Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thin-Walled Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 11 January 2015
Received in revised form
26 June 2015
Accepted 24 July 2015
The literature lacks exhaustive study on CFDST hybrid columns circumscribed by FRP layers. Extended
FEM analysis was carried out on 70 real-scale models with varying parameters including the material and
number of FRP layers, concrete strength, length-to-diameter ratio (specic length), and hollow section
ratio. Carbon bers proved stronger than glass bers, leading to higher ultimate stress associated with
lower strain. Specimens with high specic lengths suffered from steel premature buckling, thus stiffened
with steel plates. Specimens with various hollow section ratios were nally compared, showing an increase range of 70% between the maximum (0.75) and minimum (0.25) ratios.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Hybrid columns
CFDST columns
FRP bers
Hollow section ratio
Nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete
1. Introduction
Thanks to the established intrinsic synergy between steel and
concrete, hybrid columns have received growing applications
through the past decades. The virtues of hybrid columns are
manifold. They include construction convenience (e.g. applicability
as a duct for plumbing) and signicant mechanical enhancement
of structural elements in comparison to ordinary reinforced or
even purely steel members. Amongst the enhanced mechanical
properties is increased connement and shear strength underlying
further efciency in the structural element. That is, the conning
effect is applied on concrete at best when the hybrid column is
circular [1]. With regards to the relative placement of steel and
concrete, hybrid columns can take the form of a concrete-lled
steel tube (CFST), a concrete-lled FRP tube (CFFT), a steel section
encased in a concrete section, a steel-reinforced concrete section
(SRC), a double steel tubular column, or a concrete-lled double
skin tubular column (CFDST) [2] .
Research work about hybrid concrete columns is plentiful in
the literature. The seminal idea of using double tubular steel columns was rstly proposed by Khalil and Illouli [3] to be consisting
of two steel layers embedding a concrete layer in between. Others
investigated various properties of similar tubular columns including Wei et al. [4], Han et al. [5], Zhao and Grzebieta [6], and
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: talaeitaba@yahoo.com (S.B. Talaeitaba), mtorki@tamu.edu,
mtorki85@gmail.com (M. Ebrahim Torki).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.07.018
0263-8231/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tao et al. [7]. Along with their virtues, these columns were proven
to have certain shortcomings stemming from placing steel at the
outer layer, which would entail protection against re and corrosion. Thus, researchers were lead through further strengthening
tubular columns with FRP strips, which was rstly brought up by
Fam and Rizkalla [8]. They set forth both the inner and outer layers
to be made of FRP layers, as shown in Fig. 1. This would trigger
certain issues concerning the connectivity problem between the
column and a beam in absence of steel and the inability of FRP
layers to bear structural loads. Later on, other researchers introduced the idea of hybrid columns into CFDST and investigated
the load bearing properties of this type of column. Later on, Yu
et al. [9] carried out FEM calculations, in agreement to the corresponding experimental outcomes, on the exural behavior of
columns with a steel inner layer and an FRP outer layer embracing
concrete in between. Owing to the conning effect of concrete,
buckling of the steel tube will be remarkably delayed or even totally dispensed with. However, tearing in the FRP layer will give
rise to premature fracture, and that is where the thickness of the
steel inner layer will take effect [10].
Hu et al. [1] proposed and veried proper material constitutive
models for concrete-lled tubes (CFT) using ABAQUS in agreement
to experimental data. Circular tubes proved to provide the best
conning effect when the width-to-thickness ratio was small.
Square CFT columns, however, did not provide a large conning
effect, esp. when the width-to-thickness ratio was large. Later on,
Hu and Su [11] established empirical equations to predict the
lateral conning pressure exerted on the concrete core.
390
Fig. 1. Schematic outline of a circular or square prismatic CFDST column consisting of steel and FRP layers.
Table 1
Geometric properties of validating specimens [19].
Type
2
2
2
Di (mm) Hollow
section
ratio ()
42
76
88
2.3
3.5
2.1
0.28(A)
0.5(B)
0.58(C)
36.7
46.7
36.9
Table 2
Mechanical properties of FRP layers [19].
Efrp (MPa)
to (mm)
fu
h,rup
80100
0.17
0.031
0.018
Table 3
Mechanical properties of steel tie plates.
Steel tube diameter (mm)
Fusteel
(MPa)
steel
76
3.3
198700
475.5
0.3
406.2
Fig. 2. Experimental set-up of the hybrid column: (a) prior to and (b) after compressive loading [9].
391
Fig. 3. FEM model of the hybrid column: (a) prior to and (b) after compressive loading.
60
60
Specimen C47-B2
Specimen C37-A2
50
Experimental
FEM (Yu et al)
FEM (present)
40
50
30
20
30
20
10
10
Experimental
FEM (Yu et al)
FEM (present)
40
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Axial strain
60
Specimen C37-C2
50
Experimental
FEM (Yu et al)
FEM (present)
40
30
20
10
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 4. Plots showing compressive stress vs axial strain, as compared with experimental data and FEM calculations in Ref. [19], for (a) the C37-A2 specimen, (b) the C47-B2
specimen, and (c) the C37-C2 specimen. A very nice agreement between all data sets could be observed in all curves.
compressive behavior of CFDST columns determined from nonlinear FEM calculations executed on 70 models made in ABAQUS.
The FEM models as such are made on the basis of the idea primarily put forward by Teng [19]. The stressstrain curves plotted
compare favorably with the experimental results produced by
Teng [19]. Then, the models are extended as to measure the effects
of geometric parameters in presence of an FRP layer generating the
outer layer on the load bearing capacity, strain to failure, and
buckling load. The so-called geometric parameters include the
column height, diameter, and hollow section ratio, dened as the
392
2. FEM modeling
external-to-internal diameter ratio. Aside from geometry, the effects due to material were assessed. In this regard, concrete compressive strength as well as FRP material (either carbon or glass)
and number of FRP layers will be noticed in the passing.
Table 4
Mechanical properties of GFRP strips.
Type
Efrp (MPa)
to (mm)
fu
h,rup
GFRP
CFRP
80,100
230,000
0.17
0.17
0.031
0.017
0.018
0.0102
Ec = 4700 f c
Table 5
Mechanical properties of inner-layer steel tubes.
Esteel (MPa)
Fysteel (MPa)
Fusteel (MPa)
steel
198,700
240
60
0.3
(1)
Table 6
Geometric properties of main specimens for the effects of the material and the number of FRP layers.
No. of specimen
Type
Do (mm)
H (mm)
Di (mm)
ti (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
C47-15-30-B2-G
C47-15-30-B4-G
C47-15-30-B6-G
C47-15-30-B2-C
C47-15-30-B4-C
C47-15-30-B6-C
152
152
152
152
152
152
305
305
305
305
305
305
2
4
6
2
4
6
76
76
76
76
76
76
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
Table 7
Geometric properties of main specimens for the effect of concrete compressive strength.
No. of specimen
Type
Do (mm)
H (mm)
Di (mm)
ti (mm)
7
8
9
10
C30-15-30-B2-G
C40-15-30-B2-G
C50-15-30-B2-G
C60-15-30-B2-G
152
152
152
152
305
305
305
305
2
2
2
2
76
76
76
76
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
0.5(B)
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
30
40
50
60
160
C47-15-30-B2-G
C47-15-30-B4-G
C47-15-30-B6-G
140
120
100
80
60
100
80
60
40
40
20
20
C47-15-30-B2-C
C47-15-30-B4-C
C47-15-30-B6-C
140
120
160
0.005
0.01
Axial strain
0.015
0.02
0.005
0.01
Axial strain
0.015
0.02
393
160
C47-15-30-B2-G
C47-15-30-B2-C
Hognestad
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 6. Stressstrain behavior of specimens with differing FRP material.
160
/
160
/
fc = 30 MPa
140
fc = 40 MPa
140
C30-15-30-B2-G
Hognestad
120
120
100
80
60
100
80
60
40
40
20
20
C40-15-30-B2-G
Hognestad
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.005
Axial strain
0.01
160
/
fc = 60 MPa
140
C50-15-30-B2-G
Hognestad
C60-15-30-B2-G
Hognestad
120
120
100
80
60
100
80
60
40
40
20
20
0.02
160
fc = 50 MPa
140
0.015
Axial strain
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 7. Concrete stressstrain curves in C30-15-30-B2-G for: (a) f c = 30 MPa , (b) f c = 40 MPa , (c) f c = 50 MPa , and (d) f c = 60 MPa .
394
Fig. 8. Representative cross sections with each hollow section ratio: (a) = 0.25, (b) = 0.5, and (c) = 0.75.
160
160
C47-40-100-A2-C
C47-40-200-A2-C
C47-40-300-A2-C
140
120
C47-50-100-A2-C
C47-50-200-A2-C
C47-50-300-A2-C
140
120
100
80
60
100
80
60
40
40
20
20
395
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Axial strain
Axial strain
160
C47-60-100-A2-C
C47-60-200-A2-C
C47-60-300-A2-C
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Axial strain
Fig. 9. Stressstrain curves for specimens: (a) C47-40-100-A2-C, C47-40-200-A2-C, and C47-40-300-A2-C; (b) C47-50-100-A2-C, C47-50-200-A2-C, and C47-50-300-A2-C;
(c) C47-60-100-A2-C, C47-60-200-A2-C, and C47-60-300-A2-C. The given specic lengths have been dened, in fact, to have a proper comparator intrinsic to the column.
396
C47-40-100-A2-C
Right (-)
Left (+)
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
C47-40-100-A2-C
Right (-)
Left (+)
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
C47-40-300-A2-C
Right (-)
Left (+)
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
and 2 FRP layers made of Glass bers. All FRP materials used
constitute either glass (G) or carbon (C) bers. Table 4 shows the
mechanical properties of FRP strips, all of which have been dened
in Section 3. The steel tubes placed at the inner layer have the
properties as shown in Table 5.
The complete collection of specimens' properties for the
397
100
C47-40-300-A2-C
80
(0.003 , 45.328)
60
40
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Axial strain
Fig. 11. Stressstrain curve for the C47-40-300-A2-C specimen, showing an abrupt drop at the circled zone due to damage initiation. Further discussion will be given in the
following for this damage. It can be observed that the curve would continue, more or less, smoothly after this point.
-50
(2734.49 , -69.60)
-100
-150
C47-40-300-A2-C
Tsai-Wu
-200
-250
-300
1000
2000
3000
4000
columns consists of two zones. The rst zone takes after that of
plain concrete, where steel and FRP are not yet signicantly involved in resisting the load. The secondary zone, however, is when
the stiffness of the material is, for the most part, dictated by the
reinforcing elements, including steel and FRP layers. Thus, the
number of FRP layers should have a remarkable inuence in the
slope of the secondary zone. Furthermore, Fig. 6, pertaining to two
specimens with dissimilar FRP layers, reveals that carbon bers
would have a greater effect on the ultimate compressive stress in
concrete, i.e. by 13%. By way of contrast, glass bers, due to their
lower rigidity, endure larger strains in comparison to carbon bers. Thus, using carbon bers would decrease the strain to failure,
and the material toughness would decline accordingly. The dashed
curves represent the Hognestad unconned specimens. The conned specimen, as demonstrated in Fig. 6, exhibits a 460 percent
398
Fig. 13. Contours showing: (a) hoop strain (mm/mm) and (b) hoop stress ( N/mm2 MPa ) for the C47-40-300-A2-C specimen. The color legend beside (a) shows the region
where the hoop strain has exceeded or is still below the FRP tearing limit.
400
100
C47-40-300-A2-C
Steel
C47-40-300-A2-C
Concrete
75
300
200
100
50
25
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.005
Axial strain
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
5000
C47-40-300-A2-C
FRP
4000
3000
2000
1000
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 14. Stressstrain curve in the C47-40-300-A2-C specimen belonging to: (a) steel, (b) concrete, and (c) FRP, demonstrating the differences existing in mechanical
behaviors as well as stress and strain ranges. The plots have been generated only for the ascending region.
80
399
80
C47-40-300-A2-C
C47-50-300-A2-C
C47-60-300-A2-C
C47-40-300-B2-C
C47-50-300-B2-C
C47-60-300-B2-C
60
60
40
20
40
20
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.005
Axial strain
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
80
C47-40-300-C2-C
C47-50-300-C2-C
C47-60-300-C2-C
60
40
20
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 15. Axial load vs strain plots for specimens, with constant ratio, made with 300 mm diameters: (a) C47-40-300-A2-C, C47-50-300-A2-C, and C47-60-300-C; (b) C4740-300-B2-C, C47-50-300-B2-C, and C47-60-300-B2-C; (c) C47-40-300-C2-C, C47-50-300-C2-C, and C47-60-300-C2-C. The abrupt drops occurring shortly after the yield
point indicate premature buckling in the specimen.
5. New models
In order to have more condence in the application of CFDST in
400
-50
-50
-100
-100
-150
-150
C47-30-300-A2-G
Tsai-Wu
-200
-200
-250
-250
-300
C47-30-300-B2-G
Tsai-Wu
1000
2000
3000
-300
4000
1000
2000
3000
4000
-50
-100
-150
C47-30-300-C2-G
Tsai-Wu
-200
-250
-300
1000
2000
3000
4000
Fig. 17. Cross section of specimens strengthened with steel plates, all with a 300 mm outer diameter but different inner diameters.
Table 8
Properties of specimens strengthened with steel plates as compared with their counterparts without stiffeners.
No. of specimen
Type
Do (mm)
H (mm)
Di (mm)
ti (mm)
65
66
67
68
69
70
C47-30-300-A2-G
C47-30-300-A2-G-S
C47-30-300-B2-G
C47-30-300-B2-G-S
C47-30-300-C2-G
C47-30-300-C2-G-S
300
300
300
300
300
300
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2
2
2
2
2
2
75
75
150
150
225
225
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.75
0.75
4
4
5.6
5.6
6.3
6.3
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
5000
401
5000
C47-30-300-A2-G
C47-30-300-A2-G-S
C47-30-300-B2-G
C47-30-300-B2-G-S
4000
4000
3000
2000
1000
3000
2000
1000
10
15
20
25
30
10
Displacement (mm)
15
20
25
30
Displacement (mm)
5000
C47-30-300-C2-G
C47-30-300-C2-G-S
4000
3000
2000
1000
10
15
20
25
30
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 18. Plots of axial load vs axial displacement for: (a) C47-30-300-A2-G and C47-30-300-A2-G-S, (b) C47-30-300-B2-G and C47-30-300-B2-G-S, (c) C47-30-300-C2-G and
C47-30-300-C2-G-S specimens.
Fig. 19. FEM displacement-to-buckling (vertical displacement in mm) contours for C47-30-300-A2-G: (a) unstiffened and (b) stiffened specimens.
402
with the stress and stress given in the gure, there exists slight
decrease in stress whereas the stress will continue to rise afterwards. In fact, as for the Riks arc-length method in the FEM analyses [22], the curves will extend up to the last load step. However,
full agreement between experimental and FEM data would be
acquired if the instant when tearing in FRP strips occurs is elucidated and the stressstrain curve is plotted up to that point. To this
aim, two alternative methods have been applied comparatively:
using the TsaiWu [21] and the maximum strain criteria [23]. In
the former method, the compressive stress vs hoop tensile stress
was plotted for a FRP element, and the point of intersection with
the TsaiWu failure curve, as shown in Fig. 12, was believed as the
tearing point for the FRP strip. In the latter, however, the FRP hoop
stress exceeding h,rup would mark rupture in the FRP strip. Fig. 13
shows the hoop stress and strain for the structure at the FRP
tearing instant on the basis of the TsaiWu criterion. The contour
legend for the given example shows that the hoop stress has
Table 9
Ratio between the ultimate axial displacements of stiffened and ordinary specimens (RF standing for the reaction force).
Specimen
C47-30-300-A2-G
C47-30-300-B2-G
C47-30-300-C2-G
182
127
126
119
102
107
80
C47-40-300-A2-C
C47-40-300-B2-C
C47-40-300-C2-C
Hognestad
40
20
C47-40-300-A2-C
C47-40-300-B2-C
C47-40-300-C2-C
Hognestad
60
60
80
40
20
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.005
Axial strain
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
80
C47-40-300-A2-C
C47-40-300-B2-C
C47-40-300-C2-C
Hognestad
60
40
20
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Axial strain
Fig. 20. Axial load vs strain for specimens with varying hollow section ratios: (a) C47-40-300-A2-C, C47-40-300-B2-C, and C47-40-300-C2-C, (b) C47-50-300-A2-C, C47-50300-B2-C, and C47-50-300-C2-C, (c) C47-60-300-A2-C, C47-60-300-B2-C, and C47-60-300-C2-C.
16000
C47-50-300-A2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-50-300-A2-G
14000
10000
8000
6000
16000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
4000
2000
2000
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
16000
14000
12000
12000
10000
8000
C47-60-300-A2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-60-300-A2-G
4000
2000
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
16000
14000
6000
Axial strain
C47-50-300-A2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-50-300-A2-G
14000
12000
403
C47-60-300-A2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-60-300-A2-G
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
Fig. 21. Axial load vs strain for equivalent steel and concrete cross sections as
compared with their summation and the hybrid counterparts in: (a) C47-50-300A2-G and C47-50-300-A2-C, (b) C47-60-300-A2-G and C47-60-300-A2-C.
Fig. 22. Axial load vs strain for equivalent steel and concrete cross sections as
compared with their summation and the hybrid counterparts in: (a) C47-50-300B2-G and C47-50-300-B2-C, (b) C47-60-300-B2-G and C47-60-300-B2-C.
exceeded 0.102, and thus both criteria imply tearing in FRP strips.
However, for the sake of further condence, the smaller strain to
tearing has been chosen as the determinant of tearing in FRP, and
the stressstrain curves have been extended up to the FRP tearing
point. It might be appealing to the reader that the FRP tearing
stress lies between 852 to 2678 MPa. Further clarication need be
made regarding the abrupt drop at point A (as shown in Fig. 11). In
actual fact, nonlinear analysis in ABAQUS is identied by means of
time steps. Hence, the total time for every evidence can be tracked.
The time when the stress and strain reach those at point A is 0.018
for the given specimen at Fig. 11. With that said, the stressstrain
curve for an element belonging to the middle of the height and
thickness of the column has been scrutinized at the 0.018 instant,
as shown in Fig. 14. At this point, the FRP stressstrain curve shows
that FRP has not torn yet. Moreover, the concrete stressstrain
curve demonstrates that the concrete compressive stress has exceeded 0.5f c , and hence concrete is in the post-cracking nonlinear
zone. Finally, the steel stressstrain curve shows that steel has
yielded. Therefore, damage has initiated at this point, inducing a
sharp drop in the curve (Fig. 15).
404
16000
C47-50-300-C2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-50-300-C2-G
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
16000
C47-60-300-C2-C
Steel alone
Concrete alone
Sum (steel+conc)
C47-60-300-C2-G
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Axial strain
Fig. 23. Axial load vs strain for equivalent steel and concrete cross sections as compared with their summation and the hybrid counterparts in: (a) C47-50-300-C2-G and
C47-50-300-C2-C, (b) C47-60-300-C2-G and C47-60-300-C2-C.
Table 10
Load bearing capacity in equivalent steel cross sections, showing the signicant reduction in the cross sectional area and thickness when a hybrid design is used.
Model
PCFDST
DSD
tSD
ASD
DSeq
tSeq
ASeq
ASeq /ASD
C47-50-300-A2-G-C
C47-60-300-A2-G-C
C47-50-300-B2-G-C
C47-60-300-B2-G-C
C47-50-300-C2-G-C
C47-60-300-C2-G-C
10447.1
14494.2
9361.36
13065.5
8183.08
11104.4
125
150
250
300
375
450
6.3
8
8
8.8
10
12
2349.31
3568.84
6082.12
8050.51
11467
16512
800
1100
750
1000
650
900
30
30
30
30
30
30
72570.9
100845
67858
91420
58433.6
81995.5
30
28
11
11
5
5
405
column steel tube diameter and thickness, respectively. Correspondingly, DSeq and tSeq are the same parameters for the equivalent steel cross section. Hence, ASD and ASeq will be the steel cross
sectional area in the hybrid and the equivalent steel column, respectively. The hybrid curves have continued up to the point
where FRP is torn, the steel curves have ended at the buckling
load, and the concrete curves have been plotted up to or slightly
past the concrete ultimate strain 0.004.
1. Designing a column in the form of CFDST would intensely increase the load bearing capacity in comparison to equivalent
designs (under the same loading scheme) with the presence of
steel and concrete alone. The design proves even better than
the sum of steel and concrete designs, each designed against
the whole loading.
2. Increasing the number of FRP layers only from 2 to 6 would
induce a 45 percent increase in the concrete ultimate compressive stress. This accounts for a great inuence within a
small range of improvement.
3. Changing bers from glass to carbon would increase the ultimate compressive stress of concrete by 13 percent. In the
meantime, it would lower the strain to failure as for the more
brittle nature of carbon.
4. Increasing the concrete compressive strength would create a
more remarkable effect on the load bearing capacity in a hybrid
column than in an ordinarily reinforced column. That is, the
load bearing capacity and strain to failure were increased between 3090 percent and 460 percent, respectively in comparison to those in an ordinary reinforced concrete column.
5. With a specied length, increasing the overall diameter of the
column would signicantly increase the load bearing capacity,
irrespective of the hollow section ratio value. Quantitatively,
increasing the diameter by 100 and 200 mm would lead to a 45
and 200 percent increase in the ultimate load, respectively.
6. Employing steel stiffening plates in columns with high specic
lengths (e.g. = 10) would not only increase the ultimate displacement by 2682 percent, but also delay the steel tube
buckling incidence up to the point of FRP tearing. This helps
maximizing the performance of the column under a combined
state of compressive and lateral loads (e.g. against earthquake).
7. An increase of 0.25 and 0.5 applied to the initial hollow section
ratio of 0.25 would lead to a 2070% increase in the ultimate
axial load, respectively.
7. Concluding remarks
Specic focus has been placed over hybrid columns known as
CFDST in the literature over the past few decades. Of particular
importance is the effects of geometric properties on the mechanical behavior of these columns under compression. The present work investigates the nonlinear behavior of CFDST using extended FEM analysis. The effect of various parameters including
the material and number of FRP layers and concrete compressive
strength as well as height, diameter, and hollow section ratio were
explored. Results are conducive to the following outcomes:
Appendix A
See Table A1.
406
Table A1
Geometric properties of specimens as for the study of height, diameter, and hollow section ratio.
No. of specimen
Type
Do (mm)
H (mm)
Di (mm)
ti (mm)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
C47-40-100-A2-G
C47-40-100-B2-G
C47-40-100-C2-G
C47-40-100-A2-C
C47-40-100-B2-C
C47-40-100-C2-C
C47-40-200-A2-G
C47-40-200-B2-G
C47-40-200-C2-G
C47-40-200-A2-C
C47-40-200-B2-C
C47-40-200-C2-C
C47-40-300-A2-G
C47-40-300-B2-G
C47-40-300-C2-G
C47-40-300-A2-C
C47-40-300-B2-C
C47-40-300-C2-C
C47-50-100-A2-G
C47-50-100-B2-G
C47-50-100-C2-G
C47-50-100-A2-C
C47-50-100-B2-C
C47-50-100-C2-C
C47-50-200-A2-G
C47-50-200-B2-G
C47-50-200-C2-G
C47-50-200-A2-C
C47-50-200-B2-C
C47-50-200-C2-C
C47-50-300-A2-G
C47-50-300-B2-G
C47-50-300-C2-G
C47-50-300-A2-C
C47-50-300-B2-C
C47-50-300-C2-C
C47-60-100-A2-G
C47-60-100-B2-G
C47-60-100-C2-G
C47-60-100-A2-C
C47-60-100-B2-C
C47-60-100-C2-C
C47-60-200-A2-G
C47-60-200-B2-G
C47-60-200-C2-G
C47-60-200-A2-C
C47-60-200-B2-C
C47-60-200-C2-C
C47-60-300-A2-G
C47-60-300-B2-G
C47-60-300-C2-G
C47-60-300-A2-C
C47-60-300-B2-C
C47-60-300-C2-C
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
200
300
125
250
375
125
250
375
125
250
375
125
250
375
125
250
375
125
250
375
150
300
450
150
300
450
150
300
450
150
300
450
150
300
450
150
300
450
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.75
5.6
6.3
8.0
5.6
6.3
8.0
5.6
6.3
8.0
5.6
6.3
8.0
5.6
6.3
8.0
5.6
6.3
8.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
6.3
8.0
10
6.3
8.0
10.0
6.3
8.0
10.0
8.0
8.8
12.0
8.0
8.8
12.0
8.0
8.8
12.0
8.0
8.8
12.0.
8.0
8.8
12.0
8.0
8.8
12.0
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
46.7
References
[1] H.T. Hu, C.S. Huang, M.H. Wu, Y.M. Wu, Nonlinear analysis of axially loaded
concrete-lled tube columns with connement effect, J. Struct. Eng. 129 (10)
(2003) 13221329.
[2] E. Hognestad, Study of combined bending and axial load in reinforced concrete
members, University of Illinois. Engineering Experiment Station. Bulletin; no. 399,
1951.
[3] H. Shakir-Khalil, S. Illouli, Composite columns of concentric steel tubes, 1989.
[4] S. Wei, S.T. Mau, C. Vipulanandan, S.K. Mantrala, Performance of new sandwich
tube under axial loading: experiment, J. Struct. Eng. 121 (12) (1995)
18061814.
[5] T.H. Han, K.H. Han, S.Y. Han, S.N. Kim, J.O. Kang, Y.J. Kang, The behavior of an
internally conned hollow concrete lled steel tube column, in: Proceedings of
the 8th KoreaJapan joint seminar, vol. 3, 2005.
[6] X.L. Zhao, R. Grzebieta, Strength and ductility of concrete lled double skin
(SHS inner and SHS outer) tubes, Thin-Walled Struct. 40 (2) (2002) 199213.
[7] Z. Tao, L.H. Han, X.L. Zhao, Behavior of concrete-lled double skin (CHS inner
and CHS outer) steel tubular stub columns and beam-columns, J. Constr. Steel
[15] W. Li, L.H. Han, X.L. Zhao, Axial strength of concrete-lled double skin steel
tubular (CFDST) columns with preload on steel tubes, Thin-Walled Struct. 56
(2012) 920.
[16] M.F. Hassanein, O.F. Kharoob, Compressive strength of circular concrete-lled
double skin tubular short columns, Thin-Walled Struct. 77 (2014) 165173.
[17] M.F. Hassanein, O.F. Kharoob, Analysis of circular concrete-lled double skin
tubular slender columns with external stainless steel tubes, Thin-Walled
Struct. 79 (2014) 2337.
[18] Y.Z. Wang, B.S. Li, Finite Element Analysis for Concrete Filled Double-Skin Steel
Tubular Stub Columns, Adv. Mater. Res. 690 (2013) 696699.
[19] J.G. Teng, T. Yu, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Hybrid FRPconcretesteel tubular columns: concept and behavior, Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (4) (2007) 846854.
407
[20] J.G. MacGregor, J.K. Wight, S. Teng, P. Irawan, Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics
and Design, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997.
[21] S.W. Tsai, E.M. Wu, A general theory of strength for anisotropic materials, J.
Compos. Mater. 5 (1) (1971) 5880.
[22] Manual, ABAQUS UserS, Version 6.5, Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen. Inc.,
Pawtucket, RI, 2004.
[23] W.F. Chen, Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete, J. Ross Publishing, 2007.
[24] C.G. Salmon, J.E. Johnson, F.A. Malhas, Steel Structures: Design and Behavior,
Harper and Row, New York, 1980.
[25] ACI Committee, American Concrete Institute, and International Organization
for Standardization, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
31808) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, USA, 2008.