Chapter 14

2n Factorial Experiments
14.1

Introduction

This chapter provides a computer program to produce 2n factorial plans. Selections include all of the plans in chapter 14 in G&G. Wherever possible,
the factors have been arranged to preserve low order interactions for factors
earlier in the sequence. Clearly this is not always possible. The plans have
minimal aberration. For additional plans, Proc FACTEX in SAS is recommended. A rst step before using Adjunct14 is to download the Fact 2
folder and the the Fact 2.sas le. Then top lines in Fact 2.sas must be
modied so that the program can nd the Adjunct14 folder on the computer.
Notice that the Adjunct14 folder has the lename in2. This le is referenced at many places. The program Fact 2 must be able to read from and
write to Adjunct14. In addition, alias and mkplan are two les within
Adjunct14 that must be accessible. It is advantageous to also include the
saveplans le (to save generated plans). If this le is missing, the program
will issue an error message, but will function correctly.

14.2

The Computer Program

There are three broad classes of 2n factorial plans available from Fact 2.sas.
The program begins by opening the window shown in Figure 14.1. The user
must select one of the three options presented before the window will close.
The rst, the Addelman compromise plans provide choices of good plans
when the investigator is fairly condant in choice of factors, the number of
factors is limited, and there is need to check on some interactions. The other
two options present plans for experiments with more factors. Option two
presents choices for large fractional factorial plans without blocking and option three presents plans that allow for blocking. In all three cases, the plans
have been carefully selected to limit losses due to unfortunate confounding.
Depending on the choice, one of the three windows shown in Figures 14.2,
14.5, or 14.4 opens next.
If the Addelman type plans are selected, the window shown in Figure 14.2
opens and requests a selection from one of three classes of plans. Again, the
window requires a suitable choice before proceeding. The three classes are

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Figure 14.1: Window to Identify Set of Plans

described in Tables 14.5, 14.6, and 14.7 in G&G and summarized in Tables
14.1, 14.2, and 14.3 in this document. In all classes the main eects are
deemed important. In addition, the experimental factors are split into two
sets:
Class one All two-factor interactions among pairs of factors in set one are
preserved. All other interactions are assumed unimportant.
Class two All two-factor interactions among pairs factors, both within the
same set are preserved. Higher order interactions and two-factor interactions involving factors, one from each set are assumed unimportant.
Class three All two-factor interactions involving at least one factor from
the rst set are deemed important. All other interactions are assumed
unimportant.
This choice is followed by a window that requests the number of runs, number
of factors in rst set and total number of factors in the plan. Figure 14.3
shows the window that requests the number of runs in the experiment, the
number of factors in set 1, and the number of factors in set 2. Reference
Tables 14.1, 14.2, and 14.3 for suitable choices.
If the large fraction plans without blocking are selected, the window
shown in Figure 14.4 opens and requests the number factors (n) in the study
and the number of constraints (k) that dene the fraction. These two together determine the number of runs, the size (2(nk) ) of the experiment.
Table 14.4 summarizes the choices available and also shows the number of
runs required as well as the resolution of the plan produced.
If the large fraction plans with blocking are selected, the window shown
in Figure 14.5 opens and requests three parameters, the number factors (n)
in the study, the number of constraints (k) that dene the fraction, and
the number of blocks. Tables 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, and 14.8, summarize the
choices available for 16, 32, 64, and 128 run plans. The tables also show the
resolutions of the plans produced.

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Figure 14.2: Window to Select Class of Addelman Plans

Figure 14.3: Window to Obtain Levels for Factors

Figure 14.4: Window to Obtain Parameters for Fraction Without Blocking

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Figure 14.5: Window to Obtain Parameters for Fraction With Blocking

At this stage the program has all the information needed to produce
the required plan with factors identied as A, B, C, and levels 0 and 1.
However, at this point there is a series of windows that allow the user to
tailor the plan to a specic application. The idea is to produce a printed
plan, ready to be given to a lab technician. If there is blocking in the design,
the rst window in the series inquires if the default name block" is to be
changed. This is followed by a window that inquires if factor names are to be
changed or if the default A, B, are acceptable. The next window inquires
if (0,1) designation for factor levels is acceptable, or is to be changed. If the
user decides to change the names or levels, there is a request for each factor
in turn. The levels option allows the levels to be either numeric, or character,
such as for example on and off for a factor that may be the setting of a
switch. The character strings do not need to be entered in quotation marks.
However, the user is warned that strings for the low and high levels should
be of equal length. This may require that one or the other be padded with
blanks. In all cases the user is presented with a default option, available by
simple pressing the return key.
The program generates a plan, randomizes the order of the runs, prints
the result in the output le. In addition the program leaves a SAS le
documenting some facts that may be relevant in the statistical analysis of the
data. This is in a le called Alias structure.sas in the Adjunct21 folder.
The plan generated will be stored in saveplans as planxxxx , where xxxx
is a randomly generated, four digit number.

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 14.1: Addelman Class One Compromise Plans

No. of No. factors Total No.
No. of No. factors Total No.
runs
in rst set
of factors
runs
in rst set of factors
8
8
16
16
16
16
32
32
32
32
32

2
3
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
6

3, 4, 5, or 6
4
3 to 14
4 to 12
5 to 9
5
3 to 30
4 to 28
5 to 25
6 to 21
7 to 16

64
64
64
64
64
64
64

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

to
to
to
to
to
to
to

62
60
57
53
48
42
35

Table 14.2: Addelman Class Two Compromise Plans

No. of No. factors Total No.
runs
in rst set of factors
32
32
64
64
64
64
128
128
128
128
128

2
3
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
6

3 to 7
4 to 7
3 to 10
4 to 10
5 to 10
6 to 10
3 to 13
4 to 13
5 to 13
6 to 13
7 to 13

Table 14.3: Addelman Class Three Compromise Plans

No. of No. factors Total No. No. of No. factors Total No.
runs
in rst set of factors
runs
in rst set of factors
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
32
32
32

0
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2

1 to 7
2, 3, or 4
3
1 to 15
2 to 8
3 to 5
4 to 5
5
5
1 to 31
2 to 16
3 to 9

32
32
32
32
64
64
64
64
64
64
64

3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

4 to 9
5 to 7
6
6
1 to 63
2 to 32
3 to 17
4 to 17
5 to 11
6 to 10
7 to 9

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 14.4: Plans For Fractions Without Blocking

Number of Reso- Parameters
Number of Reso- Parameters
runs fact. lution
n
k
runs fact. lution
n
k
8
16
32
64
16
32
64
128
16
32
64
128
256
16
32
64
128
256
512
16
32
64
128
256
512
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
16
32
64
128

7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13

III
IV
IV
VII
IV
IV
V
VIII
III
IV
IV
VI
IX
IV
IV
IV
V
VI
X
IV
IV
IV
V
V
VI
III
III
IV
IV
VI
VI
VIII
III
III
III
IV

7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13

4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
9
8
7
6

256
512
1024
2048
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
32
64
128
256
512

13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18

V
VI
VII
VIII
III
IV
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IV
IV
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IV
IV
V
VI
VI
VIII
III
IV
IV
V
VI
VI
VII
III
IV
IV
IV
VI

13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18

5
4
3
2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
10
9
8
7
6
5
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
13
12
11
10
9

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 14.5: Plans For 16 Run Fractions

No. of
Blocks
Resolution
runs fact. No. size
16
5
2
8
IV
16
5
4
4
III.5
16
5
8
2
III.5
16
6
2
8
IV
16
6
4
4
III.5
16
6
8
2
III.5
16
7
2
8
IV
16
7
4
4
III.5
16
7
8
2
III.5
16
8
2
8
III.5
16
8
4
4
III.5
16
8
8
2
III.5
16
9
2
8
III
16
9
4
4
III
16
10
2
8
III
16
10
4
4
III
16
11
2
8
III
16
11
4
4
III
16
12
2
8
III
16
12
4
4
III
16
13
2
8
III
16
14
2
8
III

With Blocking
Parameters
N k b
5 1 1
5 1 2
5 1 3
6 2 1
6 2 2
6 2 3
7 3 1
7 3 2
7 3 3
8 4 1
8 4 2
8 4 3
9 5 1
9 5 2
10 6 1
10 6 2
11 7 1
11 7 2
12 8 1
12 8 2
13 9 1
14 10 1

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 14.6: Plans For 32 Run Fractions With Blocking

No. of
Blocks
Resolution Design Parameters
runs fact. No. size
N k
b
32
6
2
16
IV.5
6 1
1
32
6
4
8
IV
6 1
2
32
6
8
4
III.5
6 1
3
32
6
16
2
III.5
6 1
4
32
7
2
16
IV
7 2
1
32
7
4
8
IV
7 2
2
32
7
8
4
III.5
7 2
3
32
7
16
2
III.5
7 2
4
32
8
2
16
IV
8 3
1
32
8
4
8
III.5
8 3
2
32
8
8
4
III.5
8 3
3
32
8
16
2
III.5
8 3
4
32
9
2
16
IV
9 4
1
32
9
4
8
III.5
9 4
2
32
9
8
4
III.5
9 4
3
32
9
16
2
III.5
9 4
4
32
10
2
16
IV
10 5
1
32
10
4
8
III.5
10 5
2
32
10
8
4
III.5
10 5
3
32
10
16
2
III
10 5
4
32
11
2
16
IV
11 6
1
32
11
4
8
III.5
11 6
2
32
11
8
4
III.5
11 6
3
32
11
16
2
III
11 6
4
32
12
2
16
IV
12 7
1
32
12
4
8
III.5
12 7
2
32
12
8
4
III.5
12 7
3
32
12
16
2
III
12 7
4
32
13
2
16
IV
13 8
1
32
13
4
8
III.5
13 8
2
32
13
8
4
III.5
13 8
3
32
14
2
16
IV
14 9
1
32
14
4
8
III.5
14 9
2
32
14
8
4
III.5
14 9
3
32
15
2
16
IV
15 10
1
32
15
4
8
III.5
15 10
2
32
15
8
4
III
15 10
3

CHAPTER 14. 2N FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 14.7: Plans For 64 Run Fractions With Blocking

No. of
Blocks
Resolution Design Parameters
runs fact. No. size
N k
b
64
7
2
32
V.5
7 1
1
64
7
4
16
IV.5
7 1
2
64
7
8
8
IV.5
7 1
3
64
7
16
4
III.5
7 1
4
64
7
32
2
III.5
7 1
5
64
8
2
32
IV.5
8 2
1
64
8
4
16
IV.5
8 2
2
64
8
8
8
III.5
8 2
3
64
8
16
4
III.5
8 2
4
64
8
32
2
III.5
8 2
5
64
9
2
32
IV
9 3
1
64
9
4
16
IV
9 3
2
64
9
8
8
III.5
9 3
3
64
9
16
4
III.5
9 3
4
64
9
32
2
III.5
9 3
5

Table 14.8: Plans For 128 Run Fractions With Blocking

No. of
Blocks
Resolution Design Parameters
runs fact. No. size
N k
b
128
8
2
64
VI
8 1
1
128
8
4
32
V.5
8 1
2
128
8
8
16
V.5
8 1
3
128
8
16
8
III.5
8 1
4
128
8
32
4
III.5
8 1
5
128
9
2
64
V.5
9 2
1
128
9
4
32
V.5
9 2
2
128
9
8
16
IV.5
9 2
3
128
9
16
8
III.5
9 2
4
128
9
32
4
III.5
9 2
5