Professional Documents
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Indian Journal of
Dental Research
CONTENTS
Editorial
Authorship
B Sivapathasundharam ........................................................................................................................................................................
Original Research
Effect of chemical surface treatments and repair material on transverse strength of repaired acrylic denture resin
Mahroo Vojdani, Sakineh Rezaei, Lila Zareeian ...................................................................................................................................
Self-assessment of facial form oral function and psychosocial function before and after orthognathic surgery:
A retrospective study
Vinod Narayanan, Shankar Guhan, Sreekumar K, Ashok Ramadorai ..................................................................................................
12
The effect of post-core and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors
Sendhilnathan Dakshinamurthy, Sanjna Nayar ....................................................................................................................................
17
22
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of an herbal dentifrice against Streptococcus mutans and
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Yogesh Kumar Vyas, Maheep Bhatnagar, Kanika Sharma ...................................................................................................................
26
Effect of three commercial mouth rinses on cultured human gingival fibroblast: An in vitro study
Flemingson, Emmadi Pamela, Ambalavanan N, Ramakrishnan T, Vijayalakshmi R ............................................................................
29
The diagnostic and prognostic implications of silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions in periodontal lesions
Mini Saluja, Vandana KL ......................................................................................................................................................................
36
Review Articles
Platelet-rich fibrin: Evolution of a second-generation platelet concentrate
Sunitha Raja V, Munirathnam Naidu E .................................................................................................................................................
42
47
Dentistry and Ayurveda - IV: Classification and management of common oral diseases
Sunita Amruthesh ...............................................................................................................................................................................
52
Case Reports
Odontogenic myxoma of maxilla
Sivakumar G, Kavitha B, Saraswathi TR, Sivapathasundharam B ........................................................................................................
62
66
70
74
78
Symposium Report
ISDR International symposium on research priorities in Dental Science and technology in Asia and Africa
M Rahamatulla .....................................................................................................................................................................................
83
Journal Reviews
Einstein A, Sathyakumar M ..................................................................................................................................................................
85
51
88
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Dentistry and Ayurveda - IV: Classification and management
of common oral diseases
Sunita Amruthesh
Received
Review completed
Accepted
PubMed ID
ABSTRACT
: 26-07-06
: 01-07-07
: 26-07-07
:
This article, the fourth in the series titled Dentistry and Ayurveda, describes in brief the
panchakarma therapy, which is a distinctive feature of the Ayurvedic method of detoxifying
the body. The various therapies and medicines used in Ayurveda have been elaborated. Further,
an attempt has been made to correlate dental diseases in Ayurveda with the modern-day
classification, clinical features, and management.
Key words: Alternate medicine, Ayurveda, complementary medicine, dental diseases, dentistry,
integrated medicine
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
(KIRIYA KALPA)[1-6]
To preserve normal dental health, different methods are
advised for regular practice, such as the following:
1. Dantha dhavani (brushing)
2. Mukha prakshalan
3. Kavala (gargling)
4. Gandoosha
5. Abhyanga (oil massage)
6. Vyayama (exercise)
7. Pratimarsha nasya (errhine therapy)
PANCHAKARMA[2,6,8-14,16,22,25]
The Panchakarma therapy aims to purify the body at the
gross and subtle levels as well as to clean the channels of
the body to enable free ow of nutrients, medicaments, and
metabolites. The living human body consists of innumerable
channels called srotas. Ayurveda advocates that samsodhana
is the way to clean these channels in order to enable the
organism to heal itself spontaneously as well as to enable
the medicaments reach the target sites more easily. Thus,
samsodhana is considered a prerequisite before all kinds of
medications and therapeutic interventions. There are two
forms of samsodhana: (1) external purication by way of
PANCHAKARMA
PURVA KARMA
PASHCHYAT KARMA
VAMANA
VIRECANA
VASTI
(Emesis)
(Purgation)
(Enemata)
ANUVA SAN
Corespondence:
Dr. Sunita Amruthesh,
E-mail: sunitamruth@yahoo.com
Indian J Dent Res, 19(1), 2008
or samsarjana karma)
PRADHANA KARMA
(Oily enema)
SIROVIRECANA
(Insuflation)
RAKTAMOKSANA
(Blood letting)
ASTHAPANA
(Decoction enema)
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FORMS OF MEDICINES
Powders, lambatives, decoctions, medicated oils (taila),
medicated ghees (ghritas),[17-19] confections, and wines are
the forms of medicines. Ingredients for the drugs such
as roots, leaves, etc., should be culled in the appropriate
seasons.
Illness management is a four-part procedure:
1. Shodan: cleansing by panchakarma
2. Shaman: palliation or reduction of intensity of the
disease; there are seven types of shaman:
a. Dipan: kindling the digestive re for vata and kapha
disturbances
b. Pachana: burning the toxic waste
c. Ksud-nigrah: fasting
d. Trut-nigrah: observing thirst
e. Vyayam: yoga-exercise
f. Aap-seva: sunbathing
53
Amruthesh
Ama
Undigested, unabsorbed, and unassimilated food particles
are sticky and adhere to the tissues and clogging channels,
interfering with the normal functioning of the body
organs. Cleansing eliminates ama, dietary and life-style
interventions are initiated according to the disturbed
doshas (body materials and psychic abnormalities) and the
prakriti (physical and mental constitution of a person) and
are accompanied by spiritual nurturing, removing chinta
(serious worry), physical exercise, and yoga practice.
Mercury is considered a yogavali or activator of other drugs.
Metals and mineral preparations, called bhasm, are used
extensively in Ayurvedic medicine, Gold, silver, copper,
mercury, zinc, tin, arsenic, gypsum, lime, alum, borax,
silica, diamond, ruby, emerald, sapphire, jade, moonstone,
sunstone, turquoise, and mica are commonly used.
Rasayana[15,20-22]
They are general tonics and have multipotent power for
rejuvenating all body tissues. Drugs prescribed in Ayurveda
primarily consist of herbs, bhasm, rasas, and medicated oils
(for topical application, nasal instillation, and enemas). In
Ayurveda, a single herb is rarely administered to a patient;
it is usually a combination of several herbs.
And data on more than 5000 Indian medicinal plants have
been compiled in the compendium of Indian plants.
Ayurvedic formulas are used to improve health and as
adjuvants in conjunction with other methods of treatment.
The most popular is chyavanprash. It can be taken daily
with food. It promotes a healthy appetite and improves
digestion and absorption of food; increases bowel tonicity;
strengthens the colon and intestine; regulates bowel
movements; and builds up good health by promoting the
levels of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins, and
removing undesirable fats. It also assists natural immunity,
maintains new tissues, increasea red blood cell count and
haemoglobin synthesis, cleara toxic materials from the body,
and improves blood ow. It helps with relaxation, sound
sleep, and coping with stress, fatigue, and the mental strains
of daily life. It also renews vital energy, strengthens mental
and physical functions, alleviates nervous tension and
anxiety due to stress, and supports creativity by increasing
mental energy.
Moreover, rasayanas provide relief from morning stiffness
at the joints and postexercise joint and muscle pain, and
Indian J Dent Res, 19(1), 2008
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Amruthesh
Yoga[4,5,7-9,11-14,16,20,22-25]
Yoga is used as a therapy to improve general health and
vitality. Yoga is dened as the nirodha (inhibition) viritti
(uctuations) of chitt (consciousness). It is the restraint of
the mental activity.
xii. Tormenting
xiii. Laughing
xiv. Sleep
xv. Avoidance of sleep
xvi. Riding
xvii. Music, dance etc.
II. Trividha chikitsa
A. Daivavyapasraya (invoking grace of Gods)
1. Chanting hymns
2. Wearing of plants, gems
3. Auspicious ceremonies, oblations, sacrice, vows
4. Expiatory rites, fasting, reciting holy chants
5. Surrendering to Gods
6. Pilgrimages
B. Yuktivyashrays: administation of food and drugs
C. Satvarajaya (controlling mind): control mind,
keeping it away from unhealthy thoughts
III. A. Apakarsana (elimination)
1. Bahya (external) - tumors, infections, foreign
bodies
2. Abhyantara (internal) emesis, purgation, etc.
B. Prakrutivighata samsamana (mitigational alleviation of diseases)
1. Use of oil massage
2. Sudation (fomentation)
3. Applying poultices
4. Pouring decoction or other liquids
5. Mild massage
C. Nidanatyaga (avoidance of cause): avoidance of
cold, heat, food, exercise; using things that are
unctuous, dry, etc., in accordance with the doshas
IV. A. Hetuviparita (opposite of cause): using materials that
are light, dry, and hot to keep away diseases caused
by materials that are heavy, unctuous, and cold
B. Vyadhiviparita (opposite of disease)
1. Mulopakrama (chief method)
a. Langhana (thinning)
b. Brhmana (fattening/stoutening)
2. Panchakarmas: ve puricatory therapies
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES[4-6,8-16]
I. Dhoomapana[4,9,10,12-15]
Dhoomapana is an important therapy, consisting of the
inhalation of medicated smoke through mouth or nose and
releasing it through the mouth. It is commonly indicated
in head, throat, nose, ear, and dental disorders.
Chikitsa (treatment)
Langhan
Fasting
Figure 2: Types of treatment
Indian J Dent Res, 19(1), 2008
Brahmn
Nourishing
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Amruthesh
B. 1. Rechana nasya
2. Tarpana nasya
3. Shamana nasya
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Amruthesh
of
the
face
and
oral
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I. Osta roga
1. Vataj osta roga
2. Pittaja osta roga
3. Kaphaja osta prakopa
4. Sannipathaja osta prakopa
5. Rakthaja osta prakopa
6. Mamsaja osta prakopa
7. Medoja osta prakopa
8. Kshathaja osta prakopa
9. Khandausta (harelip)
10. Grandhi (cyst)
11. Jalaarbuda (mucocele)
12. Gandalaji (cellulitis)
Vataj osta prakopa: Vata doshas vitiate, and osta (lip) is stony
hard, rough, stiff, blackish, painful, and has ssures. A typical
treatment for the condition consists of: (1) abhyanga with
chatur snehas and madooschista (beeswax) or yastimadu +
lodra + sariba + shravani + neelothphala + patola + kaka
machi + tailam (til oil); (2) nadi sweda (sweating therapy
using a tube) with vata haradravya kashaya (medicine/
decoction that corrects vitiated vata, e.g., eranda patr
(castor leaves), ksheera pakwa kashaya; (3) upanaha sweda
(poultices); (4) shirovasti (anointing the head) with vata
harataila, e.g., bala taila; (5) nasya with vataharataila, e.g.,
balataila; (6) pratisarana with (a) sarala niryasa, sarjarasa,
devadaru, and guggulu, yastimadu, (b) taila + ghritha +
sarjarasa + rasna + guda + saindhav lavana + gyrica
pakwataila + madooschistam for local application; and
(7) internal yogas ghrithapan (ghee), mamarasa sewana (meat
soup), shothahara, shoolahara (analgesic), and krimighna
(antibiotic) vranaropana yogas (preparation of medicines
that promote healing), e.g., tiiphalaguggulu, gangakrasayan,
and maharasnadi quatha (a decoction).
Clinical treatments have been described for all the other
diseases of the lips.
Amruthesh
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5. Dantha vydarbha
6. Vardhan /adhidantha : Removal of tooth followed
by agnikarma (cautery) and vrana chikitsa (wound
healing).
7. Adhimamsa (pericoronitis): Treatment includes:
(1) adhimamsa chedan (excision of excessive tissue),
pratisarana with vacha, chavya, patha, sarjakshara,
and yavakshara + madhu; (2) kavala: pippali + madhu;
(3) mukhadhavana (wash, gargle with decoction of
patola, triphala, and nimbatwak); (4) shirovirechan;
and (5) virechana dhooma.
8. Saushira (ANUG): kapha, pitta, and raktha doshas.
Treatment includes: (1) raktha mokshana; (2) chedan
and lekhan ; (3) pratisarana with lodra , musta ,
shatapushpi, triphala, rasanjan, patong, phalapushpa,
and katphala + madhu; (4) (a) gandoosha: decoction
of above drugs, (b) with ksheeri vruksha kashaya;
(5) nasya: with medicated ghritha pepared with sariva,
neelakamala yastimadhu, lodra, agara, and chandan (for
kalka) + 10 times the volume of milk, ghritha.
9. Maha saushira (noma): Treatment is a more vigorous
application of that given for saushira.
10. Paridhara
11. Dantha naadi (sinuses/stula osteomyelitis): (1) vataja,
(2) pittaja, (3) kaphaja, (4) sharyaja, dantha nadi, and
(5) tridoshaja. Treatment consists of: (1) upanaha
swedam (hot application), (2) nadividarana (incision
of sinus), (3) puyanirharana (drainage of abscess),
(4) prakshalana (currettage), (5) purana or pratisarana,
(6) nadivrana chikista, (7) dantha nirharana, (8) lekhana
(saucerization), (9) kshara (alkali) or agnikarma
(cauterization), and (10) pratisarana.
Dalana
Krimi dantha (dental caries)
Dantha harsha (hypersensitivity)
Bhanjaka
Dantha shaykara (calculus)
Dantha kapalika
Shyavadantha (pigmentation)
Hanumoksha (mandibular dislocation)
Danthavidradi
Karala
Chaladantha
Adidanth (supernumerary tooth)
Amruthesh
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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Gala shundi
Tundikeri
Adrusha
Kacchapa
Talu arbuda
Mamsa sanghata
Amruthesh
7. Talu pupputa
8. Talu sosha
9. Talu paka
1. Gala shundi: Treatment includes: (1) shaman chikista:
kavala, gandoosha, nasya, and dhoomapana; (2) chedan
karma with samdamshayantra and with mandalagra
shastra; (3) pashchyat karma (post chedan therapy) (a) pratisarana with maricha, ateesha, patha, vacha, kusta,
shyonak, rasna, saindhava lavana + madhu, (b) kavala with
the decoction of vacha, ativisha, patha, rasna, katuki, and
nimba, (c) dhoomapana with panchangee varthi prepared
by ingudi, kimihe, danthi, trivruth, and devadaru, (d)
kshara, siddha, mugda, yusha, and bhojan.
2. Tundikeri (tonsillitis): Treatment includes: (1) shamana
chikitsa : kavala , gandoosha , dhooma , and nasya ;
(2) shastra chikitsa (gala shundi); (3) pratisarana with
gruha dhooma + katuvarga dravyas; (4) nasya with taila
prepared from apamarga beeja (seeds), vishnukrantha,
dhanthi, vidanga; (5) saindhava lavana and tila kalka.
3. Adrusha (palatitis): Treatment includes: (1) shaman chikitsa:
(a) abhyanga, (b) pratisarana, (c) kavala, (d) gandoosha and
(2) shastra chikitsa.
4. Talu kacchapa (adenoma of palate): Treatment includes:
(1) shamana chikitsa: (a) abhyanga, (b) pratisrana,
(c) kavala, (d) gandoosha, (e) dhooma, (f) nasya; (2) shastra
chikitsa: chedana.
5. Talu arbuda (epithelioma of palate): It is due to vitiated
raktha dosha. There is no treatment since it is asadhya
vyadhi (incurable). Palliative measures include:
(1) chedana; (2) pratisarana with sarj akshara + shunti +
honey; (3) gandoosha with taila + madhu; (4) nasya with
teekshana (intensive) taila nasya.
6. Mamsa sanghata (broma of patate): It is caused by
kapha + raktha doshas. Treatment includes: (1) shaman
chikitsa; (2) chedan chikitsa as for galashundi.
7. Talu pupputa (cyst): Kapa dosha, medodhatu causes a
painless xed swelling. Treatment includes: (1) chedana,
lekhana; (2) pratisarana, kavala, nasya.
8. Talu sosha (atrophy/cleft palate): Vata and pitta vitiation,
vatapitta jwara. Treatment includes: (1) Treat the cause
(nidana parivarjanam); (2) vata pitta hara chikitsa;
(3) ghee taken after meals; (4) pippali shunti pakwajala
panam (boil decoction of pippali and shunti); (5) pippali
shunti ghritha panam (preparation of pippali and shunti
in ghee); (6) gandoosha with amla dravya or sneha
dravya; (7) drink snigda jangola mamsarasa; (8) nasya
with ksheeri sarpi.
9. Talu paka (palatal ulcers): Treatment includes: (1) nidana
parivarjanam; (2) pitta visarpa hara chikitsa; (3) if there
is no suppuration, kavala with sheetha kashaya, madhura
dravyas like kakolyadi; (4) if there is suppuration,
(a) asta pada vatha bhedan (eight-legged incision),
(b) teekshana ushna pratisarana, (c) kavala with vasa,
nimba twak, patola, etc.
Indian J Dent Res, 19(1), 2008
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Amruthesh
TERMS OF GLOSSARY
60
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Amruthesh
would also like to thank all those who have helped me directly and
indirectly in this endeavour.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
21.
61
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