Optimization Techniques For Detection of Defects in Wooden Species

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2014
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF DEFECTS IN

WOODEN SPECIES
S. MOHAN1, K. VENKATACHALAPATHY2, S.RAJARAJACHOLAN3
1
Asstt. Prof., Department of CSE, Annamalai University

2
Professor, Department of CSE, Annamalai University
3
P.G.Student, Department of CSE, Annamalai University
ABSTRACT
The wooden defects identification plays a vital role
while making wooden materials. In order to find the
defects in the wooden pieces is complex when these
wooden raw materials grind in the mill. Our goal is
obtain the wooden defects without producing any human
efforts and cost. The wooden knots which affects the
wooden creatures. Many companies take steps to avoid
wooden materials with the knots and the defects. But it
leads to more cost and need more number human
resource. The feature can be extracted to obtain the
results of defects. We propose NSGA II algorithm for
aspect set extraction. The idea behind the NSGA II is
that a ranking selection method is used to emphasize
good points and a niche method is used to maintain
stable subpopulations of good points. It differs from
simple genetic algorithm only in the way the selection
operator works.
Keywords: NSGA II Algorithm, Grayscale based Aspect.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the visual defect removal process in
wood is done in the rough mill. Selection of wood defect
still relies on manpower as the operators, where
operators must quickly examine a board for defects and
then remove them while maximizing the yield for parts.
The operators must perform multiple operations at high
speed and under difficult conditions. Refers to that fact,
a critical need for improved processing in the wood
products manufacturing industry is the development of a
new system that can efficiently and cost-effectively
convert existing wood raw materials into high-quality
products. The development of new processing
technologies will require a sensing system that can
automatically inspect wood and accurately pinpoint
critical aspects that affect the quality of the internal
product. This system would allow accurate and
consistent identification of the type and location of
defects for either removal or grading purposes.
Automatic inspection system to detect wood knot need
not perform to 100% accuracy, but the most important is

only to perform consistently at or above the human
standard. An automated system which can locate defects
could compute an optimal sawing strategy which
maximizes higher value cuttings. Such a system could
also reduce labor costs, improve yield, and allow a
minimum lumber grade to be used for parts. Automating
process also have aim to improve the quality, increase
the speed of operation and increase the productivity.
In this paper we address mainly the problem of
defects detection to build a fully automatic lumber
optimization machine. Our goal is to build a low-cost
robust algorithm to detect defect in wood. Since it has to
be cost-effective, we have chosen monochromatic
sensors which are considerably less expensive than color
ones, particularly when considering line-scan sensors.
This lead we to the challenge of building a robust aspect
set based on grayscale images. To assess the
performance of the proposed aspect set it is compared
with the one proposed by Kauppinen, which is based on
cumulative histograms extracted from the R, G and B
channels of color images. Two different learning
paradigms were used in our experiments: Support Vector
Machines (SVM) and Neural Networks [1, 7, 9]. Aspect
selection is carried out using multi objective genetic
algorithms to avoid any possible influence of irrelevant
aspects in this comparison. Experimental results show
that after aspect selection, both grayscale and color
based aspects achieve similar performance for the
problem of wood defect detection [2].
A sensing system is able to inspect wood
automatically and correctly identifies the significant
aspects it possess that affects the quality of the final
product. The recognition and location of defects for both
grading and removal purposes is performed correctly and
continuously by this system. There is no need to perform
100% accuracy by this automatic inspection system but
the vital role is to perform at or above the human
standards constantly. To increase the higher value
cuttings, the automated system is capable to identify the
defects and also able to compute an optimal sawing
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122
approach [3, 12]. This type of system shows improved

yield and decreased labor costs. The process of
automation aspire to advance the speed of operation,
increase the quality and thereby the productivity also.
Hence, the novel system should be cost-effective, time
efficient, capable to perform in very high speed and the
most significant thing is to have more accuracy level in
detection and classification of knots [4, 5, 21].
It is not easy to develop a system for automatic
defect classification of wood knots. Some aspects
recognized for the complexity of problem in the basis of
wood materials are:
The texture on the surface of the wood
The color of the surface of the wood
The non-uniformity in surface of the wood
The defect appears like a texture.
2. RELATED WORK
The use of a Pareto-based approach instead of a
classical one is supported by the theory as well as the
experiments carried out. We have also shown the
importance of using a validation set in order to avoid
selecting subsets of aspects with poor generalization
ability. The experts usually do an initial identification
with respect to the macroscopic elements (the
impression of touch, smell, weight, color). If there is still
doubt, then the expert will observe the microscopic
elements in the cross-sectional area, radial cross-section,
and cross tangent. This activity uses a magnifying glass.
In previous research have showed that the
recognition rate varied results with a variety of methods
used, include:
Aspect used is the texture analyst added RGB
with enlargement 24 times, using five different
types of wood.
Aspect used is the texture analyst; method used
is ANFIS and uses five types of wood.
Next research is the comparison of rate
recognition based input aspects with enlarged 24
times, using five different types of wood.
The next research using 15 types of wood,
texture analysts and RGB as input ANN, using
ANNBP and give the recognition rate 95%.This
value is enough high, due to the number of
species that used only 15 types, and test data that
are used most of the images are sourced from the
same sample with image training.
The drawbacks are listed below
Recognition rate and the aspects that used in this
research have not been satisfactory.
It causes poor generalization ability when

selecting the subsets of the aspect.
The main drawback of this kind of strategy lies
in the difficulty of exploring different
possibilities of trade between classification
accuracy and different subsets of selected
aspects.
3. METHODOLOGY
Many different types of aspects can appear on
the surface of wooden boards, lineal or parts. Some of
these aspects should not appear on the surfaces of wood
products. These aspects then become undesirable or
removable defects for those products. To manufacture
these products boards are cutup in such a way that these
undesirable defects will not appear in the final product.
Studies have shown that manual cutup of boards does
not produce the highest possible yield of final product
from rough lumber. Because of this fact a good deal of
research work has been done to develop automatic defect
detection systems [6, 4]. Color images contain a lot of
valuable information which can be used to locate and
identify aspects in wood.
A very important part of any automatic defect
detection system based wholly or impart on color
imagery is the location of areas that might contain a
wood aspect, aspect that depending on the product being
manufactured may or may not be a defect. This location
process is called Image Enhancement. While a number
of automatic defect detection systems have been
proposed that employ color imagery, none of these
systems use color imagery to do the Image Enhancement
[8, 17]. Rather these systems typically average the red,
green, and blue color channels together to form a black
and white image. The Image Enhancement operation is
then performed on the black and white image. The basic
hypothesis of this research is that the use of full color
imagery to locate defects will yield better Image
Enhancement results than can be obtained when only
black and white imagery is used. To approach the color
wood image Enhancement problem two conventional
clustering procedures were selected for examination [10,
16].
The methodology of the proposed system
consists of image acquisition, image pre-processing,
aspect extraction, Clustering and dimension reduction in
the pre classification stage and the final classification.
3.1. Image Acquisition
The 500x500 pixel wooden images are collected
as a dataset for the application.
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123
It assumes Lambertian reflectance as well a

constant local color, so that the gray values of the image
I obey: y,
Where c is the constant color and y is the angle

between the incident light and the surface normal (which
is assumed to be constant for a fixed y, in accordance
with the wood grain direction).
Authenticated wood samples were obtained for
testing and training the data. The wooden samples are
considered as dataset after process of testing and they are
treated as training dataset. The wooden images are stored
with different aspects of separate flat file.
3.2. Image Pre-processing
The aspects extracted from the test image are
compared with the extracted feature aspects during
testing process (15). The testing process is made very
easy by identifying the correlation value between the test
and the train image.
The database used for experiments is a small
database with three hundred sixty wood images which is
obtained from Centre for Artificial Intelligence and
Robotics (CAIRO), UTM, Malaysia. Only 50 images
from five different species are selected here for the
experiments. The first two species are used for the
analysis of GLCM (10) aspects and all the five species
are used in the training and testing of the MLP and
extracted from the test image are compared with the
extracted feature aspects during testing process.
The testing process is made very easy to identify
the correlation value between the test and the train
image.The database used for experiments is a small
database with three hundred sixty wood images which is
obtained from Centre for Artificial Intelligence and
Robotics (CAIRO), UTM, Malaysia. Only 50 images
from five different species are selected here for the
experiments [1, 11].
3.3. Image Enhancement
The important procedure of preprocessing of
images may include in image enhancement.The two
important procedures which are used to enhance the
image quality (a) Image Sharpening and (b) Contrast
enhancement along with the following modules
Where x=xcos+ysin and y=-xsin+ycos.

In the equation,
represents the wavelength of the
wavelet, is the in-plane rotational angle of the filter,

is the phase offset between the horizontal and vertical
direction before the in-plane rotation [13,18].
3.4. Image Edge Detection
The intensity of the enhanced image may
measure through the histogram of the Image edge
detection is the approach used most frequently for
segmenting images based on abrupt (local) changes in
intensity. There are there fundamental steps performed
in edge detection for noise reduction [14, 19].
3.4.1. Smoothling: Suppress as much noise as
possible, without destroying the true edges apply a filter
to enhance the quality of the edges in the image
sharpening.
3.4.2. Detection: Determine which edge pixels

should be discarded as noise and which should be
retained usually, thresholding provides the criterion used
for detection.
3.4.3. Localization: determine the exact location

of an edge sub-pixel resolution might be required for
some applications, that is, estimate the location of an
edge to better than the spacing between pixels Edge
thinning and linking are usually.
3.5. Feature Selection

Feature/Aspect extraction is the process of
taking a value or several values of the gray image that
will used as the identity of the gray image. The aspect
extraction Conducted on gray image and edge detection
image [15]. The aspects which taken from each image
are entropy, standard deviation, and correlation.
Image Enhancement is a form of pixel
classification, i.e., each pixel is assigned to a class of
pixels based on some property of the pixel. As a result of
Image Enhancement, the regions should be
The standard deviation commonly used to
measure the distribution of positive and negative values
of a member to the average value of all members.
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124
Let
be the cumulative
histogram value of color I at channel k, where Hk(j) is
the histogram value for color j at channel k, N be the
depth of channel k, the feature value for percentile y is:
Fk(y)=I, where Ck(i) y, 1 i N
Where the mean value be
And the total amount of values all the pixels of a
two dimensional matrix m x n pixels is
Image Enhancement or aspect detection is a

process of subdividing an image into its constituent parts
or objects. The constituent parts or regions, should
correspond to Structural units in the image, or
distinguish objects of interest. A region is defined as an
area with homogeneous spatial properties. The level to
which this subdivision is carried depends on the problem
being solved and standardized with respect to the Image
Enhancement criterion such as uniformity in gray level
intensity or texture [20].
Tr
ai
ni
ng
im
ag
e
Training Image
Test image
Then, we use the following metric to calculate

the non-uniformity in the distribution:
Here, the parameters dj and di are the Euclidean

distances between the extreme solutions and the
boundary solutions of the obtained non-dominated set.
The parameter is the average of all distances. With N
solutions, there are (N-1) consecutive distances (11).
The denominator is the value of the numerator
for the case when all N solutions lie on one solution. It is
interesting to note that this is not the worst case spread
of solutions possible.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, the major problem of wooden defect
may define. The major objective is to build a stout and
low-cost algorithm so that it can be applied to an
automatic lumber optimization machine in wooden
mills.
Table1. Comparison of function in NSGA-I and NSGA-II
Blocking Image
Metrics Performance
GD
Best
Worst
Median
Average
SP
Best
Worst
Median
Average
Image Blocks
RGB To Gray Edge Detection

Feature
Image Block
Extraction
(Gray)
(Entrophy,
Standard
Deviation)
Image Segment
Blocks
(Edge Detection)
NSGA-I
0.03072
0.11512
0.06454
0.06629
0.00858
0.03048
0.01434
0.014995
NSGA-II
0.02993
0.41516
0.09786
0.11863
0.00645
0.49180
0.4142
0.08465
Where GD means Generational Distance and SP means

Spacing.
OUTPUT
Iteration count = 1, obj. fcn = 22026440.452337
NSGA-II
Decision
Making
Feature
Extraction
(Correlation)

Figure1. System Architecture

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125
The new modules can append improvements.

Further enhancements can be made to the application, so
that the image functions very attractive and useful
manner than the present one. The efficiency of the
results will be increased as any changes in that image
functions.
The results have been tested with Matrix Lab.
The real time images may capture and tested with the
real time experiments in future.

5. CONCLUSION

Thus the wooden defect can be predicted with

help of wood species identification. We have verified
through testing that it is possible to achieve similar
performance of color-based systems using grayscale
information. It is worth to remark, though the
importance of the feature selection steps in all this
process.
In both cases, mutually redundant or even
irrelevant features are removed. In the case of the
grayscale-based feature set, we have noticed an
improvement of performance in addition to the reduction
of the feature set. For future work we plan the wooden
defect identification with greater efficiency.

6. REFERENCES

75% wooden species are infected
The importance of the aspect selection step in all

this process may worth and remarked worth. In both
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case of gray scale based aspect set.
The enhancement application also has some
demerits. The most wooden image requirements are
satisfied in this application. The project has covered
almost all the requirements. Further necessities and
enhancement can easily be done since the coding is
mainly ordered or modular in character and changing the
existing modules or adding the modules.
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2014

OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF DEFECTS IN

Asstt. Prof., Department of CSE, Annamalai University

not perform to 100% accuracy, but the most important is

approach [3, 12]. This type of system shows improved

It causes poor generalization ability when

It assumes Lambertian reflectance as well a

Where c is the constant color and y is the angle

Where x=xcos+ysin and y=-xsin+ycos.

wavelet, is the in-plane rotational angle of the filter,

3.4.2. Detection: Determine which edge pixels

3.4.3. Localization: determine the exact location

3.5. Feature Selection

Image Enhancement or aspect detection is a

Then, we use the following metric to calculate

Here, the parameters dj and di are the Euclidean

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RGB To Gray Edge Detection

Where GD means Generational Distance and SP means

Iteration count = 2, obj. fcn = 17928927.593092

Iteration count = 3, obj. fcn = 17919909.374375

Figure1. System Architecture

Iteration count = 6, obj. fcn = 13442748.952090

The new modules can append improvements.

Iteration count = 8, obj. fcn = 10561381.180965

Iteration count = 16, obj. fcn = 10503542.053886

Thus the wooden defect can be predicted with

Iteration count = 18, obj. fcn = 10503525.529946

Iteration count = 29, obj. fcn = 10503521.879875

The importance of the aspect selection step in all

[1] E. H. Aria, M. R. Saradjian, J. Amini, and C.

[7]H. Kauppinen and O. Silven.The effect of

[20]Dengsheng Zhang, Aylwin Wong, Maria Indrawan,

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