The definition of a mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition

and an orderly arrangement of atoms.
Mineral Characteristics
1. All minerals are formed by natural processes.
2. Minerals are inorganic.
3. Every mineral is an element or compound with a definite chemical composition.
4. Minerals are crystalline solids.
The definition of a crystal
A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns.

1.
2.

1. Quartz
5. Amphibole
2. Feldspar
6. Olivine
3. Mica
7. Garnet
4. Pyroxene
8. Calcite
9.
10. O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Other
11. --12.

Color and appearance are two obvious clues that can

be used to identify minerals.

HardnessA measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched is its hardness.

Luster The way a mineral reflects light is known as luster. There are two
types of luster metallic luster and nonmetallic luster. Describing the luster of
nonmetallic minerals is a subjective process. Using luster to identify a mineral
should usually be used in combination with other physical characteristics.

Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a mineral is the ratio of its weight
compared with the weight of an equal volume of water.

StreakStreak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.

13. Streak
The streak test works only for minerals that are softer
than the streak plate.

Cleavage() and fractureA mineral that splits relatively easily and evenly
along one or more flat planes is said to have cleavage. Minerals that break with
rough or jagged edges are said to have fracture. cleavage
fracture
cleavage fractureCleavage Minerals break along planes
where atomic bonding is weak.
14. In conclusion, the most reliable way to identify a mineral is by using a
combination of several tests of its physical properties.
15. --16. Tetrahedron []: In many silicates, one silicon atom bonds with four
oxygen ions to form a tetrahedron.
17.
18. Mineral Groups

The 1st mineral groupSilicates Minerals that contain silicon and

oxygen, and usually one or more other elements, are known as silicates.basic
building block of the silicates the silica tetrahedron
asbestos

The 2nd mineral groupCarbonates Carbonates are minerals

composed of one or more metallic elements and the carbonate ion(
).

The 3rd mineral groupOxides Oxides are compounds of

oxygen and a metal.

Other major mineral groups are

19.
sulfides(): Sulfides () are compounds of sulfur () and one or
more elements.
20. sulfates(): Sulfates ()are composed of elements with the
sulfate ion()
21. halides()Halides () are made up of chloride( Cl, ) or
fluoride( F, ) along with calcium(), sodium(), or potassium().
22. native elements()A native element (), such as silver
(Ag) or copper (Cu), is made up of one element only.
23. @---
27. @---+
24. @---+
28. @ --- +

29. @ --- +
25. @ --- +
30. @ -
26.

31. Economic minerals

32. Ore A mineral is an ore if it contains a useful substance that can be mined
at a profit.
33. Gem Gems are valuable minerals that are prized for their rarity and
beauty.
Diamond
Ruby
Sapphire
Emerald
Amethyst
34. The definition of a rock:
35. A rock is a mixture of minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter,
or other natural materials.
36.

37.
38. Rock cycle James Hutton
39.
40. Magma: Magma is molten rock below Earths surface.
41. Lava: Lava is magma that flows out onto Earths surface.
42.
43. Where does the heat melting rock come from?

One source is the heat left over from the formation of the planet, which originally
was molten.

The other source but also the main source is the decay of radioactive
elements() within Earth.
44.
45.
1. [Magma---Intrusive rocks ; Lava---extrusive rocks ]
1) Intrusive Rocks :Rocks that form from magma below the surface are
called intrusive igneous rocks.

2) Extrusive Rocks :Extrusive igneous rocks are formed as lava cools

on the surface of Earth. When lava flows on the surface, it is exposed to air
and water. Lava cools quickly under these conditions.
Therefore, extrusive igneous

rocks are fine- grained( ).

1) basaltic rock :Basaltic igneous rocks are dense, dark-colored

rocks. Its dark color is given by Iron and magnesium in minerals. They form
from magma that is rich in iron and magnesium (Mg) and poor in silica
(Si).
2) Granitic Rocks :Granitic igneous rocks are light-colored
rocks of a lower density than basaltic rocks. Granitic magma is thick and
stiff and contains lots of silica but lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.
3) Andesitic Rocks :Andesitic igneous rocks have mineral
compositions between those of basaltic and granitic rocks.
46.
47. The definition of the Metamorphic Rocks
48. Rocks that have changed because of changes in temperature and pressure or
the presence of hot, watery fluids are called metamorphic rocks.
49.
50. Types of Metamorphism
51. The effects of metamorphism can be the result of contact metamorphism(
), regional metamorphism(), or hydrothermal metamorphism(
).
52. Contact metamorphism :
53. When molten material, such as that in an igneous intrusion( ), comes in
contact with solid rock, a local effect called contact metamorphism occurs.
54. Hydrothermal metamorphism :
55. Hydrothermal metamorphism occurs, when very hot water reacts with rock and
alters its chemical and mineral composition.
56.
57. Grades of Metamorphism
58. Different combinations of temperature and pressure result in different grades of
metamorphism.
59.
60. (parent rocks)

61.
62. The definition of texture
63. Texture refers to the size, shape, and distribution of the crystals or grains that
make up a rock.
64. texture
65. fine-grained
66. coarse-grained
67.
68. Classifying Metamorphic Rocks distribution
69. Metamorphic rocks are classified into two textural groups: foliated( ) and
nonfoliated().
70. Shale ------------Slate
71. Sandstone ------------Quartzite
72. limestone ------------marble
73.
74.
75. Sediment
76. Sediments are loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of
shell() that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
77. Sedimentary rock
78. Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are pressed and cemented together, or
when minerals form from solutions.
2.

79.
80.
81. Step1: Compaction
82. Step2: Cementation Cementation occurs when mineral growth glues
sediment grains together into solid rock. Sediments are cemented together as
minerals crystallize between grains, e.g., CaCO3 or Fe2O3.
83. Lithification
84. Compaction + Cementation= Lithification
85. Lithification : the physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into
sedimentary rocks.
86.
87. Classifying Sedimentary Rocks
88. Sedimentary rocks are usually classified as detrital, chemical, or organic, by their
composition and by the manner in which they formed.
89.
1. Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
90. Detrital sedimentary rocks are made from the broken fragments of other rocks.
91. Conglomerate ---formed by round sediment
92. Breccia ---formed by anglar sediment

93.
2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
94. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals come out of solution.
95. Chemical sedimentary rocks are different because they are not made from
pieces of preexisting rocks.
96. sediment

97.
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
98. Rocks made of the remains of once-living things are called organic sedimentary
rocks.
99. One of the most common organic sedimentary rocks is fossil-rich limestone.
100.
Limestone Calcite, Calcium
carbonate
101.

102.

103.
CaCO3

104.
coal sedimentary rocks organic
105.
106.
Fault
107.
There is a limit to how far a wooden craft stick can bend. This is called its
elastic limit() .
108.
Once the elastic limit is passed, the rocks may break. When rocks break,
they move along surfaces called faults.

109.
Earthquake
110.An earthquake is usually the vibrations produced by the breaking of rocks near
plate boundaries().
111.Normal Faults
112.Tensional forces( ) inside Earth cause rocks to be pulled apart, forming
normal faults.
113. Along a normal fault, rock above the fault surface moves downward
in relation to() rock below the fault surface.
114.Reverse Faults
115.Reverse faults result from compression forces() that squeeze() rock.
116. Along a reverse fault, rock above the fault surface moves upward in
relation to rock below the fault surface.
117.Strike-Slip Faults
118.At a strike-slip fault, rocks on either side of the fault are moving past each other
without much upward or downward movement.
119.

120.
121.
122.
Three types of seismic waves
Primary Waves( P-waves)
Secondary Waves(S-waves)
Surface Waves
123.
Secondary Waves( S-waves)
124.
Secondary waves (S-waves) move through Earth by causing particles in
rocks to move at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
125.
126.
127.
Primary Waves(P-waves)
128.
Primary waves (P-waves) cause particles in rocks to move back and forth
in the same direction that the wave is traveling.
129.
Surface waves
130.
A surface wave causes rock particles to move both up and down and from
side to side.
131.
because they cause the most movement of the
ground, and take the longest time to pass.
132.
P Surface wave
133.
Epicenter The earthquake epicenter is the point on Earths surface
directly above the earthquake focus().
134.
The focus of the earthquake
135.
The point where the seismic waves originate is the focus of the earthquake.
136.
The focus of an earthquake is the point of initial fault rupture.
137.

138.
P S

139.

140.
P-wave
141.
S-wave
142.
()

()()
143.

144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
Lithosphere
149.
Lithosphere, rigid, rocky outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and
the solid outermost layer of the upper mantle. It extends to a depth of about 60 mi
(100 km). It is broken into about a dozen separate, rigid blocks, or plates ( plate
tectonics).
150.
Asthenosphere
151.
Asthenosphere, zone of the Earth's mantle lying beneath the lithosphere,
believed to be much hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere. The
asthenosphere is thought to extend from about 60 mi (100 km) to about 450 mi
(700 km) below the Earth's surface.
152.
Mohorovicic discontinuity ()
153.
Moho, or Mohorovicic discontinuity, boundary between the Earths crust
and its mantle. The Moho lies at a depth of about 22 mi (35 km) below continents
and about 4.5 mi (7 km) beneath the oceanic crust. Modern instruments have
determined that the velocity of seismic waves increases rapidly at this boundary.
154.