Turiac Mihaela-Iulia

Farmacie, anul II, grupa 4

Pag 157
I.
1. Vitamins are organic dietary substances necessary for the maintenance of
normal metabolic
function.
2. The vitamins have been termed exogenous hormones because they
resemble the hormones in many respects.
3. In the body, vitamins act as components of the important enzyme
systems which catalyze metabolic reactions.
4. The vitamins are widely distributed in nature and ample quantities are
furnished by a varied diet.
5. The best source of vitamin D is sunlight exposure.
6. Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin
deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion.
7. Vitamin deficiencies in the young result in retardation in growth and
development.
8. The chief indications for the use of vitamin preparations are as
prophylactics when an inadequate intake may be anticipated or when
definite avitaminosis exist.
9. The two main groups of vitamins are fat-soluble and water-soluble.
10.The fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and hence a deficiency of
these results only after relatively long deprivation from an adequate
supply.
11.The water-soluble group contains vitamins B and C, and they cannot be
stored in the body in large amounts and hence relatively short periods of
deprivation lead to a deficiency.
12.Any excess ingest is being excreted in the urine unchanged or destroyed
in the body.
II.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
III.

to maintain maintenance = a intretine

resemble resemblance = a semana
term termination = a ajunge la o intelegere
act act = a actiona
distribute distribution = a distribui
expose exposure = a expune
begin beginner = a incepe
determine = a determina
improve improvement = a imbunatati
discover discovery = a descoperi
lead leader = a conduce
grow grower = a creste

deficiency # surplus, excess

the young # the old

definite # indefinite
development # decrease, retreat
increase # decrease
early # late, later
new # old
long # short
large # small
mild # rough, hard
minute # significant, substantial
rich # poor
IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

in, for
on, for
at, with, before
of, with
of

V.

There is no need to underline the importance of vitamins in nutrition.

Without these auxiliary
alimentary factors, it is impossible to maintain the normal health and
metabolism. Their lack can lead to deficiency diseases. The complexity of
vitamins chemistry and the difficulties of experimenting in nutrition need a
continuous review of vitamins importance. No vitamin can replace another one,
but they are all, more or less, associated with one another, with proteins,
hydrocarbonates, because these substances remain neutralized without the aid
of other vitamins.

Pag. 162
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Tobacco comes from America.

It was introduced in Europe soon after the discovery of America.
The pituri plant contains nicotine.
In smoking, nicotine is absorbed along with pyridine and its
derivatives.
5. 90 %
6. About 90% of nicotine is absorbed from smoke, while in sniff or
chewing the amount is lesser.
7. 10 % of the nicotine absorbed is excreted unchanged in urine.
8. Tobacco-smoking is a pleasure.
9. Tobacco, compared with other drugs or bad habits, its not taken
with the purpose of producing stimulation or deprimation of CNS.
10.The quantity should be moderate.
11.Palpitation and irregularity of the heart.
12.Studies show that the incidence of diseases is greater in smokers.
13.That has not been confirmed yet.

14.With an injection with nicotine.

II.

prosperity (prosperity) = prosperitate

oppress (oppressor) = a oprima
hero (heroine) = erou
humanity (human) = omenie, umanitate
care (careless) = grija
built (building) = construit
glory (glorious) = glorie
art (artistic) = arta
absorb (absorbability) = a absorbi
very (veriest) = foarte
remain (remains, remained) = ramasita, a ramane
discovery (discoverable) = descoperire

III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

resulted in
succeed in
is interested in
dressed in
participating in
is trusting in
engaged in
are rich in
participated in

IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

V.

habit
habit
habit
habit
custom
practice

When Christopher Columbus and other early explorers discovered and

explored America, they found the natives using tobacco in the same
way as it is used today. Indians assumed that the tobacco has
medicinal properties and this was the main reason of its usage when it
was first introduced in Europe. Expanding tobacco culture in all parts
of the world began with its first introduction in Europe: France 1556,
Portugal 1558, Spain 1559 and England 1565.

Pag. 166
I.
1. The discovery of penicillin.
2. Its discovery made opened an entire new field of therapy.
3. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

4. Penicillin was discovered by studying culture plates of staphylococci.

5. His discovery received little attention during the following decade.
6. They undertook the purification of extracts and containing penicillin and
demonstrated their remarkable antibacterial properties.
7. They are determined by the nature and severity of the disorder being treated.
8. In more serious ailments, is indicated intramuscular administration of 10000
to 1000000 units of the crystalline preparation dissolved in 1 to 10 ml of
water, glucose or saline.
9. Intramuscular route, subcutaneous or a continuous intravenous drip.
10.The intramuscular route is preferred.
11.Because the other routes may cause problems.
12.The dosage is: 5% glucoses containing 25 to 50 units of the drug per ml.
14.The body cavities should be aspirated prior the injection.
15.Penicillin may be inhaled in the form of a powder or spray.
II.

We derive comfort from his presence.

He showed us his tattoo.
Success is counted sweetest.
These trees attain to remarkable height.
Business proceeded as usual.
We injected the glucose into the patient's vein.
His drinking has led to chronic cirrhosis.
The dentist said she had a cavity in her teeth.
Measures were taken by the hospital to prevent infection.
He was rescued by firemen wearing breathing apparatus.

III.

Open opened opened

Note noted noted
Show showed showed/shown
Receive received received
Undertake undertook undertaken
Prefer preferred preferred
Treat treated treated
Recognize recognized recognized
Prepare prepared prepared
Repeat repeated repeated

IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

At
Of;
On; to
At
By; of
Historical
Historical
Historical
Historic
Historic

6. Historical
VI.

Penicillin unit. When researchers from Oxford concentrated penicillin, in

1940, they discovered an unit of potency. That corresponded with the
amount, which dissolved in 50 ml of nutrient broth, would inhibit the growth
of the tested organism, a staphylococcus. After the penicillin was obtained in
a pure crystalline form, was agreed on a international unit corresponding to
the original Oxford unit. This international unit is equal to 0.0006 mg
penicillin G(2), so 1000000 units is 0.6 mg.

Pag. 171
I.
1. The failure of the individual to react to the ordinary dose of a drug is known
as tolerance.
2. Certain species of animals tolerate quantities of drugs which would be fatal to
others of the same size.
3. The hedgehog resists large doses of many very active poisons.
4. The rabbit is tolerant to large quantities of atropine.
5. Another form of drug tolerance is that induced by the prolonged use of a drug
the acquired tolerance/mithridatism.
6. The acquired tolerance has been called mithridatism from the tradition that
Mithridates protected himself in this way from the danger of poisoning.
7. Mithridates was a Prince and seventh King of the wealthy Kingdom of Pontus.
8. The most familiar example of this form of drug tolerance is that acquired for
tobacco.
9. This tolerance is entirely different from the immunity induced by toxins.
10.Drug fast means resisting to the drug even when used in what would have
been an adequate dosage.
11.Some tissues acquire tolerance for a poison, while others fail to do so.
12.After using morphine for a long time, it loses its action on the brain.
13.Yes, there are. For example, the rabbit remains sensitive to morphine even
after prolonged treatment.
14.Drug tolerance is lost if the drug is discontinued for some time.
15.Is cases of opium-eating, for a person who has taken opium for a long time
acquires a tolerance for the drug, so that sometimes enormous quantities are
required in order to induce the ordinary effects. If the habit is lost, so is the
tolerance, and a small dose may induce dangerous poisoning.
16.Yes, the prolonged use of a drug may establish tolerance for others of the
same class.
17.The chronic drunkards become less sensitive to alcohol, and are also more
resistant to the action of ether than ordinary persons.