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Section 4.

5 • Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 87


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Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

Objective: In this lesson you learned how to sketch the graphs of sine
and cosine functions and translations of these functions.

Important Vocabulary Define each term or concept.

Amplitude Represents half the distance between the maximum and minimum values
of y = a sin x or y = a cos x and is given by amplitude = | a |.
Phase shift The amount c/b by which the graph of y = a sin bx is shifted to obtain the
graph of y = a sin(bx − c).

I. Basic Sine and Cosine Curves (Pages 321−322) What you should learn
How to sketch the graphs
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π , the sine function has its maximum point at of basic sine and cosine
(π/2, 1) , its minimum point at (3π/2, − 1) , functions

and its intercepts at (0, 0), (π, 0), and (2π, 0) .

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π , the cosine function has its maximum points at


(0, 1) and (2π, 1) , its minimum point at (π, − 1) ,
and its intercepts at (π/2, 0) and (3π/2, 0) .

Example 1: Sketch the basic sine curve on the interval [0, 2π].
y

Example 2: Sketch the basic cosine curve on the interval [0, 2π].
y

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88 Chapter 4 • Trigonometry

II. Amplitude and Period (Pages 323−324)


What you should learn
The constant factor a in y = a sin x acts as . . . a scaling How to use amplitude
and period to help sketch
factor, a vertical stretch or a vertical shrink of the basic sine the graphs of sine and
cosine functions
curve.
If a > 1 , the basic sine curve is stretched . If

a < 1 , the basic sine curve is shrunk . The result is

that the graph of y = a sin x ranges between − a and a

instead of between − 1 and 1. The absolute value of a is the


amplitude of the function y = a sin x .

The graph of y = 0.5 sin x is a(n) reflection in the


x-axis of the graph of y = −0.5 sin x .

Let b be a positive real number. The period of y = a sin bx and

y = a cos bx is 2π/b . If 0 < b < 1, the period of

y = a sin bx is greater than 2π and represents a

horizontal stretching of the graph of y = a sin x . If

b > 1, the period of y = a sin bx is less than 2π and


represents a horizontal shrinking of the graph of
y = a sin x .

Example 3: Find the amplitude and the period of


y = −4 cos 3 x .
Amplitude = 4; period = 2π/3

Example 4: Find the five key points (intercepts, maximum


points, and minimum points) of the graph of
y = −4 cos 3 x .
(0, − 4), (π/6, 0), (π/3, 4), (π/2, 0), (2π/3, − 4)

Larson/Hostetler Precalculus/Precalculus with Limits Notetaking Guide IAE


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Section 4.5 • Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 89
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III. Translations of Sine and Cosine Curves (Pages 325−326) What you should learn
How to sketch
The constant c in the general equations y = a sin(bx − c) and translations of the graphs
y = a cos(bx − c) creates . . . a horizontal translation (shift) of sine and cosine
functions
of the basic sine and cosine curves.
Comparing y = a sin bx with y = a sin(bx − c) , the graph of

y = a sin(bx − c) completes one cycle from bx − c = 0 to

bx − c = 2π . By solving for x, the interval for one cycle


is found to be c/b to c/b + 2π/b . This
implies that the graph of y = a sin(bx − c) is the graph of
y = a sin bx shifted by the amount c/b .
The period of the graph of y = a cos(bx − c) is
2π/b .

Example 5: Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of


y = 2 sin( x − π / 4) .
Amplitude = 2; period = 2π; phase shift = π/4

Example 6: Find the five key points (intercepts, maximum


points, and minimum points) of the graph of
y = 2 sin( x − π / 4) .
(π/4, 0), (3π/4, 2), (5π/4, 0), (7π/4, − 2), (9π/4, 0)

IV. Mathematical Modeling (Page 327) What you should learn


How to use sine and
Describe a real-life situation which can be modeled by a sine or cosine functions to model
cosine function. real-life data
Answers will vary.

Larson/Hostetler Precalculus/Precalculus with Limits Notetaking Guide IAE


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90 Chapter 4 • Trigonometry

Example 7: Find a trigonometric function to model the data in


the following table.

x 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
y 2 4 2 0 2

y = 2 sin x + 2

Additional notes

y y y

x x x

Homework Assignment

Page(s)

Exercises

Larson/Hostetler Precalculus/Precalculus with Limits Notetaking Guide IAE


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