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Soil resistance and resilience to compaction.

EMAR.SSSA
DATASET SEPTEMBER 2015

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Soil resistance and resilience to

compaction as affected by the
clay-organic carbon relation
Emmanuel Arthur
Per Moldrup
Per Schjnning
Lis W. de Jonge

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings

Oct 16-19, 2011 San Antonio, TX

Introduction

Anthropogenic stresses imposed on soils challenge their

ability to function
Soil stability is characterized by its resistance and
resilience to imposed stress
Compaction by agricultural machinery increases bulk
density and reduces pore functions

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Introduction

Soils resistance and resilience to compaction is driven

by several factors (water content, texture, clay type, organic matter
etc.)

Hypothesis

The main driver governing resilience in soils is the level

of clay saturation by organic carbon

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Introduction
Objective

Assess the role of clay saturation by organic carbon in

soil resilience to compaction using three functional
indicators

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Methodology

Functional indicators:

Void ratio, e

Air permeability, ka

Air filled porosity,

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Methodology

Soils 3 sandy loams:

10g clay 1g OC (Dexter et al., 2008)

~17 % clay
Different long term management
MFC = Mixed forage cropping
MCC = Mixed cash cropping
CCC = Cereal cash cropping

MFC

Saturated

Organic carbon (kg kg-1)

= different organic carbon contents:

0.024
MCC
CCC

0.020

0.016

0.012

0.008
0.08

Unsaturated

0.12

0.16

0.20

0.24

Clay (kg kg-1)

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Methodology

Compaction test
Freeze-thaw
cycles [FT]
-10C & -100 hPa

Compaction (200kPa)
@2mm/min

100 cm3

7 days
-100 hPa

drained to
-100 hPa
(Void ratio, e;
air permeability, ka
Air filled porosity, )

Rebound
recovery [RR]
(ka, , e)

Resistance (RST)

ka, , e
Wet-dry
cycles [WD]
saturation & 40C

ka, , e

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Methodology

Quantification of resistance and resilience

Compression index, Cc, from Gompertz model

e a c exp exp(b(log10 m))
= applied stress
e = void ratio
a, b, c = model parameters

Cc

bc
exp(1)

Low Cc = high resistance to compaction

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Methodology

Quantification of resistance and resilience

Compression index, Cc, from Gompertz model

Absolute values (e, ka, )

Indexed values:
Resistance [RST]

= Original value Value after compaction

Original value

Range : 0 1
0 = maximum resistance/resilience

Resilience [PR]

= Original value Recovery value

1 = no resistance/resilience

Original value

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

Results

Functional indicators prior to compaction (-100hPa)

MFC

MCC

CCC

Air permeability, ka (m2)

35.7 12.84a

43.7 8.50a

115.7 12.91b

Air-filled porosity, (m3 m-3)

0.10 0.007a

0.16 0.015b

0.21 0.010c

Void ratio, e (m3 m-3)

0.89 0.03a

0.85 0.02a

0.85 0.04a

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

10

Results

Compaction resistance (Cc)

Compression Index, Cc

0.21

MFC

MCC

CCC

0.15

Initial void ratio, e0

0.89a

0.85a

0.85a

0.12

Compression index, Cc

0.08a

0.12b

0.15c

0.09

Regression slope

0.21a

0.31b

0.31b

0.18

0.06
0.03
0.00
0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

Initial void ratio, e0 (m3 m-3)

MFC

MCC

CCC

Regression

Higher clay saturation = higher

compression resistance
Increasing initial void ratio has relatively
less impact on Cc for MFC

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

11

Results

Resistance (RST) and resilience (PR)

Air permeability

Absolute values
RST and PR (air permeability)

40

(A)

Indexed values
1.2
ns

(B)

ns

1.0

30
ns
20

ab b

0.8
ab

0.6

a
a

0.4
10
ab

b
0

a a

0.2

a
0.0

RST

RR

WD

FT

RST

RR

Stage

WD

FT

Stage
MFC

MCC

CCC

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

12

Results

Resistance (RST) and resilience (PR)

Void ratio
Absolute values
(A)

RST and PR (void ratio)

1.0
a
0.8

a
ab

ab

Indexed values
0.15

ns
a

ab

(B)

0.12

0.09

0.6

ab
a

0.4

0.06

0.2

0.03

0.0

0.00
RST

RR

WD

FT

RST

RR

Stage
MFC

MCC

Stage

WD

FT

CCC

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

13

Results

Resistance (RST) and resilience (PR)

Air-filled porosity

RST and PR (air-filled porosity)

Absolute values

Indexed values
1.0

(A)

0.14

ab

0.12
ns

0.10

0.8

(B)

ab
b

ns

0.6

0.04
0.02

ns

ab

0.08
0.06

b
b

0.4
b
0.2

0.0

0.00
RST

RR

WD

RST

FT

RR

WD

FT

Stage

Stage
MFC

MCC

CCC

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

14

Results

Relation between resistance and resilience (void ratio)

0.18
0.16

Resilience Index

0.14
0.12

Rebound recovery
Wet-dry resilience
Freeze-thaw resilience
Regression line

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Resistance Index

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

15

Conclusions

For differently managed soils, the clay-organic carbon

relation governs structural stability
Increased saturation of clay by organic matter:
increased compaction resistance using and e as indicators
reduced the effect of initial void ratio on compression
resistance
Increased soil resilience after natural recovery, wet-dry and
freeze-thaw cycles

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

16

Acknowledgements

Project
Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces, and Translocation Processes in Inner
Space (Soil-it-is)

Funding
Danish Research Council for Technology and Production Sciences

STAiR

ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct 16-19. San Antonio, TX

17