandLosses
51
CostofEnergy,LossesandCongestion
TheonlyvaluethatistrulyuniqueforanOPFsolution
isthetotalMWMarginalCost k
ThecostofEnergy,Losses,andCongestionare
dependentonthereference forEnergyandLosses
k Ek Ck Lk
52
CostofEnergy,Loss,and
CongestionReference
Thesereferencesmustbespecifiedbytheregion
beingdispatched:eitheranareaorsuperarea
Thisisforareas,sochooseOPFCaseInfo OPFAreas
RightclickonAreaTopandchooseshowDialog
GototheOPFTabandyouwillseeasectionofthis
dialogwhichisshownbelow.
SimilarsettingscanbefoundontheSuperAreadialog
53
CostofEnergy
Thecostofenergyateverybusinthearea(orsuperarea)issettothesame
value
n n
Ek
1 L
nN
n
1
L
nN
n
n : marginal cost at bus n

n : weighting factor at bus n
Ln : loss sensitivity at bus n
Thecalculationofthisvalueisbaseduponthespecifiedreference
Existinglosssensitivitiesdirectly:Costofenergyateverybusisequaltothecost
ofenforcingtheareaconstraintfortheareacontainingthebus,andtheformula
givenaboveisnotused
AreasBusLoads:Weightingfactoristheloadateachbusinthearea
InjectionGroup:Weightingfactoristheparticipationfactorofthepointsinthe
injectiongroup
SpecificBus:Weightingfactoris1forthespecifiedbusandzeroforeveryother
businthearea
Thelosssensitivityateachbusisalsodeterminedfromthesamespecified
reference
54
CostofLosses
Losssensitivitymustbecalculatedrelativetothe
specifiedreference
Existinglosssensitivitiesdirectly: Thesensitivitycontained
ineachbusLossMWSens field
AreasBusLoadsorInjectionGroup: Simulatorconvertsthe
losssensitivitiestoareferenceofhavinginjectionsateach
busabsorbedatadistributedsetofbusesdefinedbythe
Areasbusesweightedbyload,ortheinjectiongroupbuses
SpecificBus: Simulatorconvertsthelosssensitivitiestoa
referenceofhavinginjectionsateachbusabsorbedbythe
specificbus
Thecostoflossesateachbusisthenequaltothe
negativeoftheproductofthelosssensitivitytimesthe
~
costofenergy.
L
Lk
Ek
55
CostofCongestion
Thecostofcongestionissimplytheamountof
theMWMarginalCostwhichisleftover.
Ck k Ek Lk
Note:splittingthisamountintopiecesis
completelydependentonhowyouchoosethe
references
56
ExamplewithDifferentReferences
GototheAreaDialogforAreaTOP(1)
ChangethereferencesforAreaToptousetheAreasBusLoadsfor
thereference.
ChooseAddOns PrimalLP toresolve
Compareresultstopreviousonesandyouwillnotice
MWMarg.Costhasnotchanged
Energy,Congestion,andLossesarealldifferent
57
SuperAreas
Superareasarearecordstructureusedtohold
asetofareas
Byusingsuperareas,anumberofareascanbe
dispatchedasthoughtheywereasinglearea
ForasuperareatobeusedintheOPF,itsAGC
StatusfieldmustbeOPF
58
SevenBusExample Dispatchedas
ThreeSeparateAreas
ContourofBusLMPs
46 MW
46 MW
57 MW
1.00 pu
3
1.05 pu
1
96 MW
AGC ON
49 MW
150 MW
40 MVR
48 MW
Case Hourly Cost

13414 $/MWH
48 MW
49 MW
1.04 pu
74 MW
73 MW
5
4968 $/hr
50 MW
0 MW
1.02 pu
130 MW
40 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
0 MW
1.04 pu
6
25 MW
25 MW
50 MW
1.04 pu
25 MW
200 MW
Left Area Cost
0 MVR
4225 $/MWH
250 MW AGC ON
107 MW
AGC ON
7 MW
38 MW
2
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
38 MW
100%
Average
LMP=
$15.53/
MWh
80 MW
30 MVR
57 MW
25 MW
200 MW
0 MVR
Right Area Cost

4221 $/MWH
200 MW AGC ON
59
SevenBusCaseDispatchedas
OneSuperArea
ContourofBusLMPs
15 MW
15 MW
128 MW
1.00 pu
3
1.05 pu
1
64 MW
AGC ON
49 MW
150 MW
40 MVR
7 MW
Average
LMP=
$16.57/
MWh
49 MW
1.04 pu
Case Hourly Cost

12518 $/MWH
99%
283 MW
AGC ON
58 MW
15 MW
100%
98 MW
2
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
16 MW
100%
7 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
129 MW
98 MW
5
7637 $/hr
26 MW
110 MW
1.02 pu
130 MW
40 MVR
190 MW AGC ON
109 MW
1.04 pu
6
29 MW
29 MW
25 MW
1.04 pu
29 MW
200 MW
Left Area Cost
0 MVR
2493 $/MWH
150 MW AGC ON
29 MW
200 MW
0 MVR
Right Area Cost

2389 $/MWH
116 MW AGC ON
Netresult:Lowercost,yetwithsomehigherLMPs
60
Handson:Sevenbuscase
LoadtheB7FlatLPcase.Trytoduplicatethe
resultsfromtheprevioustwoslides.
Whatarethemarginalcostsofenforcingthe
lineconstraints?Howdothesystemcosts
changeifthelineconstraintsarerelaxed(i.e.,
notenforced)?Forexample,trysolving
withoutenforcingline1to2.
61
Handson:SevenBusCase
Modifythecostmodelforthegeneratoratbus
one.
Howdoeschangingfrompiecewiselineartocubic
affectthefinalsolution?
Howdothegenerationconversionparameterson
theoptiondialogaffecttheresults?
Tryresolvingthecasewithdifferentlines
removedfromservice.
62
SomemoreExamples
Theremainderoftheseslideswillpresent
somefurtherexamples
UsingtheOPFtoperformprofitmaximization
UsingtheOPFonaverylargesystem
63
LPApplication:ProfitMaximizationon
30BusSystem
30-Bus Case Demo Case
Demand
232.30 MW
Generation
237.07 MW
53.78 MW
Cost
1271.09 $/hr
Losses
4.77 MW
71.00 MW
79%
N 1.000
57%
19
14
28
3
6
9
102%
57%
25.29 MW
Gen 13 LMP
7.00 $/MWh
20 MW
12
11 MW
11
18
15
70%
16
13
17
19 MW
13 MW
12 MW
68%
26
27.00 MW
23
75%
25
54%
22
21
42.00 MW
20
21 MW
10
24
2 MW
18.00 MW
52%
91%
27
29
30
ThenextslidesillustratehowtheOPFcanbeusedtostudytheimpactofbidson
profit.Assumebus13generatorhasatruemarginalcostof$7/MWh.
64
ProfitMaximization
Ifthebus13generatorwerepaidthemultiple
ofitsbusLMPanditsoutput,itsprofitwould
be:
Profit=LMP*MW 7*MW
Whatshouldthegeneratorbidtomaximizeits
profit?Thisproblemcanbesolvedusingthe
OPFwithdifferentassumedgeneratorcosts.
65
ProfitMaximization
Generator 13 Profit
30
Profit ($ / hr)
25
20
15
10
5
0
7
10
11
12
Generator 13 Bid ($ / MWh)
Generator13sbestresponseistobidabout$9.5/MWh
66
ProfitMaximization
30-Bus Case Demo Case
Demand
232.30 MW
Generation
236.66 MW
47.50 MW
Cost
1313.42 $/hr
Losses
4.36 MW
64.59 MW
77%
N 1.000
55%
19
14
28
3
8
9
100%
10.58 MW
20 MW
12
13
16
8 MW
11
18
15
62%
63%
Gen 13 LMP
9.50 $/MWh
17
14 MW
16 MW
55%
16 MW
70%
26
23
87%
25
22
24
21
45.00 MW
20
22 MW
10
36.00 MW
1 MW
33.00 MW
63%
82%
27
29
30
LMPcontourswithgenerator13maximizingitsprofit
67
ApplicationofLPOPFtoa
LargeSystem
NextcaseisbasedupontheFERCForm715
1997SummerPeakcasefiledbyNEPOOL
Casehas9270busesand2506generators,
representingasignificantportionoftheEastern
Interconnecttransmissionandgeneration
Estimatedcostdataformostgeneratorsin
NEPOOL,NYPP,PJM,andECAR
Theseregionsweremodeledasasuperarea
Resultsdevelopedbyjointprojectbetween
PowerWorldandU.S.EnergyInformation
Administration
68
NEPOOL/NYPP/PJM/ECARSupply
Curve
Increm entalcost($/M W hr)
80.0
Superarea
hastotal
generation
ofabout
160GW,
withimports
of2620MW
60.0
Flatportionofcurve
at10$/MWhr repre
sents generatorswith
defaultdata
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
50000
100000
Total Area Generation (MW)
150000
200000
69
CaseHEVTransmission
70
NYPP/NEPOOLLowerVoltage
Transmission OptimalSolution
Theconstrained
linesareshown
withthelarge
redpiecharts
71
BusMarginalPrices
LargeRange
Totaloperatingcost=$4,445,990/hr
72
BusMarginalPrices
NarrowRange
73
BusMarginalCosts IndividualAreas
withBasecaseInterchange
Totaloperatingcost=$4,494,170/hr,anincreaseof$48,170/hr
74
SuperareaCaseAgain
85MWGenat6642isoff
75
SuperareaCase
85MWGenat6642isOn
76

Optimal Power Flow

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PowerSystemEconomics

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Current generator operating point

Marginal Cost ($ / MWh)

For each value of

Total Generation (GW)

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Total Hourly Cost : 8459 $/hr

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

For bus 3 loads

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Slope = 1000 $/MVAh

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

n : marginal cost at bus n

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Case Hourly Cost

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Right Area Cost

Case Hourly Cost

Right Area Cost

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

Generator 13 Bid ($ / MWh)

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

M2:Optimal Power Flow

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