Effects on climate on

Transovarial Infection Rate of Dengue Virus

in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes
The 10th CRISU-CUPT International Conference

Trilateral Scietific meeting Climate change: Observation, Analysis and Health

Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto

tribaskorots2@gmail.com; tribaskoro@ugm.ac.id
Entomology Division ,
Faculty Of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the DHF endemic countries
of SEA

IR (Kasus P ER 100.000 penduduk)

10,00
5

0,00
0

TAHUN
IR

CFR

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

1975

1974

1973

Trend Angka Kesakitan & Angka Kematian DBD di Indonesia

1968-2014

60,00

50,00
25

40,00
20

30,00

15

20,00
10

CFR (%)

70,00

1972

80,00

1971

1970

1969

1968

Case fatality Rate and Incident Rate Dengue Haemorhagic Fever

45

40

35

30

The History of DHF in Indonesia

First DHF case was found in 1967 only in 7 province
Currently is developed in all 34 province
The Highest IR in South-East Asia

Dengue vector

Aedes aegypti

Anthrophophilic endophagic
Egg Adult 7-9 days
Habitat Larva pH 5.8-8.6
Day biting 7-10 am;15-17pm
Multiple biting
Laying eggs in clear water,
on vertically wall

Aedes aegypti life cycle

ADULT

PUPA
EGGS

LARVA

Indonesian Goverment Strategies

Optimize of community in Larva Source reduction activity
utilization, in school, communities, offices, public places and
also religious worship places
Optimize of DHF surveillance system as EWARS, which consist
of:
Periodic larva monitoring
Monitoring number of DHF cases
Increase the promotion regarding Larva Source reduction
management DHF cases

Dengue control
Effective usage and, ENVIROMENTLY SAFE is priority;
which is by using 3M + FISH USAGE (Drain, Cover,

Bury, and FISH USAGE)

Larviside is suggested only on water container that
is not possible for 3M Plus.
Fogging in outbreak areas

Climate Variability and Dengue

Incidence
Aedes mosquito breeding (Argentina)1:
Highest abundance mean temp. 20C,
accumulated rainfall (150 mm)
Decline egg laying monthly mean
temperature <16,5C
No eggs temp. <14,8C

Other studies:
Virus replication increases
temperature2
Transmission of pathogen >12C3
Biological models: small temperature
in temperate regions increases
potential epidemics4

1Vezzani

et al., 2004; 2Watts et al., 1987; 3Patz et al., 2006; 4Patz et al., 1998

Association between
weather and climate on
VBDs

IPCC AR5, 2013

Association between dengue

cases, temperature and rainfall

Hii et al., 2012

Vector and Host Seasonality

Vector-borne zoonoses mostly maintained by wildlife
Humans are irrelevant to their ecology

Vectors and their hosts are subject to seasonal variations

that are climate related (e.g., temperature) and climate
independent (e.g., day-length)
Seasonal variations affect abundance and demographic
processes of both vectors and hosts
Vector seasonality due to temperature affects
development and activity transmission
Host demographic processes (reproduction, birth and
mortality rates), affected directly by weather and
indirectly by resource availability VBD epidemiology

Example of Weather Effects:

El Nio
Global warming intensify El Nio
Several studies found relationships between dengue epidemics
and ENSO (El Nio Southern Oscillation)
Drought conditions: increase water storage around houses
elevated Aedes aegypti populations
Enhanced breeding opportunities when rainfall accumulates
following drought (Kuno et al., 1995)
ENSO= global scale
pattern of climate
variation accounting for
up to 40% of temperature
and rainfall variation in
Pacific

Hales et al., 1999;

Tipayamongkholgul et al, 2009

Transovarial studies

Mourya et al. (2001) demonstrated clearly in their lab

experiments that DENV-2 virus could be horizontally
transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquito after transovarial
transmission.
Joushi et al. (2003) showed persistence of DENV-3 virus
through transovarial transmission passage in successive
generations of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes; this evidence
suggests that Ae. aegypti may play an important role in
maintenance of DEN-3 virus in nature, and that mosquitoes
may act as reservoirs of the DENV.
Mardihusodo et al. (2007) Occurrences of DENV transovarial
transmissions tend to increase as found out in Ae. aegypti in
many occasions, either in laboratory or field studies. It seems
that DENV transovarial transmission to be increasing its role in
forthcoming emergence of DHF cases.Such phenomenon might
be occurring in 12 DHF endemic foci in Yogyakarta under
studies.

(Beaty, et al.,

Objectives

To identify the environmental changes influence (air

temperature and air humidity) and the length of time Ae.
aegypti mosquito eggs storage towards the transovarial
Infection rate (TIR) virus DEN.

Material and methods

DEN-2 virus infection per oral on mosquito regarding membrane feeding

method

Ae. aegypti mosquito egg collection per individual

Adult Ae. aegypti mosquito head above glass prepared for

head squash

Head squash Ae. aegypti mosquito after coloring and ready

to be examined

Microscopic virus DEN-2 on head squash adult Ae.aegypti

F0 Generation

F1 Generation

A (Positive)

B (Negative)

A (Positive)

B (Negative)

C (Positive Control)

D (Negative Control)

C (Positive Control)

D (Negative Control)

IV. RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
Result
and Discussion
TABLE. Antigen DEN-2 on head squash main mosquito (Fo) and its progeny on
imago (F1) stage. Incubation time is 13 days based on immunocytochemistry
SBPC menthod using monoclonal antibody DSSC7 as a primer antibody

Mosquito
generation

F0

F1

Antigen Virus DEN-2

Positive

Negative

Total
number

Infection
Rate
(%)

Infected with virus

DEN-2

56

60

93,3

Uninfected with virus

DEN

30

30

Infected with virus

DEN-2

74

16

90

82,2

Uninfected with virus

DEN

30

30

Positive Control *)

27

30

90,0

Negative Control **)

30

30

Mosquito examined
group

Temperature and air humidity for Ae. aegypti egg storage

has an affect toward ITR virus DEN-2

Conclusions

Climate change will affect the distribution and

incidence of VBD globally
Impacts will vary from region to region
Current evidence suggests impacts on some diseases
may already be occurring
Risk assessments constrained by complex transmission
cycles and multiple determinants
Non-climatic factors remain important determinants
of risk
Impacts may include unanticipated emergence of new
pathogens

Future research collaboration

Study is needed to identify the virulence of dengue virus
on mosquito in different temperature which can be
infected on human is beneficial for early warning system

Percentage of infected transovarial rate (ITR) DEN-2

in different temperature and humidity
70

61.1

55.6

60

ITR (%)

50
40

33.3

30

30

21.1 22.2

20
10
0

T1,RH1

T2,RH2
Types of treatment
7 Days

14 Days

T3,RH3

K.T1

Frame works

K1

K.T2
K.T3

K.T1

K2

K.T3

Egg
collection
(Ovitrap)

K.T2

Adult
mosquito
(age 7 days
and 14 days)

K.T1

K3

K.T2

K.T3
K.T1

K4

K.T2
K.T3

Colonized (+)
vir DEN-2
(Lab)

6
Virus detection
Method IISBC

3
Transovarial Infection Rate (ITR)

Average temperature and air humdity in the morning and afternoon based on
groups with 14 days treatment

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

T1,RH1

T2,RH2

T3,RH3

T1,RH1

Morning

T2,RH2

T3,RH3

Afternoon

Temperatur (0C)

26.1

23.8

33.8

27.2

24.8

34.5

Humidity (%)

84.8

90.3

71.1

81.9

88.2

70

Treatment