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Power Transformers
Slide # 1
Primary windings,
connected to the alternating
voltage source;
Secondary windings,
connected to the load;
Iron core, which link the
flux in both windings;
The primary and secondary
voltages are denoted by V1 and V2
respectively. The current entering
the primary terminals is I1.
Symbols
Slide # 2
Transformer Construction
Iron Core
The iron core is made of thin
laminated silicon steel (2-3 %
silicon)
Pre-cut insulated sheets are cut
or pressed in form and placed on
the top of each other .
The sheets are overlap each
others to avoid (reduce) air gaps.
Slide # 3
Slide # 4
Transformer Construction
Iron Cores
The three phase transformer iron
core has three legs.
A phase winding is placed in each
leg.
The high voltage and low voltage
windings are placed on top of each
other and insulated by layers or
tubes.
Larger transformer use layered
construction shown in the previous
slides.
Slide # 5
Transformer Construction
The dried and treated
transformer is placed in a steel
tank.
Slide # 6
Transformer Construction
The transformer is equipped with
cooling radiators which are cooled by
forced ventilation.
Slide # 7
Flux generation
I
V1
N1
N2
Slide # 8
Induced Voltages:
E1 = 4.44 N1 m f,
where N1 is the number of turns in primary
winding, m, the maximum (peak) flux, and f
the frequency of the supply voltage.
Voltage generation
I1
V1
E1
E2
V2
N2
N1
c
Slide # 9
v1 N1
a
v2 N 2
where, a is the turns ratio of the transformer
Slide # 10
Pin Pout
v1 i1 v2i2
Therefore
i1 N 2 1
i2 N1 a
Slide # 11
ELE A6
Real transformers
have losses
have leakage flux
have finite permeability of magnetic core
Slide # 12
ELE A6
Leakage Flux: Not all of the flux produced by the primary current links the
winding, but there is leakage of some flux into air surrounding the
primary. Similarly, not all of the flux produced by the secondary current
(load current) links the secondary, rather there is loss of flux due to
leakage. These effects are modelled as leakage reactance in the
equivalent circuit representation.
Slide # 13
ELE A6
Power Transformers-
Approximate Circuits
ELE A6
Neglecting
Req R1 a 2 R2
X eq X l1 a 2 X l2
Slide # 15
Power Transformers-
Approximate Circuits
ELE A6
Req is much smaller than Xeq. We can therefore neglect the series
resistance. Therefore the transformer can be represented by the
leakage reactance Xeq.
a = N1 / N2
Simplified equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer: (a) when referred to the primary
side and (b) when referred to the secondary side.
Slide # 16
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 1
ELE A6
Slide # 17
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 1, Sol.
ELE A6
Slide # 18
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 1, Sol.
ELE A6
Slide # 19
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 1, Sol.
ELE A6
Slide # 20
Voltage Regulation
ELE A6
Slide # 21
Efficiency
ELE A6
Slide # 22
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 2
ELE A6
Solution:
Slide # 23
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 2, Sol.
ELE A6
Slide # 24
Power Transformers-
EXAMPLE 2, Sol.
ELE A6
Slide # 25
ELE A6
Slide # 26
ELE A6
ELE A6
ELE A6
ELE A6
Current (A)
Power (W)
55
20.8
600
240
5.0
450
Calculate:
1.
Slide # 30
ELE A6
Slide # 31
ELE A6
Slide # 32
ELE A6
Slide # 33
Home work
ELE A6
Q1
Slide # 34
Home work
ELE A6
Q2:
Slide # 35
ELE A6
3.
4.
5.
ELE A6
ELE A6
ZB
VB2, LL
S B3
( 3 VB , LN ) 2
3S 1B
VB2, LN
S 1B
ELE A6
S B3
3 S 1B
S 1B
I1B
3 VB , LL
3 3 VB , LN VB , LN
Slide # 39