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dx
dv
=
x
1v
By integrating we obtain
log |x| = log |1 v|,
or
x(1 v) = c.
Finally,
x y = c.
Exercise 4.3.
(x2 y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0.
Solution. We have a homogeneous equations. Integrating factor for this equation is
1
1
=
.
I(x, y) = 3
x xy 2 + 2xy 2
x(x2 + y 2 )
1
p
x2 + y 2 dx = xdy ydx.
du
dv
= c1 ,
+ v2
x0
0
p
log |x| log |x0 | log |y + x2 + y 2 | log |x| = c1
Finally,
y+
x2
x2 + y 2 = c.
Exercise 4.5.
(x2 y + 2xy 2 y 3 )dx (2y 3 xy 2 + x3 )dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Denote y = vx. Then
(x3 v + 2x3 v 2 x3 v 3 )dx (2x3 v 3 x3 v 2 + x3 )(vdx + xdv) = 0,
(x3 v + 2x3 v 2 x3 v 3 )dx (2x3 v 4 x3 v 3 + x3 v)dx (2x4 v 3 x4 v 2 + x4 )dv = 0,
x3 (2v 2 2v 4 )dx x4 (2v 3 v 2 + 1)dv = 0,
2v 3 v 2 + 1
dx
=
dv.
x
2v 2 2v 4
1
2 log |x| = c1 log |1 v 2 |,
v
x2 ev (1 v 2 ) = c,
c = (x2 y 2 )ex/y .
Exercise 4.6.
y
y
y
x sin y cos
dx + x cos dy = 0.
x
x
x
By integrating,
Exercise 4.7.
dv
cx = exp
.
4 + v4
Exercise 4.9.
x2 sin
y2
y2
y2
2
2y
cos
dx + 2xy cos 2 dy = 0.
2
2
x
x
x
I(x, y) =
x3 ey2 /x2
1
ey /x
=
2
2
x3
y x + xy
dx +
dy = 0.
x
x3
x2
is an exact differential equation. Therefore,
Z x
Z y
2
2
1
du
+ 2
vev /x dv = c1 ,
x 0
x0 6=0 u
1 2 2 1
log x log x0 + ev /x = c1 ,
2
2
y2
cx = exp exp 2 .
x
Exercise 4.11.
(2x + y 2)dx + (2y x + 1)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homogeneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
(2u + 2h + v + k 2)dx + (2v + 2k u h + 1)dy = 0.
Then we have the following system
2h + k = 2,
2k h = 1.
We have k = 0, h = 1, and therefore,
(2u + v)du + (2v u)dv = 0
is a homogeneous differential equation. The integrating factor is
1
1
= 2
.
I(u, v) = 2
2
2u + uv + 2v uv
2u + 2v 2
Then,
2u + v
2v u
du + 2
dv = 0
2
2
2u + 2v
2u + 2v 2
Z v
dt
2z u
+
dz
2 + 2z 2
t
2u
u0 6=0
0
Z
Z v
1 v d(2z 2 + 2u2 )
2u
= log |u| log |u0 | +
dz
dz
2
2
2
2
2 0 2u + 2z
0 2u + 2z
1
v
= log u log u0 +
log(2z 2 + 2u2 ) log(2u2 ) arctan
= c1 ,
2
u
or finally
y
= c.
log[(x 1)2 + y 2 ] arctan
x1
Exercise 4.12.
(x 3y)dx + (x + y 4)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homogeneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
u
(u 3v + h 3k)du + (u + h + v + k 4)dv = 0.
Having a system of equations
h = 3k
h+k =4
we obtain h = 3 and k = 1. Therefore, the new differential equation
(u 3v)du + (u + v)dv = 0.
is homogeneous. The integrating factor is
1
1
I(x, y) = 2
=
.
u 3uv + uv + v 2
(u v)2
Thus, we have the following exact equation
u 3v
u+v
du +
dv = 0.
(u v)2
(u v)2
By integrating we obtain
t+u
dt
(t u)2
Z v
tu
d(t u)
= log |u| log |u0 | +
d(t u) + 2u
2
2
0 (t u)
0 (t u)
2u
= log |u| log |u0 | + log |v u| log |u|
+ 2 = c1 .
vu
v
Therefore,
c2 (u v) log |u v| = u,
or finally,
c(x y 2) log |x y 2| = x,
Exercise 4.13.
(x y)dx + (x y + 2)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x y = u we
have
udu + 2(u + 1)dy = 0,
or
u
du = dy.
2(u + 1)
By integrating we obtain
Z
y c1 =
Finally,
Z
Z
u
1
u+1
du =
du
du
2(u + 1)
2(u + 1)
2(u + 1)
1
1
= log |u + 1| (u + 1).
2
2
x + y log |x + y 1| = c.
Exercise 4.14.
(x + 2y + 1)dx + (2x + 4y + 3)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x + 2y = u we
have
(u + 1)du 2(u + 1)dy + (2u + 1)dy + dy = 0,
or
(u + 1)du + dy = 0.
Therefore,
u2
y+u
= c/2,
2
or
2x + 6y (x + 2y)2 = c.
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