Advanced

Mechanics of Solids
ME F312

Text Book: "Advanced Mechanics of Materials" Arthur P., Boresi and R.J. Schinid, John Wiley, 6th Ed.

Shortcomings in elementary solid Mechanics formulations

Materials & Mechanics
Extension of topics
Advanced topics
IC: Prof. M. S. Dasgupta

Chapter 5

Principle of Stationary
Potential Energy /
Principle of virtual work

 When material is deformed by external loading, energy

is stored internally throughout its volume
Internal energy is also referred to as strain energy
Stress develops a force,
Conservation of Energy
(Elastic Material Behavior)

Ue=Ui
Work of External
Forces & Moments

Strain Energy
Internal Forces

 Principle of virtual work - if a particle,

rigid body, or system of rigid bodies
which is in equilibrium under various
forces is given an arbitrary virtual
displacement, the net work done by the
external forces during that displacement
is zero.

 The principle of virtual work is particularly useful

when applied to the solution of problems involving
the equilibrium of machines or mechanisms consisting
of several connected members (system of connected rigid bodies)

As a result the deduction of exact force components in each

members are cumbersome and is made redundant by this method
as most of the components will have zero work and only a few
forces will produce non-zero work. These forces can be analyzed
in one go.

Forces which do no
work:

Principle of Virtual Work

Imagine the small virtual displacement of
particle which is acted upon by several forces.

The corresponding
virtual
work,

U F1 r F2 r F3 r F1 F2 F3 r

R r

Principle of Virtual Work:

If a particle is in equilibrium, the total virtual work of forces
acting on the particle is zero for any virtual displacement.
If a rigid body is in equilibrium, the total virtual work
of external forces acting on the body is zero for any
virtual displacement of the body.
If a system of connected rigid bodies remains connected
during the virtual displacement, only the work of the
external forces need be considered.

Applications of the Principle of Virtual Work

Determine the force of the vice on the
block for a given force P.
Refer FBD, the work done by the
external forces for a virtual
displacement q. Only the forces P and
Q produce nonzero work.
U 0 U Q U P Q xB P yC
x B 2l sin q

x B 2l cosq q

yC l cosq

yC l sin q q

0 2Ql cosq q Pl sin q q

Q 12 P tan q

Free Body Diagram

If the virtual displacement is consistent with the

constraints imposed by supports and connections,
only the work of loads, applied forces, and
friction forces need be considered.

Real Machines. Mechanical Efficiency

mechanical efficiency

output wor k of actual machine

output wor k of ideal machine

output wor k
input work
2Ql cosqq

Pl sin qq
1 cot q

For an ideal machine without

friction, the output work is equal
to the input work.
When the effect of friction is
considered, the output work is
reduced.

U Qx B PyC Fx B 0
0 2Ql cosqq Pl sin qq Pl cosqq
Q 12 Ptan q

Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy

Q. Determine velocity of pendulum bob
at A2. Consider work & kinetic energy.

Force P acts normal to path and

does no work:
T1 U12 T2
1 2
0 mgl mv2
2
v2 2 gl
Velocity found without determining acceleration and integrating.
All quantities are scalars
Forces which do no work are eliminated
10

Q. Find location of B*

L2
L1

From Geometry
L1

L2

2
L1
2
L2

2
b1

2
b2

2
2

Elongations:

L1 e1 b1 u h v
2
2
2
L2 e2 b2 u h v
2

 L1 e1 b1 u h v
2
2
2
L2 e2 b2 u h v
2

e1

b1 u

e2

b2 u

2
2

h v L1
2

h v L2
2

Strain energy:
1
E1A1 2
U1 N1e1
e1
2
2L1
1
E2A2 2
U 2 N 2e2
e2
2
2L2
N1L1
e1
E1A1
N 2 L2
e2
E2A2

Strain energy:
E1A1 2 E 2 A 2 2
U U1 U 2
e1
e2
2L1
2L2
U E1A1e1 e1 E 2 A 2e 2 e 2
P

u
L1 u
L2
u
U E1A1e1 e1 E 2 A 2e 2 e 2
Q

v
L1 v
L2
v


E1A1 b1 u
P

L1

E 2 A 2 b2 u

L2

b1 h h v L1

2
2

b1 h h v
2

b2 h h v L2
2
2

b2 h h v
2


E1A1 h v
Q

L1

E2A2 h v

L2

L
1

2
2

b1 h h v
2

b2 h h v L2
2
2

b2 h h v
2

With numerical value from text book

E1A1

N
K1 2.00
mm
L1

E2A2

N
K 2 3.00
mm P 43.8 N
L2

b1 h 400 mm
Q

112.4
N

b2 300 mm

u 30 mm

v 40 mm

e1 49.54 mm
e2 16.24 mm
N1 K1e1 99.08 N
N 2 K 2e 2 48.72 N
q* 0.7739 rad
* 0.5504 rad

Fx 0 P N1 sin q N 2 sin P 43.8N

*
*
F

N
cos
q

N
cos

Q 112.4N
y
1
2
*

Castiglianos Theorem on
Deflections

Based on Complimentary Energy

Sometimes called Principle of
Complimentary Energy

Castiglianos Theorem on
Deflections
If an elastic system is supported so that rigid-body
displacements are prevented, and if certain
concentrated forces of magnitudes (F1,F2,F3,Fn)
act on the system, in addition to distributed loads
and thermal strains, the displacement component
qi of the point of application of the force Fi, is
determined by the equation:
For Structure
C Ci Composed of
i 1
Many Members
n

Where P is a generalized force and q generalized displacement

For Linear Elastic material

Axial Force N
L

N
UN
dz
2EA
0

Bending Moment M
L

UM

2
Mx

2EI
x
0

dz

Shear V Due to Bending

US

2
kVy

2GA
0

dz
zy

VyQ
Ix b

Shear Correction Values

Cross Section
Rectangle
Solid Circular
Thin Walled Circular
I-Section, Box, Channel

k
1.20
1.33
2.00
1.0

Torsion T
2

T
UT
dz
2GJ