See

discussions,
stats, and
author profiles
publication
at:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/226415242

for

Design optimization
of
compressor
blades with
dimensional
Navier-Stokes

axial flow
threesolver

ARTICLE
in
TECHNOLOGY

Impact Factor: 0.84

JOURNAL OF
MECHANICAL
2012
DOI:
10.1007/BF03185803

APRIL

CITATIONS

READS

23

703

AUTHORS,

this

SCIENCE AND

INCLUDING:

Kwang-Yong Kim
Inha
University
322
PUBLICATIONS
SEE

1,535

CITATIONS

PROFILE

Available
from:

Kwang-Yong

Kim

ed

on:

October 2015

Retriev
11

KSME International Journal, Vol. 14, No.9, pp. 1005-1012, 2000

1005
Design Optimization of Axial Flow Compressor Blades with
Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Solver
Sang-Yun Lee, Kwang-Yong Kim*
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automation Engineering, lnha Univ
ersity
Numerical optimization techniques combined with a three-dimensional thinlayer NavierStokes solver are presented to find an optimum shape of a stator blade in an
axial compressor
through calculations of single stage rotor-stator flow. Governing differenti
al equations are
discretized using an explicit finite difference method and solved by a multi
-stage Runge-Kutta
scheme. Baldwin-Lomax model is chosen to describe turbulence. A spatially-va
rying time-step
and an implicit residual smoothing are used to accelerate convergence. A ste
ady mixing
approach is used to pass information between stator and rotor blades. For nu
merical optimization, searching direction is found by the steepest decent and conjugate dire
ction methods, and
the golden section method is used to determine optimum moving distance along
the searching
direction. The object of present optimization is to maximize efficiency. An
optimum stacking
line is found to design a custom-tailored 3-dimensional blade for maximum ef
ficiency with the
other parameters fixed.
Key Words: Numerical Optimization, Axial Compressor, Blade, Thin-Layer Navie
r-Stokes
Equations, Stacking Line
design and use of shock
free, controlled diffusion
1. Introduction
speed compressor appli-

airfoils (CDA) for highcations have been succes

sfully completed. The

Turbomachines have complicated flow pheailored airfoils rather
nomena such as separation, turbulent wakes,
of blade profiles such as
secondary flows, and tip clearance vortices. Thus,
ar are, and double
accurate flow analysis is essential for designing
ayana, 1996). The CDA
efficient aerodynamic blade shapes that reduce
ources by diffusing the
loss. Recently, with the development of sophistisubsonic velocities withcated measuring instruments and technology,
delaying boundary
precise measurement of turbomachinery flow
fields are being obtained. This trend, coupled

new designs use custom-t

than the standard series
NACA 400, NACA 65/circul
circular arc (Lakshminar
profiles minimize loss s
flow from supersonic to
out a shock wave, and by
layer separation.
Hobbs and Weingold (1

984) analytically
with rapid CFD development and the use of CFD
ntrolled diffusion airfoils
in the design process, has led to the design of
avoid surface boundary
more efficient fluid machinery.
erimental cascade testing,
Within the past 15 years, research into the
ated the capability of

developed a series of co
to be shock-free and to
layer separation. In exp
the CDA profile demonstr
achieving low loss and i

ncreased incidence range

Corresponding Author,
gh loading levels,
E-mail: kykim@inha.ac.kr
trailing edges, without
TEL: +82-32-872-3096; FAX: +82-32-868-1716
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automation
Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyuri-dong,

at elevated Mach numbers, hi

and thicker leading and
performance penalty.
The CDA performance w

as compared with that

Nam-ku, Incheon 402-751, Korea. (Manuscript
airfoils by Rechter, et
Received February 15, 2000 ; Revised May 24, 2000)
ve sets of stator blades

of conventional NACA 65
al (1985). Two alternati

1006

Sang- Yun Lee and Kwang- Yong Kim

were designed and built, each having the same

e inlet flow region and
design condition. Cascade and compressor tests,
rotor and stator are used.
under the same flow conditions, revealed the
one cell at the interface
superiority of the CDA profile for axial compresd blocks because of the
sors over NACA 65 airfoils.
ference scheme used in
However, the capability of these modern airfoil
face, the solutions next to
profiles to realize their peak aerodynamic potented circumferentially at
tial is limited by three-dimensional flow effects.
nd then they are stored
This is a result of these technical advances being
itions for the neighborbuilt on the basis of a two-dimensional compressible potential flow code combined with an improved boundary layer code. To design a fullgn Approach
span blade shape, Behlke (1986) used an integrated corejendwall vortex design model to apply
lades are typically
CDA technology to the blade sections near the
ces, coordinates of blade
end walls.
termined on a surface
In this paper, optimization of the three-dimenection for the convenience
sional shape of a stator through the use of a single
stage rotor-stator calculation is described. The
l rules for compressor
flow field is treated as three-dimensional and
rates on the blade surfaces
viscous. The airfoil stacking line is chosen as the
h as possible. The
variable to be optimized. This line is difficult to
shape must be consistent
optimize using conventional design methods. The
tion which varies along
airfoil stacking line is also an important variable
me aerodynamic characin the determination of the 3-D blade shape.
be insensitive over a wide

An H-type grid for th

C-type grids around the
Grids are overlapped by
between two adjacent gri
node-centered finite-dif
the solver. At the inter
the boundary are integra
each spanwise location a
for use as boundary cond
ing grids.
3. Compressor Blade Desi
Although compressor b
designed on stream surfa
sections are actually de
normal to the radial dir
of construction.
There are some genera
blade design. Diffusion
should be reduced as muc
three-dimensional blade
with the operating condi
the span. In addition so
teristic variables must
operating range. As show

n in the case of CDA

2. Flow Analysis
to reduce loss by controlling

airfoil shapes, efforts

diffusion on the surface

of a blade section have

Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations
ul. However, these design
and energy equation are solved on body-fitted
veloped sufficiently to
grids using an explicit finite-difference scheme.
n blade shapes that satisfy

been relatively successf

methods have not been de
allow design of full-spa

Viscous terms in the stream wise direction are

mensional flowfield in
neglected using a thin-layer approximation, and
e, in this work, to take
those in other directions are calculated. The
of three-dimensional flow
Baldwin-Lomax model is chosen as the turbustacking line optimization
lence model. An explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is
in design objective.
used to march from the initial to steady state with
ermines the relative cira spatially varying time step to accelerate converof blades being stacked
gence. Artificial dissipation terms are added to
A leaned and skewed
resolve shocks. Mach numbers in each direction,
otal energy loss through
total pressure, and total temperature are given at
nd diffusion in the blade
the inlet. At the exit, the hub static pressure ratio
n a turbine application,
is specified, and the radial equilibrium equation
d, and negatively curved
is solved along the blade span. A periodic tip
ed experimentally by Han
clearance model is used to calculate rotor tip and
e of the negatively curved
stator hub tip clearance flows. A no-slip and an
tical losses were greatly
adiabatic wall conditions are used.
ncy was raised. Similarly,

the complicated three-di

turbomachinery. Therefor
account for the effects
structure in the design,
of the stator was the ma
The stacking line det
cumferential coordinates
in the radial direction.
blade can decrease the t
reduced secondary flow a
passages. For example, i
leaned, positively curve
blade cascades were test
et al (1994). In the cas
blade, the secondary vor
reduced, and the efficie

PDF File Count = 60019881<br>