METAL

Introduction
A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and
thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable which it can be hammered or pressed
permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking as well as fusible and ductile.
The atoms of metallic substances are closely positioned to neighboring atoms in one of
two common arrangements. The arrangement is known as body centered cubic. In this
arrangement, each atom is positioned at the first center of eight others. The other is known as
face centered cubic. In this arrangement, each atom is positioned in the center of six others. The
ongoing arrangement of atoms in these structures forms a crystal. Some metals adopt both
structures depending on the temperature. Atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons,
resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This
provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat and electricity. While this flow
of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions
between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond.

STEEL
Introduction

Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, widely used in construction and other applications
because of their high tensile strengths and low costs. Carbon, inclusions within iron act as
hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal
lattices of iron atoms. Steel is an iron carbon alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. Too
little carbon content leaves iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those
of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, that is brittle. While iron alloyed with carbon is
called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally
added to modify the characteristics of steel. Basically, the properties of steel are depending on
the amount of carbon being added.

Structure of steel
Atoms in the solid are arranged in regular, repeating patterns. The smallest group of atoms which
definesthe atomic arrangement in a crystal is termed a crystal lattice.

Substitutional and interstitial of an steel

Interstitial
Generally produced only when the solute atom is small compared with the solvent atom the
solute ions then able to fit into interstices between the sites occupied by the solvent ions.
Interstitial may be formed during the solidification of an alloy by infiltration of the spaces
between its ions.
Substitutional
filled up sites in the lattice structure of the solvent metal. This substitution can be either odered
or disordered.

Properties of steel
The physical properties of steel include high strength, low weight, durability, ductility and
resistance to corrosion. Steel, as we all know, offers great strength though it is light in weight. In

fact, the ratio of strength to weight for steel is the lowest than any other building material
available to us.

1. Ductility
Solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress, means steel can be molded
easily to form any desired shape.
2. Malleability
Ability to deform under compressive stress, means it can be rolled into thin sheet,
bar, beam or forge into different shapes.
3. Conductivity
It can transfer heat and electricity because steel.
4. Strength
Very strong and resistant to fracture
5. Lustre
Shiny and very attractive finish

APPLICATION OF STEEL
Everything we use is either made with steel or made from steel products in some way.
Steel which has strength, steel which is springy, steel that can be pressed and shaped, steel that is
hard, steel that is soft, there is a steel that is suitable for just about every task we can think of.

This video shows the many applications of steels in our life and how it is made to suit so many
applications for our everyday requirements.
1. Construction
The majority of steel goes to the construction industry. Sustainable steel structures can be built
quickly at a low price. Steel, in its various forms and alloys, can be designed to meet the
requirements of unique projects, which allow it to be incorporated into infrastructure in all
environments.
2. Transport
Engineering steels are wrought steels that are designed to have certain specific levels of
elasticity, strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. They are used in the general engineering
and manufacturing sectors such as transportation. For example, different types of steel are used
for the car body, doors, engine, gearbox, steering, suspension, wheel axles and interior.
3. Energy:
All segments of the energy sector, including nuclear, wind power, electric and natural gas,
demand steel for infrastructure. Steel is also used for resource extraction, such as in offshore
platforms, earth-moving and quarrying equipment, cranes and fork-lifts. Due to the demanding
environments, carbon, micro-alloyed, high strength and stainless steels are all used in the
production of offshore platforms and pipelines.
4. Packaging:
Steel packaging protects goods from water, air and light exposure, and is fully recyclable. Steel
allows for high speed filling and lightweight, easy to open packaging. Packaging steels are often
made from low carbon cold rolled steel strip and are surface finished. The steel is tin plated to
prevent corrosion and then coated with polymer, lacquered and printed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah and gratitude to the almighty for giving us the strength and
patience to complete this assignment.
We would to express our gratitude to everyone that involve rather direct or
indirectly in helping us to complete this assignment. Firstly we really appreciate all the

helps, advisors and information which given by our lecture Mr. Muhammad Hanafi bin
Asril Rajo Mantari. Without his support, we may not able to solve problem during the
process until we finish the assignment successfully.
In addition, we would like to this opportunity to thanks those of our friend who
helped us and giving some guide to complete this assignment. Last but not least,
thousands of thanks we would like to express to our group member for the cooperation
given to the group. Without the cooperation and tolerance between the group members,
we couldnt finish this assignment. Finally thanks again to anyone who had helped us and
guided us in order to finish this assignment.