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Viral Respiratory
Overview of Acute Viral Respiratory Infections
Many types of viruses gain access to the human body via the respiratory tract,
primarily in the form of aerosolized droplets or saliva. This is the most
frequent means of viral entry into the host. Successful infection occurs despite
normal host protective mechanisms, including the mucus covering most
surfaces, ciliary action, collections of lymphoid cells, alveolar macrophages,
and secretory IgA. Many infections remain localized in the respiratory tract,
although some viruses produce their characteristic disease symptoms
following systemic spread (eg, chickenpox, measles, rubella;).
Disease symptoms exhibited by the host depend on whether the infection is
concentrated in the upper or lower respiratory tract. Although definitive
diagnosis requires isolation of the virus, identification of viral gene sequences,
or demonstration of a rise in antibody titer, the specific viral disease can
frequently be deduced by considering the major symptoms, the patient's age,
the time of year, and any pattern of illness in the community.
The severity of respiratory infection can range from inapparent to
overwhelming. The most severe illness is usually seen in infants infected with
certain paramyxoviruses and in elderly or chronically ill adults infected with
influenza virus.
Overview of Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Many viruses initiate infection via the alimentary tract. A few agents, such as
herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus, probably infect cells in the
mouth. Viruses are exposed in the intestinal tract to harsh elements involved
in the digestion of foodacid, bile salts (detergents), and proteolytic
enzymes. Consequently, viruses able to initiate infection by this route are all
acid- and bile salts-resistant. There may also be virus-specific secretory IgA
and nonspecific inhibitors of viral replication to overcome.
Acute gastroenteritis is the designation for short-term gastrointestinal disease
with symptoms ranging from mild, watery diarrhea to severe febrile illness
characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and prostration. Rotaviruses, Norwalk
viruses, and caliciviruses are major causes of gastroenteritis. Infants and
children are affected most often.
Some viruses that produce enteric infections utilize host proteases to facilitate
infection. In general, proteolytic digestion alters the viral capsid by partial
cleavage of a viral surface protein that then facilitates a specific event such as
virus attachment or membrane fusion.
Microbiology
university
Babylon
2nd stage
pharmacy collage
Microbiology
university
Babylon
2nd stage
pharmacy collage
Microbiology
university
Babylon
2nd stage
pharmacy collage
Prenatal Natal
(In Utero) (during
Delivery)
Postnatal
(after
Delivery)
Neonatal
Incidence (Per
1000 Live Births)
Rubella
Rare
0.10.7
Cytomegalovirus +
++
525
Herpes simplex
++
0.030.5
Varicella-zoster
Rare
Rare
Rare
Hepatitis B
++
07
Enterovirus
++
Uncommon
HIV
++
Rare
Variable
Parvovirus B19
Rare
Rare
Microbiology
university
Babylon
2nd stage
pharmacy collage