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GD&T Symbol:
Relative to Datum: Yes
MMC or LMC applicable: No
Drawing Callout:
Description:
Runout is how much one given reference feature or features vary with respect to
another datum when the part is rotated 360 around the datum axis. It is essentially a control of a
circular feature, and how much variation it has with the rotational axis. Runout can be called out on
any feature that is rotated about an axis. It is essentially how much wobble occurs in the one part
feature when referenced to another.
variation that the reference surface can have, when the part is rotated around the datums true
axis.
Gauging / Measurement:
Runout is measured using a simple height gauge on the reference surface. The datum axis is
controlled by fixing all datum points and rotating the central datum axis. The part is usually
constrained with V-blocks, or a spindle on each datum that is required to be controlled. The part is
then rotated around this axis and the variation is measured using the height gauge held
perpendicular to the part surface. As long as the gauge does not vary by more than the runout
tolerance, the part is in spec.
When Used:
Runout and its 3D component, Total runout, are very common symbols in GD&T due to the control
they have on a rotating part. They are used in any rotating components such as drills, gears,
shafts, axles and many machine tool parts. The automotive and industrial industry use this GD&T
symbol very often on any part that is rotated. Runout usually is put into place when oscillations or
vibrations need to be controlled on a fast rotating part, like an engine or transmission. If the part
rotates it probably requires runout.
Example:
A shaft that is rotated at very high speeds is prone to oscillations if the right edge of the shaft is too
far offset from the left side. To control how much wobble this part will have runout is used to ensure
that the smaller diameter surface is relatively controlled to datum surface A. To control this without
GD&T would be nearly impossible. The small amount of variation in the shaft, straightness of the
shaft, and roundness of the individual surfaces would be unrealistic to control. With runout, you
have your final rotational condition that you want controlled without needing to specify
unnecessary tight control on the entire part.
B is now controlled in relation to A, ensuring a smooth, near-perfect rotational system. Note: this
runout must be controlled on any cross section along the reference surface. You must gauge each
cross section separately though (Gauging the entire cylinder at once would be total runout).